Difficulties in Translating Arabic Administrative Circulars into English (40 characters

Yarmouk University
Faculty of Arts
Department of Translation
Difficulties Faced by MA Translation Students
at Yarmouk University in Rendering Arabic Administrative
Circulars into English
By
Mazen Mohammad Kuzeed Al-Fedawi
A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
of the Degree of Master of Arts (Translation) Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Supervisor
Prof. Mahmoud Kharbutli
June , 2011

iii
Dedication
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iv
Acknowledgment
I would like to extend my thanking and gratitude to my supervisor,
Prof. Mahmoud Kharbutli, for his valuable guidance and precious
comments, and for the time and patience he never spared during my
preparation of this thesis.
My thanking and gratitude is extended to Prof. Abdulla Al-
Shunnaq and Prof. Lutfi Abulhaija for their participation as members of
the examining committee of this thesis.
Also, I would like to thank Prof. Yousef Bader, Prof. Hussein
Abdul Fattah and Prof. Lutfi Abulhaija for their assistance by being
panel members verifying the standard translation form of administrative
circulars used during the thesis as a reference.
And I deeply thank all the M.A. translation students at Yarmouk
University who helped me a lot during the preparation of this thesis by
being the subjects of the study.
My deepest and sincere thanking is extended too to everyone
helped me and encouraged me during the preparation of this work that it
was not to see the light without their support.

v
Table of Contents
Dedication................................................................................ iii
Acknowledgement ................................................................. iv
Table of Contents .................................................................. v
List of Tables ........................................................................ vii
Abstract ................................................................................ viii
Chapter One: Introduction .................................................. 1
1.1 Theoretical Background…………………………… 1
1.2 Translation: General Overview …………………... 2
1.3 Technical Translation ………………………….…. 3
1.4 Administrative Circulars: Definition and Types…... 4
1.5 Translating Administrative Circulars as Technical Translation
…………………………………………………..5
1.6 Statement of the Problem …………………………… 5
1.7 Purpose of the Study …………………………….…...6
1.8 Significance of the Study …………………………… 6
1.9 Limitations of the Study ……………………...….…...7
Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature ………………… 8
Chapter Three: Method of the Study ………………………….12
3.1 Population of the Study …………………………….12
3.2 Sample of the study ………………………………...12
3.3 Data Collection ……………………………………..12
3.4 Data Analysis ……………………………………….13

vi
Chapter Four: Findings and Discussion ……………………….14
Introduction ………………………………………….…….. 14
4.1 General Findings …………………………………….….14
4.2 Translation Problems …………………………………...15
4.2.1 Syntactic Problems ……………………………. 16
4.2.2 Semantic Problems ……………………………. 35
4.2.3 Lexical Problems ………………………………39
4.2.4 Pragmatic Problems ……………………………50
4.3 Summary ………………………………………………. 52
Chapter Five: Conclusions and Recommendations ……………54
5.1 Conclusions ……………………………………………...54
5.2 Recommendations ……………………………….……….56
References ………………………………………………….……..57
Appendix ..………………………………………………………..60
Abstract in Arabic ……………………………………….………69

vii
List of Tables
Table 1: Types of Syntactic Errors and Their Percentage …….…..17
Table 2: Misuse of Punctuation /Capitalization in Translating
Administrative Circulars ………………………………...18
Table 3: Misuse of Prepositions in Translating Administrative Circulars 21
Table 4: Types of Semantic Errors and Their Percentage ………….… 36
Table 5: Percentage of Non-translated Administrative Circulars ……..37
Table 6: Over-Translation of Texts Committed by Students …………39
Table 7: Types of Lexical Errors and Their Percentage ………………40
Table 8: Difficult Terminology that Faced the Students ……………...43
Table 9: Spelling Mistakes Committed by Students ………………….49

viii
Abstract
Al-Fedawi, Mazen M. Difficulties Faced by MA Translation Students
at Yarmouk University in Rendering Arabic Administrative
Circulars into English. Master of Arts, Department of Translation,
Yarmouk University, 2011. (Supervisor: Prof. Mahmoud Kharbutli)
This study aims at investigating syntactic, semantic, lexical and
pragmatic problems that face translators while translating administrative
circulars from Arabic into English. It also aims at evaluating how well the
MA Translation students at Yarmouk University have succeeded in
transferring the conveyed message correctly and clearly to the target
audience, and finds out how the they have overcome such difficulties.
To achieve this purpose, 30 MA translation students at Yarmouk
University were asked to translate a number of Arabic administrative
circulars into English. These circulars were quoted and selected by the
researcher from Al-Jazeera Satellite Network's administrative archive
and they belong to four different types: (1) vacations/ national holidays,
(2) allowances/benefits to employees, (3) new appointments/
promotions of employees, and (4) new regulations and bylaws. A
suggested standard translation of the target administrative circulars was
provided by the researcher and was referred to and approved by a panel
consisting of three translation professors from Yarmouk University.

ix
These translations were taken as a reference background during the
study.
Error analysis approach was implemented in this study in order to
analyze the renditions of the students. Errors were identified, defined,
categorized, calculated and measured into percentages. The most
common errors committed by the students were pinpointed and
corrections of their errors were provided in order to help the students and
translators improve their translations.
The study showed that the renditions of the students suffered from
a number of serious syntactic, semantic, lexical and pragmatic problems,
and it concluded with the findings. It also suggested a number of
recommendations that would hopefully benefit both students and
translators who are involved in the administrative field.

1.1 Theoretical Background
The world of communication is witnessing nowadays a tremendous
advancement and rapid expansion at all levels. What was to be
communicated in days is now being transmitted or broadcast in few minutes.
For a communication process to be complete, a sender, a message and an
intended recipient are required. Communication also necessitates that the
communicating parties share common information. The communication
process is complete once the receiver has understood the sender.
Administrative circulars are means of communication between the
management of business and its employees. They organize administrative
work especially in firms that employ multinational employees and workers.
Hence, circulars are a major instrument companies, institutions and firms
utilize in order to keep their employees posted, notified and updated about
the current and new instructions, regulations, bylaws, and policies that are to
be implemented. Consequently, the nature of administrative circulars
necessitates the use of a certain type of jargon characterized by clarity,
simplicity, straightforwardness, and definiteness, among other features. If the
text does not have such attributes, the intended message will for sure be
vague, fuzzy and ambiguous, and the employees will misunderstand the
message, which might lead to confusion and uncertainty.

The aim of this thesis is to study the difficulties of translating
administrative circulars from Arabic into English in big firms that use them
to address their multinational employees, and the emphasis will be on
syntactic, semantic, lexical, cultural, and pragmatic problems which the
translators most often face.
1.2 Translation: General Overview
The notion of translation has been defined by many scholars
specialized in the filed of translation and discussed thoroughly by linguists.
Most definitions are generally based on the idea that translation is the transfer
of a message from one language to another. Nida (1964) says that
"translation is reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural
equivalent of the message of the source language, first in terms of meaning
and second in terms of style."
Catford (1965:1) sees that translation is "an operation performed on
languages: as a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in
another." Pinchuck (1977:35) defines translation as:
the transfer of meaning. Words are not necessarily the names of
things or ideas. They have some relation to these, but not a direct
or representational one. In addition, they combine with one
another, change their forms and follow one another in
accordance with rules that vary from language to language.
Newmark (1988:5) defines translation as rendering the meaning of a
text into another language without any loss of the intended message of the
original text. Toury (2000:200) defines translation too as a "kind of activity
which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural traditions."

1.3 Technical Translation
Pinchuck (1977) says that the need for technical translations seems
to increase. Lannon (1979:9) also points out that the new advance in many
scientific disciplines such as medical sciences, e-commerce and
engineering necessitates an increasing interest in technical translation. It is
essential that a translator be capable of finding the most appropriate
equivalent especially at a time when communication tools are becoming
more and more advanced. Clear language, competent writing skills and
experience are only some of the attributes the translator should have to be
able to translate a text of technical type. Whether the texts to be translated
are related to medicine, engineering, physics, chemistry, accountancy,
administration, literature, biology … etc., it is imperative for the translator
to be acquainted with the knowledge of the field and the technical jargon
used in it.
Abu-Ghazaleh (2001) states in the introduction to his Accountancy and
Business Dictionary: "In times of rapid change, the single biggest challenge
is mastering language and vocabulary." Thus, the translator should master the
jargon of the field he is translating from or into in order to choose the most
appropriate rendition. In this regard, Newamrk (1988:47) states,
"Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual meaning
of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily
acceptable and comprehensible to the readership." Duff (1981) sees that the

work of the translator consists in understanding the content of the source text
and conveying it in the form of the target language.
Farghal and Shunnaq (1999:210) state the problems facing current
translators:
The major problem facing translators at present is terminology
standardization and dissemination in the sphere of science and
technology … In view of wide diversity of sciences, scientific
knowledge and specialization in the translation of specific
subjects may be necessary. Scientific translators should have
good knowledge of the sciences they translate.
They emphasize that the translator should give priority to the subject
matter over the style of linguistic medium (ibid:211).
1.4 Administrative Circulars: Definition and Types
Longman Dictionary (2003) defines the word "circular" as a printed
advertisement, notice etc that is sent to lots of people at the same time. The
word "administrative" is defined too in the same dictionary as relating to the
work of managing a company or organization. Hence, we can infer that
administrative circulars are those printed announcements addressing a certain
group of people at companies and organizations informing them about work
policies and employees' regulating issues.
Administrative circulars can be categorized into four different types:
(1) those concerning vacations/national holidays, (2) those concerning
allowances/benefits to employees, (3) those concerning new
appointments/promotions of employees, (4) and those concerning new
regulations and bylaws.

