Diseases of buccal cavity and associated structures in ruminants

1. DISEASES OF
THE BUCCAL
CAVITY AND
ASSOCIATED
ORGANS

2. 1. DISEASES OF MUZZLE
2. DISEASES OF THE SALIVARY GLAND
3. DISEASES OF THE PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS
CONTENTS

3. DISEASES OF MUZZLE
• Stomatitis

4. 4
Stomatitis
• Inflammation of oral mucosa which include glossitis,palatitis and gingivitis
1
2
Key Word
Clinically characterized
Loss of appetite
smacking of lips
profuse salivation, etc..
Etiology
Physical agents
o Trauma
o Laceration of the tongue
o Foreign body injury
o Malocclusion of teeth
o Spines on plants
o Eating frozen feed and drinking hot
water
Chemical agents
o Irritant drugs & substances
(Chloral hydrate, Phenolic compounds)
o Systemic poisoning
(Mercury, Bracken fern)
Infectious agents
oOral necrobacillosis
oActinobacillosis
oRhinosporidiosis
oPapillomatosis

5. Stomatitis (cont..)
5
• Anorexia ( partial / complete )
• Painful mastication
• Chewing movements
• Smacking of lips
• Frothy or profuse drooling of saliva with
epithelial threads
• Foetid odour
• Enlargement lymphnodes
• Swelling of face
• Toxemia (secondary)
3 Clinical findings

6. 6
4
Stomatitis (cont..)
Treatment
o Affected animals should be isolated, fed and watered from separate utensils
(if infectious agent is suspected)
o Provide specific treatment based on etiology
o Nonspecific treatment- application of a mild antiseptic collutory
( 2% solution of copper sulfate / 2 % borax / 1 % suspn sulfonamide in glycerin)
o Antibiotics
o I/V alimentation
o Cauterization with a silver nitrate stick / tincture iodine

7. DISEASES OF THE
SALIVARY GLAND
• Parotitis

8. Parotitis
8
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
SYMPTOMS
TREATMENT
Parotitis is inflammation of any of the salivary glands
• Localization of a blood
borne Infection
(Sporadically)
• Irritation
• Salivary calculi
• Avitaminosis
• Penetrating wounds
ETIOLOGY
• Only one gland involved
• No loss of salivary function
• Signs are restricted to
inflammed gland
PATHOGENESIS
• Early stages,
enlargement of gland
• Warmth
• Pain on palpation
• Local edema
SYMPTOMS
• Systemic treatment with
sulfonamides or antibiotics
• Abscesses may require
draining
TREATMENT

9. DISEASES OF THE PHARYNX
AND ESOPHAGUS
• Pharyngitis
• Pharyngeal obstruction
• Pharyngeal paralysis
• Esophagitis
• Esophageal obstruction

10. Pharyngitis
10
Inflammation of pharynx
(Coughing, painful swallowing, variable appetite, regurgitation through the nostrils, drooling of saliva)
1. Physlcal :
 Injury during oral medication
 Endotracheal intubation
 Improper administration of reticular magnet
 Accidental ingestion of irritant, hot /cold substances
2. lnfectious:
 Oral necrobacillosis
 Actinobacillosis
 IBR
 Pharyngeal phlegmon
ETIOLOGY
• Inflammation of pharynx led to painful swallowing
and disinclination to eat
• Swelling of mucosa and wall is severe- virtual
obstruction of pharynx (RP lymph node enlarged)
PATHOGENESIS

11. 11
 Refuse to eat or drink
 Manual compression of throat from exterior causes paroxysmal coughing
 Mucopurulent nasal discharge contains blood and spontaneous cough
 Regurgitation of fluid and food through nostrils
 Stand with head extended
 Drool saliva
 Tentative jaw movements
 If local swelling is severe, there may be obstruction of respiration
 Visible swelling of the throat
 Retropharyngeal and parotid lymph nodes enlarged
CLINICAL FINDINGS
Pharyngitis (cont..)

12. 12
Pharyngitis (cont..)
Treatment
Diagnosis
Culture and sensitivity
visual examination of the pharynx
(hyperemia, lymphoid, hyperplasia and erosions)
Palpation of the pharynx
(Presence of accumulated ruminal ingesta in diverticulae on either side of the glottis)
Endoscopy
Ultrasonographic examination
Antibiotics
Fluids
Surgery

13. Pharyngeal obstruction
13
Accompained by stertorous respiration, coughing and difficult swallowing
Foreign bodies or tissue swellings are the usual causes
ETIOLOGY
Reduction in caliber of the pharyngeal lumen interferes with swallowing and respiration
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL FINDINGS
Painful swallowing, snoring respiration (head from outside), Auscultation – inspiratory stertor
DIAGNOSIS
Tuberculin test

