Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. It is a renewable energy source, like solar and wind energy. Can also be produced by different raw material like Sugarcane residue and maize silage Biogas is produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops

1. Production of biogas and
biodiesel on industrial scale

2. Contents
Introduction
Production
Anaerobic Digestors
Production Process
Composition
Advantages
Disadvantages

3. Introduction to Biogas
• Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of
oxygen.
• It is a renewable energy source, like solar and wind energy.
• Can also be produced by different raw material like Sugarcane residue and maize silage
• Biogas is produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such
as manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops.
• Biogas comprises primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and may have small
amounts of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), moisture.
• The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with
oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel.
• Biogas can also be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards when it becomes bio methane.

4. Production
Bio gas can be produced using anaerobic digesters.
During the process, as an air-tight tank transforms biomass waste into methane producing
renewable energy that can be used for heating, electricity.
Biogas Plant
Anaerobic Digestors
Anaerobic digestion is a series of processes in which microorganisms break down
biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen.
It is used for industrial or domestic purposes to manage waste and/or to release energy.
The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials to break down
insoluble organic polymers, such as carbohydrates, and make them available for other
bacteria.

5. Production Process
Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino acids into carbon dioxide, hydrogen,
ammonia, and organic acids.
Acetogenic bacteria then convert these resulting organic acids into acetic acid, along with
additional ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide.
Finally, methanogens convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide.
Composition
The composition of biogas varies depending upon the origin of the anaerobic digestion
process.
Usually methane is 50 %, Co2 25 %, N 0-10 % , H 0-1 %.

8. Advantages
• In production of gas for burning purpose at domestic or commercial purpose.
• For production of Electricity.
• In Decomposition of Biodegradable Materials
• Working of Different Types of Engines
Disadvantages
• It is not economically viable to use biogas on a large scale.
• Contains impurities: It contains many impurities that are difficult to control
even after purification rounds.
• Unstable and hazardous
• Biogas is flammable, highly toxic, and potentially explosive.

9. Biodiesel
Introduction
Biodiesel refers to a non-petroleum-based diesel fuel consisting of short chain alkyl
(methyl or ethyl) esters, made by transesterification of waste cooking oil or animal fat.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engine. It is a renewable energy. All used
waste cooking oil are suitable for biodiesel. It produced from renewable plant or
animal feedstock's which contain long chain fatty acid. Cooking oil have lower carbon
content then diesel. Cooking oil have higher density then diesel, but lower energy
content.
Definition
Biodiesel is a clean renewable fuel derived from plant and animal oils and fats.

10. AIM AND OBJECTIVE
• To production of biodiesel by transesterification of waste cooking oil.
• To analyses physiochemical properties of the biodiesel.
• Biodiesel as an alternative fuel without much alternation in existing vehicle
technologies.
• Comparative study with Diesel.

11. MATERIALS
Waste cooking oil:
Diesel has a chain of 11-13 carbons and new cooking oil has a chain of about 18 but wasted
cooking oil which is heated has chains of up to 32 carbons. To burn in an engine, the chain needs
to be broken down to be similar in length to diesel.
Potassium Hydroxide :
It is the catalyst for transesterification and works by cracking the cooking oil molecules, splitting
the triglyceride from the hydrocarbons and shortening the carbon chain.
Methanol:
a little amount of methanol is necessary in order to get the highest yield. If 90% yield is obtain
that means 90% fatty acids have been eliminated from the cooking oil.

12. METHOD
Transesterification
• Transesterification is a chemical reaction where triglyceride is reacted with alcohol in the
presence of catalyst to produce alkyl esters. Biodiesel is produced by the transesterification
process. Every 100 gallons of oil produces about 100 gallons of biodiesel and 10 gallons of
glycerol.
• Filter waste cooking oil by using filter paper.
• 400 ml of waste cooking oil was measured and poured into 500 ml conical flask and heated to a
temperature of (50°C-60°C) for 10 minutes.
• A solution of potassium methoxide was prepared in a 250 ml beaker using 4 gm of potassium
hydroxide pellet and 60 ml of methanol. The solution was appropriately stirred until potassium
hydroxide pellet was totally dissolved. The potassium methoxide solution poured into the waste
cooking oil .

13. • The mixed solution was placed in the water bath for (60-90) minutes to bring its
temperature to 60°C. Then the mixture was then allowed to settle for 24 hours in a burette.
• While the lower layer of Glycerol and Soap, and the upper layer is crude biodiesel.
• Then collect crude biodiesel and glycerol to separate container.
• Water was then used to wash the crude biodiesel to remove any excess glycerol and
soap. This was done until the clear water was seen below the biodiesel in the
burette/separating funnel.
• The washed sample was dried by placing it on a hot plate and excess water still in the
biodiesel was removed.
• Then the quantity of pure biodiesel collected was measured and recorded.

15. Advantages
• Produced From Renewable Resources
• Can be Used in Existing Diesel Engines
• Less Greenhouse Gas Emissions (e.g., B20 reduces CO2 by 15%)
• Cleaner Biofuel Refineries
• Biodegradable and Non-Toxic
• Reduced Foreign Oil Dependenc
Disadvantages
• The biodiesel may contain some "unconverted"vegetable oil (incomplete processing).
• Traces of chemicals from the making of the biodiesel (e.g., methanol, lye) can remain in the
biodiesel,
• Products of the reaction (e.g., glycerin, soaps) may not be completely removed from the biodiesel
• Excess water that is used to"wash"the fuel may be left in the biodiesel fuel, and the fuel can
polymerize/oxidize due to long-term storage or exposure to moderate to high temperatures.

16. References
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