1.5 Translating Administrative Circulars as Technical Translation
Being a process of communication among different cultures,
translation plays a significant role in narrowing the gap of understanding
between the employer and the employee in multinational business firms. Due
to the rapid advancement in the world of communication, the need to
translate documents of administrative type has been on the rise.
Administrative circulars represent a genre that requires certain characteristics
in order to deliver the message from the source language SL (Arabic in this
study) to the target language TL (English in this study).
Hence, administrative circulars are a type of technical texts that are
translated by specialized translators in this area in order for them to convey
the correct meaning from the SL into the TL. In this regard, Duff (1981: 14-
15) says that "the problem for the translator is that he is dealing with two
contexts, that of the source language and that of the target language. What is
appropriate in one is not necessarily appropriate in the other."
Accordingly, the current study focuses on the difficulties that face the
translators while dealing with these texts of administrative type and which
are characterized by technical text features.
1.6 Statement of the Problem
The researcher has been working as a translator for about seven years
at one of the well-known channels in the world, namely "Al-Jazeera
Channel". He rendered administrative circulars from Arabic into English so

that non-Arabic-speaking employees could understand the conveyed original
message. While performing that, the researcher has come across some
translation difficulties that belong to different areas. These difficulties
included syntactic, semantic, lexical and pragmatic fields. This study in an
attempt to focus on these problematic areas and discuss the difficulties they
represent for the translator.
1.7 Purpose of the Study
This study aims mainly at investigating the syntactic, semantic,
lexical and pragmatic problems that face translators while translating
administrative circulars from Arabic into English. The study intends to
evaluate how well the translators have succeeded in transferring the
conveyed message correctly and clearly to the target audience, and finds
out how the translators have overcome such difficulties.
1.8 Significance of the Study
What makes this study significant is that, to the best of my
knowledge, no previous studies have been done in this field. Although
there are some articles dealing with the difficulties of translation with
regard to communication, this work is among the first studies to focus on
the problems facing translators who are involved in administrative
circulars. It is hoped that this study will guide other researchers and
translators to a better understanding of the problems encountered while
rendering texts used in administrative circulars.

1.9 Limitations of the Study
1- There are numerous types of problems in translating administrative
circulars issued in Arabic by business firms, but this study is only
limited to syntactic, semantic, lexical and pragmatic problems.
2- The study is limited to MA students of translation at Yarmouk
University, so the generalizability of the results is confined to the
population of the study.
3- Confidentiality is the overwhelming nature of administrative circulars
issued by businesses. Hence, the eight administrative circulars written
in Arabic and issued by Al-Jazeera Satellite Network to address its
employees and used as a reference in this study will not include
information related to salaries, allowances or any other detailed
financial issues.
4- Since some students did not translate the whole material included in the
questionnaire due to their incapability of translating the terminology
included in the texts or to negligence, the study is limited to their actual
translations only.

This chapter is a review of literature related to the topic of this study.
It overviews some studies that have been conducted on translation
difficulties in general and attempts to highlight the most relevant studies to
the present one. Researchers have investigated many difficulties in the field
of translation and discussed various problems of technical texts. Farghal and
Shunnaq (1992) tackle this issue in their article "Major problems in students'
translations of English legal texts into Arabic." They emphasize legal texts
as technical materials and highlight the problematic areas in translating UN
documents as encountered by MA translation students at Yarmouk
University. They have found that these problematic areas relate to syntax,
layout and tenor (1992: 201 - 202).
Hasan Ghazala (2006), in his book "Translation as Problems and
Solutions," lists most of the lexical problems facing students of translation.
He mentions that literal translation is the main problem of students in this
field.
Avval (2009), in her paper "Communication Strategies Do Work",
states that "translation is considered an act of communication. To translate
most effectively, the translator should analyze the messages," and she refers
that Brown's classification of communication strategies (circumlocution,

approximation, and literal translation) are compensatory strategies, while
topic avoidance and message abandonment are avoidance strategies.
Rabab'ah, (2008), in his "Communication strategies in Translation"
refers to Nord's theory and investigates the communication strategies used
by a sample of thirty-six Saudi majors at the College of Languages and
Translation at King Saud University in Riyadh. First, the strategies
employed by Saudi students to compensate for any difficulties they
encountered during the translation process were examined. The subjects
involved were asked to translate a one- page text from their native language,
Arabic, into English. It was found that approximation was the most
frequently used communication strategy. The other strategies used in order
of frequency were circumlocution, message abandonment/reduction, and
literal translation.
Emery (1991:129-137) acknowledges that both macro-dimensions
(discoursal, textual, pragmatic, and semiotic) and micro-dimensions
(syntactic, lexical) of the translation process are inextricably intertwined and
interdependent. Al Zou’bi (2008), investigates the English-Arabic
administrative terminology at the governmental level and determines the
adequacy of the translation of the terms given by the subjects and their
faithfulness to the original texts.
Daniel (1975) studies the cultural barriers preventing the transfer of
ideas through cultures, namely East and West. In his book “The Cultural

Barriers: Problems in the Exchange of Ideas,” he explains the meaning of
cultural barriers by saying that they are all things that individuals take from
the society they live in and that no one brought up in other societies shares
with them.
Farghal (1992) puts forth the idea of what is called “ideational
equivalence” in translation that concentrates on the communicative sense of
an utterance rather than its formal and/or functional correspondence in the
target language. He says that this kind of equivalence if understood well may
enhance the translator’s options in translation and thus prevent odd and/or
awkward expressions.
Lannon (1979:10) sees that every level of audience whom the
translator is addressing necessitates a different type of jargon. He says:
"Your reading audience may be experts, technically informed readers, or lay
persons. In each case, you will need to address a specific level of technical
understanding."
Suwais (2008) discusses the problems facing translators while
rendering English information technology terms into Arabic and presents the
strategies adopted by the translators to deal with technical terms. Most of the
problems Suwais discussed in her thesis focused on mistranslation,
multiplicity, paraphrasing. Savory (1963:154) states that the most significant
of translations are made by those whose personalities are in true with those
of the writers and also those of the readers. While discussing the results of

laying much importance on the terminological equivalence in translation,
Gemma (1998) states:
Translation is much more than the substitution of lexical and
grammatical elements between two languages. Often the process
of translation requires the art of leaving aside some of the
linguistic elements of the source text to find an express identity
among the elements of the source and the target texts.
In the light of the above research, and to the best of the researcher’s
knowledge, none of the studies has tackled the difficulties of translating
administrative circulars from Arabic into English, a fact which demonstrates
the significance of this study. Consequently, the researcher hopes that this
study will fill a gap in this field and add valuable information to the work of
the translators who are working in the field of translating administrative
circulars in big and multinational institutions and firms.

3.1 Population of the Study
The population of the study included all MA students of translation
at Yarmouk University, Jordan. The students are males and females, and
they are native speakers of Arabic.
3.2 Sample of the Study
The sample of the study included 30 MA students of translation at
Yarmouk University. The researcher selected the sample randomly from
the MA students who completed at least 12 credit hours.
3.3 Data Collection
The researcher selected eight different administrative circulars
written in Arabic and were taken from Al-Jazeera Satellite Network's
administrative archive as a source of information. These administrative
circulars represent four different types: (1) vacations/national holidays,
(2) allowances/benefits to employees, (3) new appointments/promotions
of employees, and (4) new regulations and bylaws. Each two of the
selected eight administrative circulars belong to one of the above-
mentioned types. Then the researcher distributed these selected items to
30 MA students of translation at Yarmouk University, asking them to
translate them into English.

A suggested standard translation of the target administrative
circulars was provided by the researcher and was refereed to and
approved by a panel consisting of three translation professors from
Yarmouk University. These translations were taken as a reference
background of the discussion in Chapter Four.
3.4 Data Analysis
The researcher asked the students to translate the given administrative
circulars from Arabic into English, then collected the students' translations
in order to compare them against the professors' renderings. The
researcher then analyzed the students’ renditions and classified the
difficulties they faced (syntactic, lexical, semantic and pragmatic) into
quantitative statistics indicating the number of errors and error percentage.

Chapter Four
Findings and Discussion
Introduction
This chapter is divided into three main sections. In the first section,
the findings of the study related to the translation of administrative circulars
are highlighted in general. In the second section, the focus is placed on the
problems encountered by the students while rendering the texts from Arabic
into English. These problems fall into four types: syntactic, semantic,
lexical and pragmatic. It also pinpoints the findings of the study and
discusses the results qualitatively and quantitatively. The third section is a
summary of the findings and discussions.
4.1 General Findings
On the basis of the translations of administrative circulars done by the
sample of the study, the researcher has found out that the major problems
the students faced were almost of syntactic and semantic type. Syntactically,
a large number of the students were indeed unable to produce well-
organized and grammatical sentences. This fact led them to distort the
structure of the given texts and eventually confuse the conveyed message.
Semantic problems come next where the difficulties faced the
students here were related mostly to the inability to translate the given texts

and this led them to leave many texts un-translated. Moreover, a quite
number of students distorted the meaning by resorting to over-translation.
Lexical difficulties challenged the students too: most difficulties that
faced them related to difficult terminology. Most of them made numerous
mistakes related to the wrong choice of diction while others were unable to
understand the meanings of some technical words in the source language
and eventually failed to render them in the target language. Literal
translation and spelling mistakes characterized many students' renditions,
too.
Pragmatic difficulties which challenged the students also were related
to tenor and style; as the style of the given texts is characterized by
administrative instructions and personnel-related stipulations, many students
were unable to convey the intended message.
The following paragraphs shed light on all these translation
difficulties showing statistical results to present them more clearly to the
readers and interested researchers.
4.2 Translation Problems
In this section, the researcher discusses in detail some particular
problems which faced the translators while rendering the texts from Arabic
into English.

