On October 17th, I gave a talk about the power of editing Wikipedia for science communication and increasing representation for women and underrepresented minority scientists.
Value of Science Essay
Essay on Science in Society
Reflective Essay On Science
Evolution of Science Essay
Science: Friend or Foe? Essays
Essay On Love Science
Essay on Science in Science Fiction
Environmental Science Essay
Science and Religion Essays
Science Is A Boon Or Bane?
Value of Science Essay
Essay on Science in Society
Reflective Essay On Science
Evolution of Science Essay
Science: Friend or Foe? Essays
Essay On Love Science
Essay on Science in Science Fiction
Environmental Science Essay
Science and Religion Essays
Science Is A Boon Or Bane?
TableofContents
TitlePage
CopyrightPage
Dedication
Preface
Introduction
Chapter1-WhatIs
Evolution?
Chapter2-Writteninthe
Rocks
Chapter3-Remnants:
Vestiges,Embryos,andBad
Design
Chapter4-TheGeographyof
Life
Chapter5-TheEngineof
Evolution
Chapter6-HowSexDrives
Evolution
Chapter7-TheOriginof
Species
Chapter8-WhatAboutUs?
Chapter9-EvolutionRedux
Notes
Glossary
SuggestionsforFurther
Reading
References
IllustrationCredits
Index
“A stunning achievement.
Coynehasproducedaclassic
—whether you are an expert
ornovice in science,a friend
or foe of evolutionary
biology, reading Why
EvolutionIsTrueisbound to
be an enlightening
experience.”
—Neil Shubin, author of
YourInnerFish
“Jerry Coyne has long been
one of the world’s most
skillful defenders of
evolutionary science in the
face of religious
obscurantism. In Why
Evolution Is True, he has
produced an indispensable
book: the single, accessible
volume that makes the case
for evolution.ButCoynehas
deliveredmuchmorethanthe
latest volley in our ‘culture
war’; he has given us an
utterly fascinating, lucid, and
beautifullywrittenaccountof
ourplaceinthenaturalworld.
If you want to better
understand your kinshipwith
the rest of life, this book is
theplacetostart.”
—Sam Harris, author of
TheEndofFaithandLetter
to a Christian Nation, and
founder of the Reason
Project
“Evolution is the foundation
of modern biology, and in
WhyEvolution Is True, Jerry
Coyne masterfully explains
why. From the vast trove of
evidence that evolution
scientists have gathered,
Coyne has carefully selected
some of the most striking
examplesandexplainedthem
with equal parts grace and
authority.”
—Carl Zimmer, author
of Microcosm: E. coli and
theNewScienceofLife
“JerryCoyne’s bookdoes an
outstanding job making the
basic concepts of evolution
understandable for the
average reader. He covers
topicsrangingfromthefossil
recordtobiogeographytothe
genetic mechanisms of
evolution with equal clarity,
and shows convincinglywhy
creationism and ’intelligent
design’ fail miserably as
science.”
—Donald R. Prothero,
professor of geology at
Occidental College, and
author of Evolution: What
the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters
VIKING
PublishedbythePenguinGroup
PenguinGroup(USA)Inc.,375Hudson
Street,
NewYork,NewYork10014,U.S.A.
PenguinGroup(Canada),90Eglinton
AvenueEast,Suite700,
Toronto,Ontario,CanadaM4P2Y3
(adivisionofPearsonPenguinCanada
Inc.)
PenguinBooksLtd,80Strand,London
WC2R0RL,England
PenguinIreland,25StStephen’sGreen,
Dublin2,Ireland
(adivisionofPenguinBooksLtd)
PenguinBooksAustraliaLtd,250
CamberwellRoad,Camberwell,
Victoria3124,Australia
(adivisionofPearsonAustraliaGroup
PtyLtd)
PenguinBooksIndiaPvtLtd,11
CommunityCentre,PanchsheelPark,
NewDelhi—110017,India
PenguinGroup(NZ),67ApolloDrive,
Rosedale,NorthShore0632,
NewZealand(adivisionofPearson
NewZealandLtd)
PenguinBooks(SouthAfrica)(Pty)
Ltd,24SturdeeAvenue,
Rosebank,Johannesburg2196,South
Africa
PenguinBooksLtd,RegisteredOffices:
.
An overview of citizen science including the diversity of projects and people involved. Includes a nod towards the potential influence citizen scientists may have on policy matters .
Who to believe: How epistemic cognition can inform science communication (key...Simon Knight
Who to believe? How epistemic cognition can inform science communication
Two patients with the same condition decide to research possible treatments. They encounter multiple sources, from experts and others, each with different – sometimes contradictory – information. Depending on whom they believe and how they integrate these claims, the patients may make radically different decisions. These situations are commonplace in everyday life, from medical choices, to our voting decisions. How do we understand these differences, and support people in making the best decisions?