14. 14
Pharyngeal obstruction (cont..)
TREATMENT
 Removal of foreign body
 Actinobacillosis - Iodine
 Antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents
 Surgical treat in abscess condition

15. Pharyngeal paralysis
15
Inability to swallow, absence of signs of pain and respiratory obstruction
Peripheral nerve injury
o Trauma to the throat region
Secondary to specific diseases
o Rabies and other encephalitides
o Botulism
ETIOLOGY
o Inability to swallow and regurgitation
o Associated laryngeal paralysis - accompanied by 'roaring'
o Cud-dropping - partial pharyngeal paralysis
PATHOGEN ESIS

16. Pharyngeal paralysis (cont..)
16
CLINICAL FINDINGS
o Dropping of food from mouth
o Coughing
o Regurgitation through the nostrils
o Salivation
o Swallowing cannot be stimulated
o Pneumonia may follow aspiration (gurgling sounds - auscultation)
TREATMENT
o Local application of heat may be attempted
o Feeding by nasal tube
o Intravenous alimentation

17. Esophagitis
17
ETIOLOGY
Inflammation of the esophagus
o Chemical or physical irritant
o Laceration of mucosa foreign body
o Gastro- esophageal reflex during anaesthesia
o Administration of sustained release anthelmintic boluses
PATHOGENESIS
o Inflammation of the esophagus combined
o Local edema and swelling - functional obstruction – difficulty swallowing
o Traumatic injury – edema – hemorrhage laceration of mucosa
o Perforation of esophagus - periesophageal cellulitis
o Perforation of the thoracic esophagus – pleuritis
o Extensivecellulitis - presence of ingest - severe toxemia
o Dysphagia cause aspiration pneumonia.

18. 18
Esophagitis (cont..)
DIAGNOSIS
o Endoscopy
o Marked neutrophilia
TREATMENT
o Feed should withheld for 2-3 days
o Fluid and electrolyte therapy
o Antimicrobials
o Moistened feed to be fed
CLINICAL FINDINGS
o Salivation
o Attempts to swallow - cause severe pain
o Regurgitation, coughing, pain, retching activities
o Vigorous contractions (cervical and abdominal muscles)
o Local pain and swelling

19. Esophageal obstruction
19
1 2
Acute Chronic
Inability to swallow, regurgitation of feed and water, continuous drooling of saliva and bloat
ETIOLOGY
Intraluminal
Swallowed material
Solid obstructions
Trichobezoar
Extraluminal
Tuberculous/ neoplastic lymph Nodes (base of lung)
Cervical or mediastinal abscess
Persistent right aortic arch
Thymoma
Esophageal paralysis
Megaesophagus
Esophageal strictures
Carcinoma of stomach

20. 20
Esophageal obstruction (cont..)
PATHOGENESIS
o Physical inability to swallow
o Inability to eructate results bloat
o Complications – rupture, esophagitis, stricture, diverticulum
CLINICAL FINDINGS
Acute obstruction or choke
o Suddenly stops eating
o Shows anxiety and restlessness
o Forceful attempts to swallow
o Regurgitate, salivation, coughing
o Continuous chewing movements
o Bloating occurs ( complete)
o Ruminal movements are continuous and forceful
o Systolic murmur audible on auscultation of heart
Other than bloat will
disappear in few hours
(relaxation of initial
spasm)

21. 21
Esophageal obstruction (cont..)
Chronic obstruction
No acute signs
Earliest sign is chronic bloat
Rumen contractions in normal range
Swallowing movements - usually normal
Dilatation of the esophagus - pronounced swelling - base of neck
Swelling at the stenotic area - when ingest food
Esophageal diverticulum - Projectile expulsion of ingested food
Paralysis of the esophagus, regurgitation does not occur but
esophagus fills, overflows, and saliva drools
Diagnosis
o Symptoms
o Radiographic examination - site of stenosis, diverticulum or dilatation
o Radiographic examination – barium
o Fiberoptic endoscope
o Electromyography

22. 22
Esophageal obstruction (cont..)
Treatment
Conservative approach
Sedation
Acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg BW I/V
Xylazine 0.5-1.0 mg/kg BW I/V
Detomidine 0.01-0.02 mg/kg BW I/V
Romifidine 0.04-0.12 mg/kg I/V
Flunixin meglunin 1.1 mg/kg BW
Phenylbutazone 2.4 mg/kg
Butorphanol 0.02 — 0.1 mg/kg
Pass stomach tube and allow object to move into stomach
Removal by endoscope
Manual removal through oral cavity in cattle
Surgical removal
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