4.2.1 Syntactic Problems
Syntactic problems in this study represent those errors in which a
grammatical rule is violated as a result of failure to produce correct
grammatical sentences on the part of the translators. While conducting this
study, the researcher found out that most problems in this part included the
following: word order, punctuation and capitalization, wrong form of the
verb, wrong choice of tense, misusing pronouns, misusing demonstratives,
prepositions, and articles.
The researcher represents the results of analyzing the students'
renditions and the percentages of the errors related to syntactic difficulties
in the following table:
Table (1).
Types of Syntactic Errors and Their Percentage
Type of Syntactic Error Number of Errors Percentage %
Punctuation and capitalization 62 31.80 %
Prepositions 56 28.72 %
Wrong form of the verb 30 15.39 %
Misusing pronouns 16 8.21 %
Articles 12 6.15 %
Word order 9 4.61 %
Wrong choice of tense 5 2.56 %
Misusing demonstratives 5 2.56 %
Total 195 100 %

Table (1) above shows 31.80% of the syntactic errors committed by
the students during this study related to punctuation and capitalization. After
that, a percentage of 28.72% of the syntactic errors was related to the wrong
use of prepositions, while 15.39% of errors were due to the wrong choice of
the verb. In the following discussion, a more detailed clarification of these
errors is presented.
4.2.1.a Punctuation and Capitalization:
English relies heavily on paragraphing and organization of sentences
in terms of punctuation, capitalization and italicization. By replacing the
comma with the full stop; for instance, the translator breaks the flow and the
unity of the texts. Also, omitting a necessary punctuation mark in an
English text makes the text ungrammatical and eventually unnatural.
Actually, in this study, 31.80% of the syntactic errors found in the
renditions of the students related to the wrong use of punctuation and
capitalization. The researcher located numerous mistakes violating
punctuation and capitalization rules of English. For example, the following
two texts were rendered by some translators without taking into
consideration the right rules of using punctuation and capitalization:
"Please be informed that Eid Al-Adha holiday for this year shall be for
five days starting from Sunday, 7th, 2008 till Thursday, 11th, 2008 , All
employees will commence their jobs on Sunday 14th, 2008".

These are actually two separate paragraphs that the student joined by
the comma " 2008 , All …", a full stop not a comma is needed to separate
and complete the meaning of the first sentence "Please be informed that Eid
Al-Adha holiday for this year shall be for five days starting from Sunday,
7th, 2008 till Thursday, 11th, 2008" and the second sentence "All employees
will commence their duty on Sunday 14th, 2008". Neglecting punctuation
rules affects badly the cohesion and the coherence of the text.
The following table shows some examples of the numerous mistakes
committed by the students who misused punctuation/capitalization rules:-
Table (2).
Misuse of Punctuation/Capitalization
in Translating Administrative Circulars
Renditions of students who misused
Punctuation / Capitalization
Correct Version rendered by the panel with
the right use of Punctuation/Capitalization
It must be known that Al-Adha Eid vacation
has been determined for this year as five days,
starting from Sunday 7/12/2008 and Ending on
Thursday 11/12/2008.
Please be informed that Eid Al-Adha holiday
for this year shall be for five days starting from
Sunday, 7/12/2008 till Thursday, 11/12/2008.
As Mr. Mohammed Ahmed, Director of
Human Resources will be Outside the country,
…..
As Mr. Mohammed Ahmed, Human Resources
Division Director, is going to be on an official
mission abroad, ….
With reference to article No. (35) From the
staff policy, ….
Reference to Article (3) of the Personnel
Policy, ….
by pointing out to the item (35) from the
employee's affairs codes,
Reference to Article (3) of the Personnel
Policy, ….
Please be aware that al-adha holiday was
decided to be for five days this year ...
Please be informed that Eid Al-Adha holiday
for this year shall be for five days …
we congratulate Mahmoud for his appointment
to this position and wish him every success in
his tasks.
We congratulate Mr. Mahmoud his new
position and wish him all the best.
Kindly note that Mr. Mohammed Ahmed –
Director of Human Resources will be Outside
the country on duty trip on 26/11/2008, …
mission abroad effective November 26, 2008,

4.2.1.b Prepositions:
Misplacing prepositions represents another syntactic difficulty that the
translator faced in translating the given texts. These difficulties involved a
wrong choice of the preposition and deletion of a needed preposition or
misplacing a preposition. The phrase " " was
rendered by a translator as "… in 26/11/2008". This choice of preposition is
wrong as the appropriate preposition used to refer to days is "on" not "in".
Using the preposition "at" mistakenly in the following text gives evidence
how much translators lack knowledge in using prepositions correctly:
"All employees will commence their jobs at Sunday 14th, 2008". The
preposition "on" is the correct one that is used with days, not "at".
A translator rendered the phrase " " as "we would
remind you some … ," missing the reposition "of" after the verb "remind."
Another translator missed the preposition "of" in the phrase "before the end
clearance …" while translating the phrase " " which should be
rendered as "before the end of clearance."
There is also a misuse of the preposition "of" in the following phrase:
"until the return of Mr. / Mohammed Ahmed of his mission".
While rendering this text from Arabic into English, the translator
committed a mistake by using the preposition "of" instead of "from" before
the phrase "his mission". So, it should read "until the return of Mr. /

Mohammed Ahmed from his mission." The phrase " ! "# $
% & ' was rendered by one of the translators again without the use of the
suitable preposition as:
"We congratulate Mr. Mahmoud this appointment."
In this case, the preposition "on" is missing. The phrase should read
as: "We congratulate Mr. Mahmoud on this appointment."
A translator wrongly used the preposition "in" while rendering the
following phrase " '" " ( # ) ! * +, - . /# % 0 1". The
translator translated this phrase into English as:
"if the staff member who enjoys in authorizing the annual extension."
There is no need to insert the preposition "in" into the phrase.
Sometimes, translators add unnecessary prepositions such as the one who
rendered "2"$ # ( ) "& "* 3#" as:
"what is exceeding of one year,"
The preposition "of" is unneeded after "exceeding". Another example
is a translation of a student of “"$4 # 3 #5/# 6 378 ” by using
an unnecessary preposition “with”. The student's translation was:
“employees continue with their jobs on Sunday”
Another example of extra use of prepositions is the following text
rendered by one of the students:
"We will compensate for them …",

The preposition “for” is unnecessary. The original Arabic version
reads “ 9 # )”.
In table (3) below, the researcher demonstrates some of the mistakes
and misuses committed by the students while translating texts that included
prepositions:-
Table (3).
Misuse of Prepositions in Translating Administrative Circulars
Mistakes of students who misused
prepositions while translating
Administrative Circulars
Correct Version of the same texts rendered
by the panel showing the appropriate use of
preposition
Employees continue with their jobs on
Sunday, December 14, 2008.
All employees are kindly requested to resume
work on Sunday, December 14, 2008.
It was decided to that Mr. Ali Abdulla …
will be the substitute for Mr. Mohammad …
It has been decided to delegate Mr. Ali
Abdullah …. to carry out the tasks and duties
of Acting HR Director until the return of Mr.
Mohammed.
Because Mr. Mohammad Ahmad, the
manager of sector of human resources in an
official mission outside the country, ...
mission abroad, …
We congratulate Mr. Mahmoud this position
and wish him successfulness in his new
work missions. (the student missed to add
either "for" or "on" to follow the verb
"congratulate"
We congratulate Mr. Mahmoud for his new
Given that Mr. Mohamed Ahmed, director
or human resources sector, doing an official
mission outside the country with from the
date of 26.11.2008, …
mission abroad effective November 26, 2008,
………
The employees will be capable to use all the
utilities of the club …
Employees will be able to enjoy all various
sport activities available at the club facilities.
(The use of the word "capable" requires the use
of the preposition "of" after it according to
Longman Dictionary).
Thanking you all in your cooperation. Thanking you for your cooperation.

In this study, 28.72% of the syntactic errors found in the renditions of
the students related to the wrong use of prepositions.
4.2.1.c Wrong Form of the Verb:
In this study, 15.39% of the syntactic errors found in the renditions of
the students related to the wrong use of the verb form. While examining the
submitted translations, the researcher found that some translators had
chosen wrong form of the verb when dealing with texts of administrative
type. For instance, a student rendered the phrase" ") . 8 : ":8 " as:
"it has decided to appoint Mr. Ali "
The student misused the right form of the verb. The panels'
translation of the same phrase is "it has been decided to delegate Mr. Ali
Abdulla" as the paragraph is about a decision by the institution's
management to delegate Mr. Ali Abdulla and in this case, passive form of
the verb is required.
Another example showing the wrong choice of verb form is the
following sentence rendered by one of the students:
"The employees are ought to begin their jobs on Sunday 14/12/2008."
Longman Dictionary (2003) defines "ought to" as a modal verb that is
"used to say that someone should do something because it is the best or most
sensible thing to do". In this example, the student added an unnecessary form
of the verb "to be" which is "are" before the modal and made a wrong form

of the verb. The correct version of the sentence if the translator desires to use
this modal should read as "The employees ought to begin their jobs on
Sunday 14/12/2008."
The sentence " ") : " !; 0< 1 )" $ " "# $
())= ( # : #=6 2 ">" was rendered by a student as:
"It's our pleasure to announce that Mr. Mahmoud Abd Al Rahman has
became the principle for the legal affairs administration in the company".
Regardless of other lexical mistakes the student committed, the form
of the verb in the sentence was misused "has became". The correct form of
the verb in this sentence is "has become" adding the past participle after the
auxiliary verb "has". The panel's translation of the sentence is "We are
pleased to inform you that Mr. Mahmoud Abdul-Rahman has been appointed
in the position of Legal Affairs Department Director."
Another student translated " ") . 8 : ":? " 8@2"$# . 6
") 2"# $ # ( > ( 6 " # A B " ; : . /#" $3" $
! " as:
"it has been decided to authorize Mr. Ali Abdullah, the employment
unit manager, to do the work of the Human Resources Manager until Mr.
Mohammad Ali come back from his mission".