Epistemic cognition provides one lens onto this problem. Epistemic cognition is the study of how people think about the justification, source, complexity, and certainty of knowledge. When we evaluate evidence, think about where and when it applies, and connect claims to build models, we engage our epistemic cognition. Understanding how people navigate their own, and others’ knowledge is one of the most pressing social issues of our time in order to develop a sustainable society. I’ll draw on research in epistemic cognition, and my own research on how people search for and talk about evidence, to flag key implications of epistemic cognition research for science communication.
In this lecture, we explore whether and where science and religion intersect, and if there’s harmony or hostility between God’s word (the Bible) and God’s world (science).
Presentation by Dr. Dennis Wilson
Social Media Lecture 6 Wikipedia and knowledge managementMarcus Leaning
This lecture is part of a t course on social media at the University of Winchester. It examines wikipedia and the idea of knowledge management. It looks at the underlying rationality of collaborative knowledge creation and some of the critical issues such as whether crowds are better than experts and what kinds of knoiwledge management wikipedia is actually good for.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
TableofContents
TitlePage
CopyrightPage
Dedication
Preface
Introduction
Chapter1-WhatIs
Evolution?
Chapter2-Writteninthe
Rocks
Chapter3-Remnants:
Vestiges,Embryos,andBad
Design
Chapter4-TheGeographyof
Life
Chapter5-TheEngineof
Evolution
Chapter6-HowSexDrives
Evolution
Chapter7-TheOriginof
Species
Chapter8-WhatAboutUs?
Chapter9-EvolutionRedux
Notes
Glossary
SuggestionsforFurther
Reading
References
IllustrationCredits
Index
“A stunning achievement.
Coynehasproducedaclassic
—whether you are an expert
ornovice in science,a friend
or foe of evolutionary
biology, reading Why
EvolutionIsTrueisbound to
be an enlightening
experience.”
—Neil Shubin, author of
YourInnerFish
“Jerry Coyne has long been
one of the world’s most
skillful defenders of
evolutionary science in the
face of religious
obscurantism. In Why
Evolution Is True, he has
produced an indispensable
book: the single, accessible
volume that makes the case
for evolution.ButCoynehas
deliveredmuchmorethanthe
latest volley in our ‘culture
war’; he has given us an
utterly fascinating, lucid, and
beautifullywrittenaccountof
ourplaceinthenaturalworld.
If you want to better
understand your kinshipwith
the rest of life, this book is
theplacetostart.”
—Sam Harris, author of
TheEndofFaithandLetter
to a Christian Nation, and
founder of the Reason
Project
“Evolution is the foundation
of modern biology, and in
WhyEvolution Is True, Jerry
Coyne masterfully explains
why. From the vast trove of
evidence that evolution
scientists have gathered,
Coyne has carefully selected
some of the most striking
examplesandexplainedthem
with equal parts grace and
authority.”
—Carl Zimmer, author
of Microcosm: E. coli and
theNewScienceofLife
“JerryCoyne’s bookdoes an
outstanding job making the
basic concepts of evolution
understandable for the
average reader. He covers
topicsrangingfromthefossil
recordtobiogeographytothe
genetic mechanisms of
evolution with equal clarity,
and shows convincinglywhy
creationism and ’intelligent
design’ fail miserably as
science.”
—Donald R. Prothero,
professor of geology at
Occidental College, and
author of Evolution: What
the Fossils Say and Why It
Matters
VIKING
PublishedbythePenguinGroup
PenguinGroup(USA)Inc.,375Hudson
Street,
NewYork,NewYork10014,U.S.A.
PenguinGroup(Canada),90Eglinton
AvenueEast,Suite700,
Toronto,Ontario,CanadaM4P2Y3
(adivisionofPearsonPenguinCanada
Inc.)
PenguinBooksLtd,80Strand,London
WC2R0RL,England
PenguinIreland,25StStephen’sGreen,
Dublin2,Ireland
(adivisionofPenguinBooksLtd)
PenguinBooksAustraliaLtd,250
CamberwellRoad,Camberwell,
Victoria3124,Australia
(adivisionofPearsonAustraliaGroup
PtyLtd)
PenguinBooksIndiaPvtLtd,11
CommunityCentre,PanchsheelPark,
NewDelhi—110017,India
PenguinGroup(NZ),67ApolloDrive,
Rosedale,NorthShore0632,
NewZealand(adivisionofPearson
NewZealandLtd)
PenguinBooks(SouthAfrica)(Pty)
Ltd,24SturdeeAvenue,
Rosebank,Johannesburg2196,South
Africa
PenguinBooksLtd,RegisteredOffices:
.
