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- 1. Chapter 2 Working efficiently and effectively in engineering © Pearson Education 2012 Printing and photocopying permitted The work area
- 2. Chapter 2 Working efficiently and effectively in engineering © Pearson Education 2012 Printing and photocopying permitted Factors that need to be considered about the work area Space Work area factors Cleanliness Lighting Ventilation Hazardous materials Noise and vibration Tidiness Think of at least two other factors that might need to be considered when planning an engineering activity for the first time. Work area factors Electrical and fluid power equipment (including cables and hoses)
- 3. Chapter 2 Working efficiently and effectively in engineering © Pearson Education 2012 Printing and photocopying permitted Space ● the size of the parts and components ● the use of hazardous processes such as brazing, welding, grinding and machining ● the use of machines, belts, hoists, conveyors and other moving parts. How much space to you need to change the wheels on a car? What do you need this space for? What might happen if you didn’t have enough space? The amount of space needed to perform an engineering activity is determined by a number of factors including:
- 4. Chapter 2 Working efficiently and effectively in engineering © Pearson Education 2012 Printing and photocopying permitted Cleanliness Cleanliness is important in the work area in order to: ● prevent damage to delicate parts and surfaces ● avoid contamination due to dirt, dust, oil, grease and other waste material. Cleanliness can be ensured by: ● regular cleaning of machine tools, benches, floors, access ways, trunking and equipment ● specialised extraction/waste collection equipment ● occasional deep-cleaning of work areas.
- 5. Chapter 2 Working efficiently and effectively in engineering © Pearson Education 2012 Printing and photocopying permitted Lighting Adequate lighting in the work area is important in order to: ● ensure that work can be viewed without eye strain and fatigue ● accuracy is maintained ● avoid damage to parts and components ● hazards are made visible and avoided (for example, trailing cables and hoses). Adequate lighting can be ensured by: ● having multiple sources of light spaced at regular intervals ● ensuring that lamps are properly rated ● providing additional illumination in areas where close work is performed.
- 6. Chapter 2 Working efficiently and effectively in engineering © Pearson Education 2012 Printing and photocopying permitted Ventilation Ventilation is important in a work area in order to: ● avoid respiratory problems caused by dust and fumes ● prevent the build up of dangerous gases ● avoid the deposit of surface films on delicate parts and components. Ventilation can be ensured by: ● allowing for an adequate number of opening windows and doors in the workshop area ● using specialised air extraction, cleaning and filtering equipment.
- 7. Chapter 2 Working efficiently and effectively in engineering © Pearson Education 2012 Printing and photocopying permitted Hazardous materials ● flammable materials such as petrol, paint and other solvents and fuels ● ferric chloride etchant ● hydraulic fluid ● beryllium oxide (found in some semi-conductors). Hazards caused by dangerous materials can be reduced by: ● clearly marking any hazardous materials ● correct storage and disposal ● ensuring that relevant materials safety data sheets (MSDS) are available ● ensuring that personnel are appropriately trained. Some engineering processes use materials that are hazardous. These materials include:
- 8. Chapter 2 Working efficiently and effectively in engineering © Pearson Education 2012 Printing and photocopying permitted Noise and vibration Noise and vibration can cause fatigue and reduce concentration. Noise can be reduced by the use of acoustically absorbent enclosures and vibration reduced by the use of anti-vibration mountings.
- 9. Chapter 2 Working efficiently and effectively in engineering © Pearson Education 2012 Printing and photocopying permitted Electrical cables and fluid power equipment Cables and hoses need to be carefully routed so that they do not get in the way or cause accidents due to fouling or tripping. Cables and hoses should be clearly marked and properly stored after use.
- 10. Chapter 2 Working efficiently and effectively in engineering © Pearson Education 2012 Printing and photocopying permitted Fluid power equipment Fluid power equipment (including either compressed air or hydraulic fluid) operates at high pressure and can be extremely dangerous. Hoses and joints should be regularly inspected and any damage reported immediately.
- 11. Chapter 2 Working efficiently and effectively in engineering © Pearson Education 2012 Printing and photocopying permitted Tidying up Tidiness is essential and the work area should always be made clean and tidy after work. All tools, equipment and any unused material or components should be returned to the appropriate place.
- 12. Chapter 2 Working efficiently and effectively in engineering © Pearson Education 2012 Printing and photocopying permitted Work area activity Think carefully about all the things that you had to do in order to prepare the work area for a particular engineering task such as fabricating an enclosure or assembling a printed circuit board. Make a checklist of everything that you did before starting the task.