The student missed to add "s" at the end of the verb "come" which is
a necessary suffix at the end of the verb that is used to indicate the singular
antecedent.
The same applies to the form "will compensated" which should read
as "will be compensated" and "it was decided to assigning …" that should be
"it was decided to assign …" Also "will be add to his vacation record" that
should be "will be added to his vacation record".
4.2.1.d Misusing Pronouns:
The notion of person in English grammar has to do with a closed
system of pronouns where the distinction must be clear between the first
person (identifying the speaker or speakers as: I / we), second person
(identifying the person/s addressed: you), and third person (identifying
persons and things other than the speaker and addressee: he/she/it/they).
Relative pronouns exist in both Arabic and English languages but
they are used differently. The correct use of relative pronouns imposes a
challenge to some translators who are not aware of the fact that the relative
pronoun in Arabic has to agree with the antecedent in number and gender
(Shunnaq:37).
The researcher found out that pronouns were misused by many
translators. Many translators used the pronoun "that" to refer to "employees"
like this sentence "Employees that are working on shifts" as a translation for
"( # / #8 3". The pronoun "who" is usually used after a noun to

show which person or which people you are talking about (Longman: 2003)
and it is the correct version that suits the phrase instead of the pronoun
"that". The panel's translation is
"Employees who are working on rotations."
Another translator rendered the text "2 2 C ! - " as:
"because of its considerable experience."
Here, the possessive adjective "its" was wrongly employed. The
correct version submitted by the panel reads as: "because of his considerable
experience." since the possessive adjective "his" refers to human being
while "its" refers to non-humans.
The following sentence was wrongly rendered by a student in an
attempt to translate the Arabic sentence “ ;6 # )$ - +8 6” :
"The thanks to all the employees for your good corporation."
Regardless of other mistakes in the sentence, the misuse of the pronoun
“your” shows how serious the problem is for some of the students who are
really not aware of the correct use of pronouns in English. The student tried
to address the employees whom he/she referred to in the beginning of the
sentence. He could simply avoid the use of the pronoun “your” or just replace
it with “their” to make the sentence a correct version.

Also, a sentence like:
“The thanks to all the employees for who cooperate with him” which
is a translation of a student in an attempt to render “ # )$ - +8 6
! “, contains a major misuse of the relative pronoun “who” which the
student mistakenly put as “for who”. The translator meant to give the
following meaning "The thanks to all the employees who cooperate with
him." but he/she failed to make use of the appropriate pronoun. The panel
simply translated the same sentence as:
"Thanking you for your cooperation."
Another inappropriate use of pronoun in translation is the following
text as a rendition of the Arabic sentence " 8 3/ ) ( # / #
D E" #"+ % )$":
"As to the workers on shifts, there work will be according to work
schedule."
The student who rendered the text used the adverb "there" instead of
the adjective possessive pronoun "their". The panel's rendition of the same
sentence is:
"Employees who are working on rotations shall continue to work
according to the prepared schedule".

4.2.1.e Articles:
Throughout this study, the researcher noticed that some translators
were still incapable of noticing the grammatical difference in both Arabic
and English with regard to article use. In Arabic, there is no use for the
indefinite article and the only definite article used is “ ”. In many cases,
the translators mistakenly deleted the needed articles from the English text
they were translating to.
A noun is definite when both the speaker and the listener are thinking
about the same specific thing. When making a generalization, the definite
article "the" is not used with the plural count noun or a non-count noun
(Azar: A21) A student rendered the Arabic phrase “ 5/# ( 7 1” into:
"To all the employees"
The definite article “the” added by the student in the previous phrase
is unnecessary as the addressee is generic rather than specific. Another
example is the following sentence rendered by another student:
"The thanks to all the employees for your good corporation." The
student added two unneeded articles which are underlined by the researcher.
Another example of misusing articles is this text translated by a student:
"Employees who are working on shifts shall continue to work
according to prepared schedule of their departments".

The original Arabic text reads " % )$ / ) ( # / #8 3
2 "1 D " #"+ " The student missed the definite article "the"
to be added before the phrase "prepared schedule" as the reference in the
sentence is made specifically to the "schedule" prepared by the department
not any other schedule.
4.2.1.f Word Order:
Problems of word-order are explicitly revealed while analyzing the
syntactic difficulties in the translators' renditions. This is true since the
syntactic structure of a language imposes restrictions on the way messages
may be organized. The order in which functional elements such as subject,
predicate, and object may occur is more fixed in some languages than in
others (Baker 1992: 110).
Baker also stresses in her book "In Other Words: A Course Book on
Translation" that:
As translators, we have to operate with lexical items and
grammatical structures at various stages of the translation
process. It is nevertheless imperative that we view the text as a
whole both at the beginning and at the end of the process. A good
translator does not begin to translate until s/he has read the text
at least once and got a 'gist' of the overall message.
(Baker 1992:111)
Shunnaq (1998:34) points out that "Arabic verbal sentences have the
basic word-order of verb-subject-(object)-(adverbial). The main Arabic
word-order is VSO, whereas the English one is SVO" Arabic tends to place

the verb at the beginning of the sentence, while the usual English style
places the verbs after the subject.
Shunnaq (ibid:35) also states that "Arabic favours linking through
coordination and usually forwarding the main clause rather than subordinate
clause." An example for this is the following sentence:
"Ahmad failed the test because he did not study well."
The underlined part of this sentence is the subordinate clause while
the preceding part is the main clause. Also, it is acceptable and natural in
English to attach the subordinate clause in front of the main clause just like
this example:
"Because he did not study well, Ahmad failed the test."
In Arabic, it is favoured to set the main clause in the beginning as
" "+ F " !4 $ G " $3% ) " and it is not favoured to start it with the
subordinate clause " $ G " $3% ) H"+ F " !4".
Another syntactic difference related to syntax between Arabic and
English is the order of modifiers. Shunnaq (ibid:35) says:
In English, when a series of modifiers precedes a noun, the
modifiers must be placed in a special order, e.g. 'Mary's three
new large brown house doors'. In Arabic, however, there are no
such restrictions in the arrangement of a series of adjectives in a
sentence. Moreover, English adjectives precede nouns, but in
Arabic they always come after them.

Administrative circulars tend usually to be full of information and
instructions. This, in fact, makes the sentences sometimes long and complex.
Hence, the translator should decide whether to break long sentences into
shorter ones or just keep them long. To achieve that, the translator should
make sure the sentence carries the intended meaning as a whole informative
unit.
Also, the features of the given texts being of the technical type are
based on reasoning and logical relationships between ideas. "If clauses" and
"conditionals" are often used. The translator is required to be acquainted
with some important basic facts about the structure of both languages. Below
is a rendition by one of the students of the following Arabic text:
)# H2 "1 D E" #"+ % )$ / ) ( # / #8 3
7 1I< 32* +> 2 <C #8 ( 85 3( 9 , 9 #* +1"&
( # )
“While the shift employees continue the work according to the
schedule prepared for this aim for all the administrations, and they shall be
compensated by extra-credit yearly holidays for the actual work days
through the holiday above.”