An overview of citizen science including the diversity of projects and people involved. Includes a nod towards the potential influence citizen scientists may have on policy matters .
Who to believe: How epistemic cognition can inform science communication (key...Simon Knight
Who to believe? How epistemic cognition can inform science communication
Two patients with the same condition decide to research possible treatments. They encounter multiple sources, from experts and others, each with different – sometimes contradictory – information. Depending on whom they believe and how they integrate these claims, the patients may make radically different decisions. These situations are commonplace in everyday life, from medical choices, to our voting decisions. How do we understand these differences, and support people in making the best decisions?
Epistemic cognition provides one lens onto this problem. Epistemic cognition is the study of how people think about the justification, source, complexity, and certainty of knowledge. When we evaluate evidence, think about where and when it applies, and connect claims to build models, we engage our epistemic cognition. Understanding how people navigate their own, and others’ knowledge is one of the most pressing social issues of our time in order to develop a sustainable society. I’ll draw on research in epistemic cognition, and my own research on how people search for and talk about evidence, to flag key implications of epistemic cognition research for science communication.
In this lecture, we explore whether and where science and religion intersect, and if there’s harmony or hostility between God’s word (the Bible) and God’s world (science).
Presentation by Dr. Dennis Wilson
Social Media Lecture 6 Wikipedia and knowledge managementMarcus Leaning
This lecture is part of a t course on social media at the University of Winchester. It examines wikipedia and the idea of knowledge management. It looks at the underlying rationality of collaborative knowledge creation and some of the critical issues such as whether crowds are better than experts and what kinds of knoiwledge management wikipedia is actually good for.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
1. THIS IS WHAT A
SCIENTIST LOOKS LIKE
Earth and Space Sciences Edition
Maryam Zaringhalam, PhD
Office of Strategic Initiatives
National Library of Medicine
8. If you put content on
[Wikipedia], people
don’t only read it, it
changes their
perception about who
they think does science
and what they think
science is.
“
”Dr. Jess Wade
11. People acquire their scientific
knowledge by consulting others
who share their values and whom
they therefore trust and
understand.
Dan M. Kahan (2012) Nature
“
”
Now I’m sure all of you have interacted with Wikipedia in one way or another
It’s an information resource built on five pillars
So Wikipedia is a powerful outreach tool
It’s how we increase access to the products and process of research — and to who the people who carry out that research are
So Wikipedia is a powerful outreach tool
It’s how we increase access to the products and process of research — and to who the people who carry out that research are
Science communication - you’ve got an enormous audience
Open access
Equitable access to knowledge
Today we’re editing biographies on Wikipedia to increase representation for underrepresented folks in the earth and space sciences
That number is up from 2014, when it hovered around 15%, owing to the work of Wikipedians committed to shrinking the gender gap
And that representation gap is more striking for underrepresented minorities who have to work two, three, four times as hard for the same recognition
And ensuring these groups are represented on Wikipedia is important for a number of reasons
Equitable representation
Ensuring that the scientists on Wikipedia look like our world is extremely important because…
Usually on Wikipedia, we spend the bulk of our time reading the page, rather than looking at the things you can do on Wikipedia
We can contribute: through editing existing content, drafting pages to submit in our Sandbox—which I can talk about later—uploading photos and documents to Wikimedia Commons, or translating existing pages into different languages
There are also social elements to Wikipedia—you can have a user page, join in discussions around how to improve existing pages, or communicate with other Wikipedians through their talk pages
as well as a community portal where you can see what kinds of projects are happening on Wikipedia; groups committed to adding photos, fixing grammar, adding references, fixing links, improving pages, and on down the line
So in addition to being an information resource, it’s a real community
Some of those projects include WikiProject Women in Red
Detailed lead section: the overview at the start of the article is clear and easy to understand.
Clear structure: there are several headings and subheadings arranged chronologically or by themes, with images or diagrams when appropriate.
Balanced content: the article covers many aspects of the topic, giving more weight to important viewpoints and less weight to fringe ideas.
Neutral tone: the article is written without bias toward a particular point of view, and represents all the different viewpoints that reliable sources have expressed about the topic.
Good sourcing: reliable sources are cited throughout the article, and as much as possible.
A good rule of thumb is for every sentence you add, to have a source to cite
Go into details for a good source
Good sources are news articles, so I’ll do a Google News search; if they’re mentioned in books, so I’ll look at Google books; can also cite reviews that aren’t authored by the person and cite the importance of the work
Notability criteria
What you can do to make Wikipedia better today and beyond
