Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions. In this topic we covers Hormones, Pituitary gland, Growth hormone and disease, and treatment

1. Growth Hormone
Presented by :- Tatar Mangesh Dhananjay
Department :- M pharm Pharmacology
SNJB (SSDJ) College of pharmacy

2. Table of Contents
03 06
05
Hormones
01
Growth Hormone
02
Uses
04
Disorders
Mechanism of action Treatment
References
07

3. Hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the
blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their
functions.

4. Growth Hormone
01

5. Introduction
 Peptide hormone produced by anterior pituitary gland.
 191 amino acid long single chain molecule molecular weight
22000 kda having 2 disulphide bridges.
Fig :- Structure of growth hormone

6.  Source of Secretion
Somatotropes which are the acidophilic cells of anterior pituitary
 Blood Level and Daily Output
Basal level of GH concentration in blood of normal adult is up to
300 mg/dL and in children, it is up to 500 mg/dL
Its daily output in adults is 0.5 to 1.0 mg
 Transport :- GH-binding proteins (GHBPs)
 Half-life :- 20 minutes
 Metabolism :- liver and kidney
 Clearance rate :- 350 L/day

7. Regulation of Growth Hormone
Stimulate Growth Hormone Secretion
1. Starvation
2. Hypoglycaemia
3. Strenuous Exercise
4. Excitement
5. Trauma, stress
6. Ghrelin
7. Deep sleep(2 hours)
8. Catecholamine

8. Inhibition of Growth Hormone
1. Hyperglycaemia
2. Hyperlipidemia/ Hypercholesterolemia
3. Later stages of sleep
4. Aging
5. Obesity
6. Somatomedins
7. Somatostatin

9. Growth Hormone Receptor
It is a Cytokine type of receptor and therefore follows JAK-STAT pathway
1. Full length membrane bound having 620 amino acids and single
transmembrane region
2. GHBP (GH binding protein) is a short and soluble form of GH

10. Mechanism of Action

12.  Protein metabolism
1. Increasing amino acid transport through cell membrane
2. Increasing ribonucleic acid (RNA) translation
3. Increasing transcription of DNA to RNA
4. Decreasing catabolism of protein
5. Promoting anabolism of proteins indirectly
Physiological Functions

13. On Carbohydrate Metabolism
1. Decrease in the peripheral utilization of glucose for
the production of energy
2. Increase in the deposition of glycogen in the cells
3. Decrease in the uptake of glucose by the cells
4. Diabetogenic effect of GH

14. On Bones
1. Synthesis and deposition of proteins by chondrocytes
and osteogenic cells
2. Multiplication of chondrocytes and osteogenic cells by
enhancing the intestinal calcium absorption
3. Formation of new bones by converting chondrocytes
into osteogenic cells
4. GH increases the length of the bones, until epiphysis
fusion

15. Role of hypothalamus in the secretion of GH
1. Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) or
Somatomedin
2. Growth hormone-releasing polypeptide (GHRP)
3. Growth hormone-inhibitory hormone (GHIH) or
Somatostatin
Feedback Mechanism

16. 1. Somatomedin A and B
2. Insulin like growth factor I and II
3. Nerve growth factor (NGF)
4. Ovarian growth factor (OGF)
5. Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
6. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
7. Thymosin
8. Multiplication simulating activity(MSA)
9. Platelet derived growth factor(PDGF)
10. Relaxin
Growth Factor

17. Insulin like Growth Factors
IGF II
•
• Multiplication stimulating
activity
• Secretion independent of
GH
• Receptors are Mannose-6-
6- phosphate
• Major role in fetal growth
• IGF I
• Somatomedin C
• Secretion – before birth
independent of GH
• After birth stimulated by
GH
• Receptors similar to
insulin
• Major role in skeletal &
cartilage growth

18. Functions
 Maintenance and function of pancreatic islets
 Stimulates the immune system
 Stimulates division and multiplication of chondrocytes of cartilage
 Increasing height in children and adolescents
 Increases calcium retention, and strengthens and increases the
mineralization of bone.
 Increases muscle mass through sarcomere hyperplasia
 Promotes lipolysis
 Increases protein synthesis
 Stimulates the growth of all internal organs excluding the brain
 Plays a role in fuel homeostasis
 Reduces liver uptake of glucose
 Promotes gluconeogenesis

19. Disorders
Acromegaly Dwarfism Gigantism Simmonds disease

20. Disorders
Fig :- African pygmies Fig :- Laron dwarfism

21. Treatment
secretion of GHRH Secretion of GHRH Secretion of GHRH
B blocker D- amphetamine L Dopa
Samatotropin Somatropin (1.5 mg/kg S.C)
Somatrem ( 0.2-0.4 gm/kg
S.C)
Growth hormone
inhibitor
Human
Pituitary GH
Recombinant
Human GH
Octreotide/
Lanreotide/
Alpha blocker
Decrease GHRH

22. Somatropin
Adverse effects
1. Immunogenicity
2. Pain at injection site
3. lipodystrophy
4. Glucose intolerance
5. Hypothyroidism
6. Hand stiffness
7. Myalgia
8. Headache
Uses
1. Pituitary dwarfism
2. Turner syndrome
3. Chronic renal insufficiency
4. GH deficiency in adults
5. AIDS related wasting
6. Severe burns

23. Somastatin
Uses
1. Inhibit secretions of
• Gh
• Prolactin
• TSH
1. Diabetic ketoacidosis
2. Acromegaly
3. Antisecretory action
• Pancreatic
• Biliary
• Intestinal fistulae
Adverse effects
1. Steatorrhoe
2. Diarrhoea
3. Hypochlorhydria
4. Dyspepsia
5. Nausea

24. Octreotide
• 40 times more potent than somatostatin
• longer acting (t½ ~90 min)
Adverse effects
1. Abdominal pain
2. Nausea
3. Steatorrhoea
4. Diarrhoea
5. Gall stone

25. Reference
1. J. E. Hall , “Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology”,
Elsevier, a division of Reed Elsevier India Private Limited,
Haryana, 12th edition, page no:- 896-903.
2. H. L. Sharma, K.K Sharma, “Principles of Pharmacology”
paras medical publishers , 3rd edition, 2018, page no:- 542
3. K. D. Tripathi, “Essentials of Medical Pharmacology”,
Seventh Edition, Jaypee brothers medical publishers, page
no:- 236
4. G. J. Tortora, “Principles of anatomy physiology”, wiley
publication, 14th edition, page no :- 626