Starting an English sentence with a subordinate conjunction "while"
necessitates that the sentence must follow the order (subordinate clause +
main clause) where both clauses must have at least a subject and a verb. The
subordinate clause in this rendition does not exist at all. The panel's
translation of the same sentence is: “Employees who are working on
rotations shall continue to work according to the prepared schedule of their
departments and they shall be compensated by adding their working days to
their annual leave entitlement.”
Another example that shows the inability of some students to produce
a well word-ordered sentence is the following rendition:
“For those who want to participate in these sport activities, must
approach the manager of social relations …”.
The original Arabic source text reads as follows:
") ( + ( 9 (B6 4 I' ( 6 % 0 78J < 2 "1 "
(
Again the translator makes the same mistake when he/she begins the
sentence with the subordinate clause that includes a subordinate conjunction
“For” without completing the other half of the sentence which is the main
clause that must have a subject and a verb at least. The panel's rendition of
the above Arabic sentence is:

“In case you are interested to join these activities, you are kindly requested to
refer to Public Relations Department Manager …”
Another example is the following text rendered by a student who lacks
the least knowledge of the word order rules in English:
"Noted in the recent non-compliance with the terms of some staff
security and safety, particularly with regard to parking their vehicles in the
parking of the institution."
The student attempted to render the following Arabic text " /$#
K8 & #& C# ( <) # 4 B# 6 5/# ": " 2 C4 ( #L
#())= 7 . " Regardless of other mistakes the student made
while rendering this text, the focus here will be drawn on word-order; the
student did not start the sentence with a subject, which is the most essential
component of any English text. The student could have started the sentence
by "It was noticed recently" or "It has been noticed recently". The panel's
rendition to the same text is as follows:
"It has been noticed recently that some employees violate safety and
security measures in regards to parking rules at the corporation's premises."
4.2.1.g Wrong Choice of Tense:
While examining the submitted translations, the researcher found that
some translators had chosen wrong tense when dealing with texts of

administrative type. A clear example showing the confusion on the part of the
students in this regard is the following paragraph translated by a student:
"It's our pleasure to inform you that Mr. Mahmoud Abd. Al-Rahman
has been hired as the manager of legal issues in the Institution starting from
15/5/2009. Mr. Mahmoud is chosen for this position according to his
experience and special qualifications."
The original paragraph in Arabic reads:
") : " !; 0< 1 )#=6 2 "> " $ " "# $
# ())= ( # :
") CJ <'= # 2 2 C ! - ())= % & ' D6 "# $
"" (8 : # C : " # 2*% & 5 4 $6
The student mixed up the use of two tenses in this paragraph and did
not keep up tense consistency in translation. When writing a paragraph or an
administrative circular, one should keep consistency and integrity of the text
by implementing the suitable tense that is to be used in the whole paragraph.
The verb "has been hired" is a form of passive voice that was based on an
affirmative sentence of a tense in the present perfect, while the verb "is
chosen" is a form of passive voice that was based on an affirmative sentence
of a tense in the simple present. The approved version of translation by the
panel for the same paragraph is:

"We are pleased to inform you that Mr. Mahmoud Abdul-Rahman has
been appointed in the position of Legal Affairs Department Director as of
May 15, 2009. After interviewing many other qualified candidates to the
position, Mr. Abdul Rahman has been chosen for this position for his long
experience and distinguished qualifications."
Also, the sentence:
"Be kindly informed that Mr. Mahmoud Abdul-Rahman gets a position
of the Legal Affairs Manager starting from 15/5/2009."
which is a rendition of one of the students for the Arabic sentence
" ") : " !; 0< 1 )( # : #=6 2 "> " $ " "# $
# ())= " shows how serious the problem of
tense choice is for the translators. The panel rendered the same text as:
"We are pleased to inform you that Mr. Mahmoud Abdul-Rahman has
been appointed in the position of Legal Affairs Department Director as of
May 15, 2009."
4.2.1.h Misusing Demonstratives:
Some translators used demonstratives in the wrong manner. While
translating the phrase "( ) J I ", a translator rendered it as:
"for this official missions",

The student couldn't match the demonstrative article with its
antecedent. Another example is the phrase " (B6 4 I' ( 6 % 0 78
( 9 " which was translated by a student as:
"anyone who is interested in participation in this sport activities …",
It is obvious that the demonstrative "this" does not match with its
antecedent "activities". The demonstrative "these" is the correct form to be
used in this context as the referent is plural.
4.2.2 Semantic Problems
This part of the study is dedicated to discussing the semantic
problems which the translators faced in their attempt to produce a readable
English equivalence while rendering the ideas from the source language
(Arabic) into the target language (English).
Stern (2004) argues that word-for-word translation leads to a
semantic discrepancy between the SL text and the TL text and it may distort
the meaning of the original text. She also says that the literal approach of
translation does not take the listener's perception into consideration and it
keeps focus on word level.
Lexical problems noticed by the researcher in this study related to no
translation or over-translation.

Table (4).
Types of Semantic Errors and Their Percentage
Type of Semantic Error Number of Errors Percentage %
No Translation
(88) administrative circular
were not translated
83.81 %
Over-Translation 17 16.19 %
Total 105 100 %
Table (4) above shows the semantic errors committed by the students;
83.81% of the errors related to the inability to render the given text while a
percentage of 16.19% of the semantic errors was as a result of over-
translation which the students resorted to while rendering the given texts. In
the following discussion, a more detailed clarification of these errors is
presented.
4.2.2.a No Translation:
Some translators prefer to leave the word, phrase or sentence without
translation because either they fail to give the appropriate equivalent in the
target language or they become negligent because they might be
discouraged to work harder and try to look up the needed translation. In
many cases, unfamiliarity of the translators with the intended Arabic
meaning is the factor that leads them to miscomprehend the meaning and
eventually makes them unable to come up with a rendition at all. During this
study, there were numerous words, sentences, paragraphs and even whole
circulars that were left without translation; incapability of rendering the

given texts or negligence on the part of the students might be the reasons
leaving the texts without translation at all. The following table displays the
percentage of the administrative circulars that were not translated by the 30
students who represented the sample of the study:
Table (5).
Percentage of Non-translated Administrative Circulars
No Translation
Number of overall administrative circulars
Number of non-
translated
circulars
Percentage %
240 administrative circular
(30 students each was given 8 circulars to translate)
(88) administrative
circular 36.66 %
4.2.2.b Over-Translation:
Over-Translation is the attempt of the translator to add more
information to the TL he/she is translating into in order to make the
meaning of the original text more comprehensive and understandable by the
reader/receiver. Sometimes, if not applied correctly, over-translation may
distort the conveyed message and cause confusion and inaccuracy on the
part of the addressees. Throughout the study, the researcher found out that
many students resorted to over-translating the texts on hand due to the fact
that these texts needed certain technical experience in the field on the part of
the translator. An example of over-translation is the use of the unneeded

phrase "in this thing" by a student who rendered “ # )$ - +8 6
;6 ” as:
“Thank you all for your kind collaboration in this thing”.
The addition of the phrase “in this thing” distorted the naturalness of
the English text the translator was trying to render. The translator could
have either rendered the phrase as “in this regard” or just deleted it from the
whole sentence. Another student rendered the following phrase while
translating “H! 8 #”: "according to this". The translator could have simply
rendered the phrase as “accordingly” without the need for the extra words
he/she used.
The same applies to the text:
“Mr. Mahmoud has been chosen because of his deep experience and
his high qualifications he has”
which was rendered by a student as a translation of the Arabic text:
") CJ <'= # 2 2 C ! - ())= % & ' D6 "# $
% & 5 4 $6 "" (8 : # C : " # 2*
The student made use of extra pronouns “his” and “he” which the
phrase does not really require. The version recommended by the panel is:
"for his long experience and distinguished qualifications."

A display of some examples of over-translation of texts rendered by
the students is shown in the table below:
Table (6).
Over-Translation of Texts Committed by Students
Renditions of students who committed
over-translation
Correct Version of the same texts
rendered by the panel
As a result of the commitment of Mr. Mohamad
Ahmad, the human resources sector's manager,
of an official mission outside the country, ….
As Mr. Mohammed Ahmed, Human
Resources Division Director, is going to be
on an official mission abroad …
Thanks all for better help for him. Thanking you for your cooperation.
The work of the employees who work in shifting
system will remain as in the schedule …
Employees who are working on rotations
shall continue to work according to the
prepared schedule …
It was decided that Mr. Ali Abdulla … will be
the substitute for Mr. Mohammad and that will
be till Mr. Mohammad arrives from his mission.
It has been decided to delegate Mr. Ali
Abdullah …. to carry out the tasks and
duties of Acting HR Director until the
return of Mr. Mohammad.
It's highly respected from you to know that the
vacation of Al-Adha for this year is five days …
Please be informed that Eid Al-Adha
holiday for this year shall be five days …
4.2.3 Lexical Problems
Cruse (2006:95) states that lexical meaning refers to the meaning of
full lexical items such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives, which is typically
richer and more complex than the meaning carried by grammatical elements
such as affixes, prepositions, conjunctions, and so on. In this study, lexical
problems represent the inaccurate and unsound choice of diction resulting
from the translators' inability to use the right lexis which expresses the
intended meaning. This failure of translators to render the given texts was a
result of miscomprehension of the entire or part of the utterance on one
hand, and to the lack of experience in the field and unwariness of the

terminology used, on the other. This might lead to a lexical gap since
administrative circulars are loaded with technical words and expressions
related to administrative instructions and personnel-related stipulations.
Lexical problems noticed by the researcher during this study are
related to difficult terminology, literal translation and spelling mistakes.
Table (7) below shows the lexical errors committed by the students; 64.77%
of the errors related to difficult terminology while a percentage of 22.73%
of the lexical errors represents the spelling mistakes committed by the
students and 12.5% were related to literal translation.
Table (7).
Types of Lexical Errors and their Percentage
Type of Lexical Error Number of Errors Percentage %
Difficult Terminology 114 64.77 %
Spelling Mistakes 40 22.73 %
Literal Translation 22 12.5 %
Total 176 100 %
In the following discussion, light will be shed in a more detailed way on
these lexical difficulties.
4.2.3.a Difficult terminology:
Difficult terminology led many translators to mistranslate certain
words and expressions that characterize this type of administrative texts.
That is why some words and expressions were rendered unfunctionally in
different manners by the translators.