- 13. Chapter 2 Working efficiently and effectively in engineering © Pearson Education 2012 Printing and photocopying permitted Learning summary These are the main points that you should have learned: It is essential to keep the work area free from hazards. It is essential to keep the work area clean and tidy at all times (and particularly after completing work). A number of different factors need to be considered in conjunction with the work area. They include space, cleanliness, lighting, ventilation, noise and vibration etc. Special care must be taken when using hazardous materials, fluid power equipment, machinery and electrical supplies.
Editor's Notes
- Speaker notes Learners need to understand the importance of the work area and how it can contribute to efficiency and effectiveness. They also need to understand the importance of ensuring that the work area is kept in a safe and proper state.
- Speaker notes Learners need to understand how the work area impacts on the efficiency and effectiveness of the work being carried out within it. They should be aware that a number of different factors need to be considered including space, cleanliness, lighting, ventilation, etc. Ask learners about the various work areas that they have used in order to perform engineering tasks – where were they and what was present within the work area? What particular aspects of the work area made it easy or difficult to perform a task? For example, was there sufficient space and light? Learners should be able to identify the key features of an effective work space. Ask them to suggest two more factors that might need to be considered when planning an engineering activity for the first time. These might include the ability of flooring or benches to support weight, the provision of access ways, emergency exits, fire points, guards and cages, firewalls and drains.
- Speaker notes Discuss typical engineering tasks such as cutting sheet metal, using welding equipment, drilling a printed circuit board, etc. and get learners to suggest how much space would be required for each task and how the immediate work area needs to be arranged. A visit to the workshop could be a useful way of showing how machines and benches should be laid out and how access ways and emergency exits should be located. Most learners will be familiar with the procedure for changing the wheels on a car. Ask them to suggest how much space is required for this task and how this space should be arranged (i.e. not only ensuring sufficient clear space around the wheel in question but also that the work is being performed on a level surface).
- Speaker notes Learners should suggest reasons why cleanliness is important and what might happen if dust, dirt, grease, oil and other contaminants were present while work was being carried out. Explain the importance of a regular cleaning regime and the need for occasional deep-cleaning in most work area. Explain the need for cleaning down machines and work areas after completing work.
- Speaker notes Get learners to suggest reasons why adequate lighting is important – for example, check that they understand how eye strain can result in fatigue. A brief visit to the workshop will allow learners to investigate the various sources of light and light fittings themselves. The advantage of multiple and mixed sources of lighting should be stressed – also the danger associated with using florescent lighting as the sole light source in an area where rotating machinery is present. Learners should also be made aware that any faulty light fittings need to be reported.
- Speaker notes Invite learners to suggest reasons why ventilation is important. Emphasise the problems that can result from breathing fumes, dust and exhaust gasses. Explain the need for air cleaning and filtering in areas where delicate parts and components are present. A visit to a clean room or clean area could be beneficial here as could a demonstration of fume extraction equipment in conjunction with soldering, brazing or welding.
- Speaker notes Make sure that learners understand the hazards associated with caustic and flammable materials as well as acids, hydraulic fluid and etchants such as ferric chloride. Learners should be able to recall the work done in Chapter 1 relating to the labelling, storage and disposal of these materials. If in doubt, check with the person responsible for delivering Chapter 1.
- Speaker notes Learners should be made aware of the impact of noise and vibration as well as the use of electrical and fluid power. A visit to the workshop to inspect electrical cables and compressed air equipment could be useful here. In addition to a potential fouling or tripping hazard, learners should be reminded about the dangers associated with high voltage (including standard a.c. mains) supplies and compressed air.
- Speaker notes Learners need to understand why pressurised equipment is potentially dangerous. They should be reminded of the need for regular inspection and reporting of any damage or defective equipment (such as hoses and joints).
- Speaker notes Learners should be reminded of the need for tidiness and the importance of cleaning their work area and returning all tools, equipment and any unused material after work.
- Speaker notes This is the ‘Hands on’ activity in the Candidate handbook. Where learners have difficulty in itemising the individual steps taken to prepare the work area, they should be asked to look back at each of the headings used in this presentation. This will help them to remember that they need to ensure there is enough clear space around them, they have checked the work area is clean and tidy and that there is sufficient light in order to carry out the work. If time permits, and in order to emphasise the importance of this topic, the ‘Hands on’ activity could be undertaken within the workshop area itself.
- Speaker notes Remind learners of the main points that they should have covered and how these relate to the objectives for the unit.