2. Structure and function of human GIT
Absorption of drugs
Mechanisms of Absorption
Factors affecting drug Absorption
Dissolution of drugs
Factors affecting dissolution
Noyes- Whitney equation
pH Partition theory
3. (Digestive tract, digestional tract, gut, alimentary Canal)
“An organ system within humans and other animals
which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy
& nutrients, & expels the remaining waste as feces”
Parts of human GIT:-
1. Mouth
2. Oesophagus
3. Stomach
4. Small intestine
5. Large intestine
6. Rectum
7. Anus.
4. The accessory organs of GIT
1. Liver
2. Pancreas
3. Gall bladder.
Functions of GIT
1. Transportation
2. Digestion
3. Absorption of food
5. Mucosal layer is composed of stratified squamous
epithelial cells.
Main structures:
1. Tongue
2. Salivary glands
3. Teeth
4. Pharynx
Fun- breakdown of food into smaller parts.
6. “Food tube.”
Produces mucus which acts to-
1. Facilitates the passage of food.
2. Lubricate & protect the oesophagus.
At the lower end there is a GASTROEOSOPHAGEAL
SPHINCTER ( cardiac SPHINCTER ) which prevents
the reflux of gastric contents into the oesophagus.
7. Parts-
1. Cardiac region
2. Fundus
3. Body of stomach
4. Antrum
5. Pylorus
PYLORIC SPHINCTER allow passage of chyme into
the small intestine.
Fun- store, churn & puree food into chyme.
Digestion of fats, proteins, alcohol, water &
glucose. Production of gastric acid.
12. Liver:-
Largest organ, located in
the upper abdomen.
3 lobes- right, left & caudate,
subdevided into further
8 segments.
Functional unit is Acinus.
Play imp role in metabolism.
Gall bladder:-
Pear shaped, sac like organ attached to liver.
Store bile salts, which absorb & emulsify fats & fat soluble
vitamins.
13. Pancreas:-
Both an endocrine & exocrine gland.
Digestive enzymes secreted by pancreas are-
1. Trypsin
2. Lipase
3. Amylase
14. No. Parts of GIT ph
1 Salivary glands 7.5
2 Upper stomach 4 -6.5
3 Lower stomach 1.5 - 4
4 Duodenum 7 – 8.5
5 Small intestine 4-7
6 Large intestine 4- 7
15. “The movement of unchanged drug from the site of
administration to systemic circulation”.
Or
The process of movement of unchanged drug from the
site of administration to the site of measurement. i.e.,
plasma.
16.
17. Main Mechanisms Of Drug Absorption
/Transport:-
1. Passive diffusion
2. Carrier mediated transport
3. Pinocytosis
18.
19. E.g. Absorption of
urea, water, sugar.
Entry of drugs into
liver
Removal of drugs
from CSF.
20. E.g. Entry of
glucose into RBCs.
Intestinal
absorption of vit B.
21. E.g. Absorption of 5-
FU through
pyrimidine
transport system.
Absorption of methyl -
dopa & leavodopa
through L- amino acid
transport system.
23. (A)Pharmaceutical factors
(1)Physicochemical factors
a) Ph partition hypothesis
b) Polymorphism & amorphism
c) Salt form of a drug
d) Particle size & effective surface area
(2)Formulation factors
a) Disintegration time
b) Manufacturing variables
c) Pharmaceutical ingredients (Excipients, Adjuvants)
d) Nature & type of dosage form
e) Product age & storage conditions
24. (B)Patient related factors
(1)Physiological conditions
a) Membrane physiology
i. Membrane Structure
ii. Transport Process
b) GI physiology
c) Characteristics of GI
Physiology
d) GI Motility and emptying
e) Blood flow through GIT
f) Influence of food
g) Intestinal transit time
h) Pre-systemic metabolism
by various enzymes.
i) Age
(2)Clinical factors
a) diseases
b) surgery
c) infections
d) interactions
25. Dissolution is referred as a process in which solid phase goes into
liquid phase
Dissolution rate is defined as ‘amount drug subs that goes in the
solution per unit time under standard conditions of temperature &
solvent composition.’
26. 1. Physicochemical
Properties of Drug
a) Drug solubility
b) Salt formation
c) Particle size
d) Solid state characteristics
e) Co-precipitation
2. Drug Product
Formulation Factors
a) Diluents
b) Disintegrants
c) Binders & granulating
agent
d) Lubricants
e) Surfactants
f) Water soluble dyes
g) Coating polymers
27. 3. Processing Factors
a) Method of granulation
b) Compression force
c) Drug excipient
interaction
d) Storage conditions
4. Factors Relating
Dissolution Apparatus
a) Agitation
b) temperature
c) Disso media.
28. Based on Fick’s second law of diffusion,
. dc/dt = k ( Cs – Cb )
Where, dC/ dt : rate of dissolution
k : rate constant ( per sec)
Cs : solution conc at solid surface
Cb : conc in the bulk.
29. Dissolution from a single spherical particle.
Based on Fick’s first law of diffusion,
. dm/ dt= D A kw/o ( Cs – Cb ) / V h
Where, dm / dt : rate of mass transfer
D : diffusion coefficient
A : surface area
kw/o : Partition coefficient
( Cs – Cb ) : conc gradient
V : volume of dissolution media
h : thickness of boundary layer.
30.
31. . “For drug compounds of molecular wt
greater than 100, their transport across the
biomembrane by passive diffusion, is governed by :
1. The dissociation constant of drug
2. Lipid solubility
3. pH at the Absorption site.”
Brodie proposed this theory.
Hsnderson – hasselbach equation,
. For an acid,
pH = pka + log 10 ( [A-] / [HA] )
For a base,
pH = pka + log10 ( [B] /[ BH+ ])
pka = - log10 k.