A student translated the word “ F 8+2 "> ” into:
“the administration assembly”
which is clearly a wrong choice since the term in use in English for the
phrase is “The Board of Directors”. The phrase “ ( # / #8 was
translated by a student as:
"part-time workers".
Unawareness of certain terminology in the field on hand may easily
lead the translator to slip into such a mistake. The phrase “part-time” is not
the correct translation for the phrase “( # / ” since the term used to
indicate it is “rotations” or “shifts”.
Another example of the difficulty that faced some translators due to
difficult terminology is the word "compromise" that was mistakenly used in
the following English text translated by one of the students:
"they will be compromised by adding the actual working days that they
worked to their yearly off days".
The student used the word "compromised" instead of the word
"compensated" which was the choice of the panel and it means " to pay
someone money because they have suffered injury, loss, or damage" as in
Longman Dictionary (2003), while the word "compromise" means in the
same dictionary "to reach an agreement in which everyone involved accepts

less than what they wanted at first, or, to do something which is against your
principles and which therefore seems dishonest or shameful."
Another example is the sentence rendered by a student:
"Best wishes for all to have a bless time"
in an attempt to translate the Arabic sentence " J # 9 : - +8 3-
- ". The student could have simply done it this way "Wishing you all a
pleasant time" which is the panel's translation, but the student used the
wrong form of the English word. He/she could have also used words like
"happy", "wonderful", "pleasing" …etc. to give the same intended meaning.
In some cases, serious difficulties faced the students in their attempts
to render the texts using the appropriate terminology. This Arabic text
" 2" 7 12 6>MN#=6 ($OG5/# " was rendered by a student
as:
"For instance to the substance number (35) of employers list". The
student showed complete failure to come up with even a semi-natural
English text. "7 12 6> " can never be "for instance" in English. There are
many ways by which we can render this text giving the intended meaning;
we can render it as "Reference to" or "according to" or "based on" …etc.
Also, inability to recognize certain administrative terminology leads to
awkward translations. For instance, the phrase "2" " is rendered by the
same student as "substance"; when we refer to texts in bylaws or
regulations, there is certain terminology such as "article" or "paragraph" or

"part" to be used to refer to the meaning in Arabic. " 5/# #=6 ($OG" also
was mistranslated by a student who rendered it as "employer list" which is
an inappropriate rendition for an administrative term that is rendered as
"bylaws" or "statute" or "staff regulations" or "personnel policy". The
panel's rendition of the same text is "Reference to article No. (35) of the
Personnel Policy and Regulations …".
Throughout the study, the researcher, in fact, found out numerous
mistakes presenting the difficulty that faced the translators in their attempt to
select the appropriate terminology and suitable meaning. To draw more focus
on this problem, the following table illustrates some examples:
Table (8).
Difficult Terminology that Faced the Students
Renditions of students who failed to render
some words due to difficult terminology
Correct Version of the same texts
rendered by the panel
They will be compromised by adding the actual
working days they worked to their yearly day-
offs.
They shall be compensated by adding their
working days to their annual leave
entitlement.
It was decided that Mr. Mahmood will be the
manager of the legal issues in the administration,
Mr. Mahmoud has been appointed in the
position of Legal Affairs Department
Director …
We are pleased to inform all employees of a 20%
raise for all the official, informative and training
assignments starting from 1/6/2009.
We are pleased to inform you all that the
allowance for all official, news and training
missions has been increased by 20%
effective June 1, 2009.
To the Directors of Departments and Heads of
Departments and Unit Supervisors
To Department Managers, Section Heads
and Unit Supervisors
Employees who work on shifting system, the
work will remain as it is listed in the schedule …
prepared schedule …
It has been decided to appoint Mr. Mahmoud
Abd Al-rahman as a manager of the legal affairs'
administration in the constitution …
We are pleased to inform you that Mr.
Mahmoud Abdul-Rahman has been
appointed in the position of Legal Affairs
Department Director …

Mr. Mahmoud has been selected to fill this
position because of what he has of long
experience and highly respected qualifications
after having made an exam and interviewing
many adequate candidates for this position.
After interviewing many other qualified
candidates to the position, Mr. Mahmoud
has been chosen for this position for his
long experience and distinguished
qualifications.
To all employers To all employees
Employees working on shifts will continue work
according to the schedule for this purpose and
they will be satisfied by adding the working days
to their yearly vacation.
prepared schedule of their departments and
they shall be compensated by adding their
working days to their annual leave
entitlement.
Be thankfully to everyone for their corporation.
Thanking you for your cooperation in this
regard.
The redundant of one year will be changed as
money to the employer.
Annual leave days exceeding the
entitlement of one year shall be
compensated to the employee in cash.
The Human Resources Management is delighted
to announce that it has been contracted with Al-
Ahly Sports Club to offer the club's total services
to all the organization's employees for free
starting from 1/11/2008.
Human Resources is pleased to inform you
that the management has entered into a
contract with Al-Ahli Sports Club to
provide all the club services for free to all
employees as of November 1, 2008.
It has been noticed in recent times that the
employees do not confirm to the terms of safety
and security …
It has been noticed recently that some
employees violate safety and security
measures … (or do not abide by / do not
comply with / do not conform to)
Organization's park Organization's parking
Speed boundaries Speed limits
Their annual vacation account Their annual leave entitlement (or credit)
Item (35) from the employees affairs codes
Article No. (35) of the Personnel Policy
and Regulations
Please take into consideration that the utmost
limit to evacuate the account of the employee's
vacations to the next year 2009 will be only for
one year.
please be notified that the maximum limit
of the employee's annual leave credit to be
deferred to the next year 2009 shall not
exceed the employee's entitlement for one
year.
Don't park vehicles in the selected areas with
yellow dedicated to guests and VIP.
Areas lined with yellow are also not to be
used for parking. They are designated for
guests and VIPs.
As Mr. Mohammed Al. Ahmad the manager of
the discipline of human resources had a formal
mission outside the country, …
As Mr. Mohammed Ahmed, Human
Resources Division Director, is going to be
on an official mission abroad, …
Referring to material number (35) from the list Reference to article No. (35) of the

of the employees' affairs, … Personnel Policy and Regulations, …
According to the results of arbitraged committee
in the company, …
Reference to the results of the meeting of
the Budget Committee, …
We congratulate our brother Mahmoud this rank.
We congratulate Mr. Mahmoud for his new
Please be informed that 20% of the selected suits
for all official and training missions have been
increased starting from 1st
June 2009.
We are pleased to inform you that all
allowance for all official, news and training
missions has been increased by 20%
effective June 1, 2009.
Due to work circumstances, line manager can
ask the employee to return to work before the
end of his vacation supported with division
director approval.
Based on work exigencies, the line
manager may ask the employee to cut
his/her leave and return to work before the
end of the annual leave provided that the
approval of the Director Division's is
obtained.
Based on the balance committee meeting results,
Reference to the results of the meeting of
the Budget Committee,
The approval of the administration council. The approval of the Board of Directors.
According to the third condition of employee
affairs, …
Reference to the stipulations of Article (3)
of the Personnel Policy, …
If the employee wants to expand the vacation, he
has to inform his direct manager five days before
the end of the vacation.
If the employee who is on annual leave
wishes to extend his/her leave, he/she must
address the direct line manager either by
phone or via email at least five days before
the end of the leave.
4.2.3.b Literal Translation:
According to Longman Contemporary English Dictionary (2003),
literal translation is a translation that translates each word exactly instead of
giving the general meaning in a more natural way.
Farghal and Shunnaq (1999:16) state: "Literal translation is probably
the oldest type of translation practice. It involves the conveyance of
denotative meaning of phrases and sentences in a text from one language to
another. Therefore, literal translation works where there is correspondence
between the two languages in terms of semantics and structure."

The following text was rendered by one of the students in an attempt
to translate the original Arabic text:
". "'3 I* + 1 ( ) ( 2"# " 8& 5 : 8) ":
"Submit detailed report after returning from the official mission on
the achieved goals"
There is a clear distortion in the translation done by the student as the
referent in the text is not clearly identified. Excessive use of literal
translation leads to unnatural translation; the phrase "on the achieved goals"
modifies the word "report" and setting it at the end of the whole sentence
and separating it from its antecedent makes the sentence unnatural. A better
version of the sentence is the one rendered by the panel, which is "Submit a
detailed report on the achieved goals after returning from the official
mission."
Another example of literal translation found out in this study is the
following sentence rendered by one of the students:
"HR management would like to inform you that an agreement with
the private sport club was dealt to give full services of the club for all the
association employees free starting from 1st
November 2008."
In comparison with the original Arabic text which reads " 2 "1 )
P" J "C ": 9 8'4 P" - " !; < 1())= ( 6 " #

# + ())= 5/# ( (8 " we could
easily notice that the words and the sentence order are mostly alike. The
student neglected the fact that literal translation is a wrong strategy to
follow when translating a text from and into two languages that are
completely different in syntax and lexical system. A look at the panel's
translation of the same text shows the difference:
"Human Resources is pleased to inform you that the management has
entered into a contract with Al-Ahli Sports Club to provide all the club
services for free to all employees as of November 1, 2008."
The following example too represents the challenge of literal
translation that faced some translators who disregarded the difference in
both SL and TL; which causes drastic remoteness from naturalness of
language: A student translated the Arabic text " " $ ; 8 - + 7+
"& $ 7& 4": 8 . /# J * +12" $ # ( ) K :$ ) # )
HB:" into:
"It is important to know that the last time for moving the vacation for
the next year will be at one year vacation".
When the translator resorts to literal translation, he/she allows
unnaturalness to take its place in the TL; which distorts the conveyed
message of the SL on one hand and the received message in the TL on the
other. The panel translated the above text as "Please be notified that the

maximum limit of the employee's annual leave credit to be transferred to the
next year 2009 shall not exceed the employee's entitlement for one year."
The following texts are some of the literal translation examples that
the translators resorted to while rendering:
"It was decided to assign Mr. Ali Abdulla, the supervisor of
employing to do the business of Mr. Mohammaed Ahmed until he returns."
The Arabic text reads " ") . 8 : ":? " 8@2" $# . 6
") 2"# $ # ( > ( 6 " # A B " ; : . /#" $3" $
! " The student first of all rendered ". /# 2" $# . 6 " into "the
supervisor of employing" which is unused in English to describe such entity.
The correct version suggested by the panel is:
"Recruitment Unit Supervisor" or "Employment Unit Supervisor.
Moreover, the student rendered " ; : " as "to do the business
of". According to Longman Dictionary (2003), the following expressions
are used to refer to the same meaning:
- to act on behalf of …
- to replace Mr…….. while being away.
- instead of …
- to represent ….
4.2.3.c Spelling Mistakes:
The word "spelling" means the way in which a word is spelled.
Longman Dictionary (2003). Spelling mistakes in this study represent those
mistakes committed by the translators while rendering texts from Arabic

into English. Table (9) below demonstrates the mistakes committed in this
regard.
Table (9).
Spelling Mistakes Committed by Students
Spelling mistakes
committed by students
Correct Version
Signiture Signature
Vication Vacation
cridit Credit
Mony Money
Choosen Chosen
Nomenies Nominees
Cercomiustances Circumstances
Wit reference to With reference to
The worked They worked
anual annual
Proceedures Procedures
Submitt Submit
Referance Reference
opay Obey
proporate Appropriate
Specialy Specially
Their is There is
vehecles Vehicles
sapscripe Subscribe
num Number / No.
I'm glade I am glad
Choose (past) Chose (past)
For your corporation For your cooperation
Was choosen Was chosen
Commity Committee
signituare signature
expiriances Experiences
deliever Deliver
excelent Excellent
managment Management
The utilies The utilities
Has been apointed Has been appointed
estaplishment Establishment
Untill Until
befor Before
scadjules Schedules
intitelment Entitlement
Committis Committees
Contino Continue
thire Their
40=Total

4.2.4 Pragmatic Problems
Crystal (1987: 120) says that "pragmatics studies the factors that
govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our
choice on others" and states that pragmatic factors "always influence our
selection of sounds, grammatical construction, and vocabulary from the
resources of language" (ibid:120). According to Hatim and Mason
(1990:169), the pragmatic dimension in translation is related to
intentionality, speech act sequence, implicature, and inference.
Communicative value in this regard is essential in determining the intended
meaning.
Throughout this study, there has been a problem of tenor. Tenor is
"the general meaning of something written or spoken, or the general attitude
expressed in it" as Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2003)
defines it. Addressing administrative circulars to employees of various
languages, cultures and social background requires a special language that
should be characterized by polite tenor. Hatim and Mason (1990: 36) state
"Tenor of discourse refers to the type of relationship between the addresser
and the addressee such as formal/informal, polite/vulgar." In the texts on
hand, being of administrative nature addressing different employees of
various cultures, formal level is required. The required style to render
administrative circulars is informative and instructive since the intention is
to deliver information or instructions to the employees in a neutral

unambiguous way. The researcher found out also that in many cases,
translators lost focus and confused formal with informal expressions. For
example, the rendition of the same sentence " # ) $ - +8 6" by
one of the students into:
"Thanks all for better help for him"
shows the inability of the translator to apply the appropriate formal style to
the text on hand if we disregard the syntactic and lexical mistakes that it
included. It is necessary for the translator to present politeness choosing the
right words to render a text of this courtesy. The panel's translation of the
same text shows the required politeness level by translating it into
"Thanking you for your cooperation".
Another example that shows how some translators failed to convey
the message considering Tenor is the following sentence which is a
rendition of one of the students:
"Employees continue with their jobs on Sunday 14/12/2008." The
Arabic text reads " K # "$4 # 3 #5/# 6 378 ".
Regardless of other mistakes the student committed during translating the
sentence, the student did not take into consideration polite tenor which is
needed in such an administrative text where the relationship between the
business firm and its employees is based on official communication and

polite notifying style. The panel's rendition of the same sentence is "All
employees are kindly requested to resume work on Sunday, 14/12/2008."
In a sentence like:
"Accordingly, please staffs that are approved for these official
missions do the following"
which was rendered by one of the students, regardless of all other
syntactic, semantic and lexical mistakes, it is obvious that the translator
disregarded the tenor of the text, which is a basic rule on the side of the
translator to take into consideration, and neglected the formal style of the
text and shifted it to a vulgar style that does not suit such type of
administrative writing. The panel translated the same sentence as:
"Accordingly, employees who are assigned to any of these missions
are kindly requested to do the following" by adding more polite wording,
the text becomes a reflection of the original message of the SL.
4.3 Summary
Throughout this study, some major problems and difficulties of
translating administrative circulars from Arabic into English were identified
and the seriousness of these difficulties that faced the translators were
pinpointed analytically. It is indeed a challenge for the translator to translate
texts that include technical administrative terms. Thus, it is crucial for the
translator to have the necessary knowledge and experience in translating the
field in question. The researcher has found out that there are major

difficulties the students faced while rendering Arabic administrative texts
into English; these difficulties were syntactic, semantic, lexical and
pragmatic. Syntactically, 31.801% of the students committed serious
mistakes related to punctuation and capitalization rules while 28.72% of
them were unable to use prepositions correctly. Other syntactic difficulties
faced the translators such as word order, wrong form of the verb, wrong
choice of tense, misusing pronouns, misusing demonstratives and articles
were highlighted and their percentages were given.
Concerning semantic difficulties, the study shows that the difficulties
faced the students were related to the inability to render the given text with a
percentage of 83.81% and over-translation with a percentage of 16.19%.
Then Lexical difficulties challenged the translators whose most
renditions suffered numerous errors related to difficult terminology and
failed to render many of terms into the target language. 64.04% of the
lexical errors were related to difficult terminology while 23.60% of them
related to spelling mistakes and 12.36% were literal translation.
Pragmatic difficulties too challenged the translators who were unable
to convey the intended message because of their unawareness of tenor and
style of the two languages.

This chapter summarizes the whole study and aims at presenting
general conclusions on the one hand and draws attention to some important
recommendations which might be of assistance to relevant future studies on
the other.
5.1 Conclusions:
Upon examining and analyzing the data collected for the purpose of
conducting the present study, the researcher has come up with the following
conclusions:
(1) This study explored the most problematic areas and difficulties where
translators face challenge in their attempt to give an appropriate
rendition. These challenges were exposed by discussing syntactic,
semantic, lexical, cultural and pragmatic difficulties the translators
experienced when they were given samples of administrative circulars
and were asked to translate from Arabic into English.
(2) The researcher noticed 62 errors, mostly syntactic errors committed by
the students, were relating to punctuation and capitalization rules. The
percentage of 31.80% of all syntactic errors was in violation of rules of
punctuation and capitalization. Then, 56 errors or (28.72%) were
related to the inability of the translators to use prepositions correctly.

Wrong form of the verb represented 15.39%. Word order, wrong form
of the tense, misusing pronouns, misusing demonstratives and articles
represented other syntactic difficulties that faced the translators.
(3) While discussing and analyzing semantic errors, the researcher noticed
that the difficulties that faced the students were related to the inability
to render the given text with a percentage of 83.81%. A number of 240
administrative circular were distributed to the student but only 88 of
them were translated due to negligence or incapability of translating the
given texts. Over-translation was represented too as a semantic error by
17 cases, which is a percentage of 16.19%.
(4) Lexical errors were explicitly present where difficult terminology was
found in 114 different places. They constituted 64.77% of all lexical
errors located by the researcher during the study. Also, 40 spelling
mistakes were located in the students' renditions, which represents
22.73% of lexical errors, and literal translation comprised 12.5% of all
lexical errors.
(5) Some translators were unable to convey the intended message in their
renditions because of their unawareness of tenor and style of the two
languages. Hence, pragmatic difficulties presented an extra burden to
their translation task.

5.2 Recommendations:
In light of the previous conclusions and the results this study came up
with, the researcher would like to make the following recommendations:
(1) As this study focused on syntactic, lexical, semantic and pragmatic
difficulties only, researchers are recommended to conduct other relevant
studies which tackle other areas of translation difficulties such as
colloquial, rhetorical, cultural, stylistic …etc.
(2) Researchers are highly recommended to carry out more studies regarding
the difficulties that face translators in rendering texts of administrative
common-types as these texts are becoming nowadays more and more in
use in multinational business firms.
(3) Students of translation major are highly recommended to personally
focus on strengthening their self-education and personal knowledge in
relation to this type of administrative translation as they might be faced
by such type of translation while working in various multinational
business firms.
(4) The researcher highly recommends that more focus be given to
translation of administrative circulars in MA curriculum in Translation.
(5) It is also recommended by the researcher that serious and intensive care
be drawn on approaches of teaching and managing translation of
administrative circulars at universities' English departments especially
that graduate students of MA Translation might be exposed to this type of
translation in their career once they graduate and decide to join a
multinational business firm for work.

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El ilm Lilmalayin: Beirut.
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Arabic. Unpublished MA Thesis, Yarmouk University.
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accurapid.com/journal/49strategies.htm
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Grammar. Prentice Hell, Inc. A Simon & Schuster Company: Englewood
Cliffs.
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London and New York: Routledge.
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Translations of English Legal Texts into Arabic, Babel 38-4.
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Translation.
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de, et al (eds.). Language, Discourse and Translation in West and Middle
East. Amsterdam: John Benjamin’s.
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Longman.
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Company.
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Education Limited, Edinburgh Gate: Harlow.
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Hall.
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to Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Translating. Leiden: Brill.

- Pinchuck, D. (1977). Scientific and Technical Translation. London:
Andry Deutsch.
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translation. John Benjamins Publishing Company, Babel, Volume 54.
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Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Overcoming the lack of
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Information Technology Terms into Arabic. Unpublished MA Thesis,
Yarmouk University.

Appendix
A Suggested Standard Translation of the Administrative Circulars by
the Panel (Used in the Study as a Reference)
(58C ( "1 Q
P "> . 6 4 () :( O9 5 2 *+ ( 6
Different administrative irculars
Jazeera Satellite Network-Alofquoted from the administrative archive
(1) administrative circulars concerning vacations/national holidays.
MN5/# ( 7 1
3" R $ 3() C 7$9 4 " 2* +1 # 3 : " !; 8 7+
K # "$4 #K # F C # #378 H
K # "$4 # 3 #5/# 6
8 3)# H2 "1 D E" #"+ % )$ / ) ( # / #
* +1"& 7 1I< 32* +> 2 <C #8 ( 85 3( 9 , 9 #
( # )

(1) To All Employees
Please be informed that Eid Al-Adha holiday for this year shall be for
five days starting from Sunday, 7/12/2008 till Thursday, 11/12/2008.
All employees are kindly requested to resume work on Sunday,
14/12/2008.
Employees who are working on rotations shall continue to work
according to the prepared schedule of their departments and they shall be
compensated by adding their working days to their annual leave entitlement.
We wish you all a Happy Eid ,,,
MN5/# ( 7 1
2" 7 12 6>MN( # ) 2* +> $ # "5 ) ;6 5/# #=6 ($OG
J * +1" & $ 7& 4 "$ ; 8 - + 7+ H 7 1 5/# 8
": 8 . /#3# HB: 2"$ # ( ) K :$ ) # )( ) " & "*
HHH ;6 # )$ - +8 6 H. /# 8 P": " ! & . #) 2"$ #
Reference to article No. (35) of the Personnel Policy and Regulations
on the usage and deferral of staff annual leave, please be notified that the

maximum limit of the employee's annual leave credit to be deferred to the
next year 2009 shall not exceed the employee's entitlement for one year.
Annual leave days exceeding the entitlement of one year shall be
compensated to the employee in cash.
Thanking you for your cooperation in this regard ,,,
(2) administrative circulars concerning allowances/benefits to
employees.
MN5/# ( 7 1
5/# ( S< 1 ) H2 "> F 8+ (: # # ())= ( * # ( + A + TO 78
! ) 2" * !;U( " # ( C> # ( ) J ( 2 : J G"
5/# 7+ H!8 #L : ( ) J I V 78 (: #WX
G#3WA B: " #3 2 "> " - # & $ )
VW. "'3 I* + 1 ( ) ( 2"# " 8& 5 : 8)
HHH ;6 # )$ - +8 6

Reference to the results of the meeting of the Budget Committee and the
approval of the Board of Directors, we are pleased to inform you all that the
allowance for all official, news and training missions has been increased by
20% effective June 1, 2009.
Accordingly, employees who are assigned to any of these missions are
kindly requested to do the following: -
First: Obtain the signature of the concerned department manager/division
director.
Second: Submit a detailed report on the achieved goals after returning from
the official mission.
Thanking you for your cooperation in this regard ,,,
MN5/# ( 7 1
" : 9 8'4 P" - " !; < 1())= ( 6 " # 2 "1 )
( (8 P" J "C# + ())= 5/#
($ (58C ( 9 (B6 4 () P" K "C ) 5/# #": # ) #
P"

") ( + ( 9 (B6 4 I' ( 6 % 0 78( J < 2 "1 "
. ' 78W
HHH- J # 9 : - +8 3-
To All Employees)2(
Human Resources is pleased to inform you that the management has entered
into a contract with Al-Ahli Sports Club to provide all the club services for
free to all employees as of November 1, 2008.
Employees will be able to enjoy all various sport activities available at the
club facilities.
In case you are interested to join these activities, you are kindly requested to
refer to Public Relations Department Manager by telephone at 5588992052.
Wishing you all a pleasant time ,,,
promotions/administrative circulars concerning new appointments)3(
.of employees
MNJ "$# 6 # ) 4 )= # J "> " 7 1
") : /" $3" $@"< Q C ( ) ( ( 6 " # A B "
") . 8 : ": H? " 8@: . /# 2"$# . 6
6 " # A B " ;") 2"# $ # ( > (! " $3" $

(1) To Department Managers, Section Heads and Unit Supervisors
As Mr. Mohammed Ahmed, Human Resources Division Director, is going to
be on an official mission abroad effective November 26, 2008, it has been
decided to delegate Mr. Ali Abdullah, Recruitment Unit Supervisor, to carry
out the tasks and duties of Acting Human Resources Division Director until
the return of Mr. Ahmed.
Thanking you for your cooperation ,,,
MN15/# ( 7
") : " !; 0< 1 )( # : #=6 2 "> " $ " "# $
# ())=
") CJ <'= # 2 2 C ! - ())= % & ' D6 "# $
C : " # 2*% & 5 4 $6 "" (8 : #
1 1#! 8 "") # K # ! 7 % & ' ! "# $
""+

We are pleased to inform you that Mr. Mahmoud Abdul Rahman has been
appointed in the position of Legal Affairs Department Director as of May 15,
2009.
After interviewing many other qualified candidates to the position, Mr. Abdul
Rahman has been chosen for this position for his long experience and
distinguished qualifications
We congratulate Mr. Abdul Rahman his new position and wish him all the
best. Thanking you for your cooperation ,,,
(4) administrative circulars concerning new regulations and bylaws.
MN5/# ( 7 1
K 8 & #& C# ( <) # 4 B# 6 5/# ": " 2 C4 ( #L /$#
())= 7 . #
7 + 7 B $ ( Y# ($ $& . 5B& # # ( $ / ) # H!8 #
( J 8 ":WX
G( ) #8 6 Z" G R $ J ) . # " ( ) "#"$ *
# . # 9 8 (& & C # 5& 4 #8 2""$ J $ ) J "
#*
!

It has been noticed recently that some employees violate safety and security
measures in regards to parking rules at the corporation's premises.
Accordingly, in order to regulate traffic and parking movement, we would like
all employees to kindly abide by the following rules:-
- Speed limit within the parking area must not exceed 20 Km/hour.
- Areas lined with yellow are also not to be used for parking. They are
designated for guests and VIPs.
Thanking you for your kind cooperation and
for abiding by these rules ,,,
MN( 7 15/#
H 5/# J * +, (& C # 5/# #=6 ($OG R V & 5 "# 7 12 6>
( # ) 2* +1% 8B ": " % + B #9WX
X! 8 7 12"# . /# % 8B 3 2 "> " *#+ H J 9 : 78
4 . 9 )# H! - A B: " (: # 78 #& $ " ( # ) !* +1
( # ) !* +1"& 7 12* +, . /# -
X1 6 I " ( B C !8 % +# H'"" ( # ) !* +, - . /# % 0 1
# ! 0 > #3 5 '3() C : G 2" !* +1
" # $ % &#

Reference to the stipulations of Article (3) of the Personnel Policy regarding
employees entitlement for annual leave, we would like to remind you of
certain rules that must be taken into consideration when you apply for your
annual leave:-
- Based on work exigencies, the line manager may ask the employee to cut
his/her leave and return to work before the end of the annual leave provided
that the approval of the Director Division's is obtained. The remaining days
shall be added to the employee's annual leave credit.
- If the employee who is on annual leave wishes to extend his/her leave,
he/she must address the direct line manager either by phone or via email at
least five days before the end of the leave.
Thanking all of you for your cooperation and compliance with these important
rules ,,,

' ()*+" " $ ## * , -. "
" / 0 1" " / " *+)2 " " "
3 4 *+). " " 56)2 & 2 7 8 192
* $:
( + )+ ( 8B !+ # ( # & % #+ 78 * 7 1() " . "
& #& C# H( * 8+ > (D8 7 1( (D8 ( "> 8 + V3 # ( +
( D8 * # ) - B J ( + [ #& I' # 7 1 )3-+ J # &
( + # 2 "> + (8#B ( 8 2 C# F 7 1Q $ ( $ ( "1
#( D8 . < CG (8V J # & 78 9 3() " *
( G" # ( # # ( #$ $ # ( * 8+ > #
O#6 6 2: # ( + ( "1 Q ( 88$ ( : () " ) #
2 *+ ( 6 + J ( "> J" ( + :# ( O9 5
) - *# R $ H # ( + ( * 8+ > (D8 ) 2 )3(V<V 9 $ ( +
# ) " # ( + )+ ( 8B ( # + 78 Q I' ( 6
# & 78 . # # . " + % 8B# ( + [ & CV3 + # (
( "> I' ( +
8$ +1 V # 2 BC4 "" % )$ & $1 +1 H 78 ] #
G "" P#$ % <B J + 3 BC4 8$ " # H + J #8 8 #
G" # ( # # ( #$ BC4 ! F ;(F !3 '"5 (+ 7 1() " J & 8C#

J # & "#+# " = P 4 HJ + I' ^ & K B 7 1 E& # ( # )
[ #& I' V ( + ( ::$
R $ 4 J $ ": 3 ;6 J & # ": () " J C #
( + + ( 8:)( ">

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