1. Children Physical Development
in different ages

2. Plan of the lecture:
1. Criterion of Physical Development.
2. Principles and methods of estimation of
physical development.
3. Semiotics of physical development
disturbances.
4. Physical training and hardening of early
age children.
5. Acceleration: definition, main hypothesis
and mechanisms.

3. Physical Development
it is dynamic process of growth and
Biological maturation of child
during other
periods of
childhood.

4. Physical Development
it is increase
height and
weight,
development
different parts of
body

5. Criterion of Physical Development:
1. Morphologic quality
(anthropometric index)
 Weight
 Height
 Head circumference
 Chest circumference
 Abdomen circumference
 Arm-, femur-, cruse- circumference
 Index of proportional and well-fed index

6. Criterion of Physical Development:
2. Functional quality:
 Arterial blood pressure
 Vital respiratory capacity
(breathing capacity)
 Dynamometry
 Pulse rate
 Respiratory rate

7. Factors Affecting Physical Growth:
1. Genetic factors.
2. Growth potential. (The smaller the child at
birth, the smaller the child is likely to be in
later years; the larger at birth, the larger
the child is likely to be later)
3. Nutrition
4. Metabolic disorders. (Renal acidosis and
glycogen storage development retard
growth)
5. Chronic infections

8. Factors Affecting Physical Growth:
6. Severe chronic disease of the heart (congenital
heart disease), lungs (asthma, bronchiectasis),
liver (cirrhosis), kidneys (renal insufficiency),
or pancreas (diabetes mellitus). These diseases
retard growth.

9. Factors Affecting Physical Growth:
7. Endocrine disorders. Growth is regulated by
complex mechanisms, such as growth
hormone, somatotrophin and somatomedin.
Thyroid deficiency retards the growth in
height.

10. Factors Affecting Physical Growth:
8. Mental deficiency. This is often associated with
defective physical growth, which may be
extreme.
9. Unknown factors (and rare form of dwarfism).

11. Factors of environment and social factors:
1. Nutrition of mother during pregnancy and
lactation
2. Nutrition of child
3. Routine (regimen) of day (sleep and rest)
4. Unsatisfactory socioeconomic factors
5. Physical training
6. Prophylactic actions (hardening, swimming)
7. Natural factors.

12.  The Methods of estimation Physical
Growth and Development:
1. Compare with formula’s results.
2. Calculate different indexes.
3. Method of percentiles.

13. The Height of Fetus.
 First 5 lunar months
Height of Fetus (cm)= n2
For example,
Fetus in 4 month has the Height = 4 2 = 16 cm
 From the 6th lunar month
Height of Fetus (cm)= 5 •n
n –number of lunar month_______
For example,
Fetus in 6 month has the Height = 5 x 6 = 30 cm.

14. The Height of maturity of newborn
46- 56 cm (mean 50-52cm)
The boys has average
height 50,7 cm
The girls has average
height 50,2 cm
The premature of
newborn has height
< 45 cm

15. The length of body measure with height-meter
measuring gauge
Auxanometer
Use at home
Auxanometer newborn
baby
Auxanometer
Adult
child

16. DYNAMICS OF INFANT’S LENGTH (HEIGHT)
during the 1st year Baby lie on the table
I quarter (1-3 month) + 3 cm (add) / per month =
summary 9 cm,
II quarter (4-6 month) + 2,5 cm / per month= summary 7,5
cm,
III quarter (7- 9 month) + 2 cm / per month= summary 6
cm,
IV quarter (10-12 month) + 1,5 or 1 cm / per month=
summary 3 – 4,5 cm.
Summary for the 1st year = l + 25 or 27 cm,
l - height after labor (average 50 cm)
(average = 75 cm in 1 year)

17.  Formula of calculating of height
the children
– till 4 year: L (cm) = 100 – 8 (4-n)
– older 4 year: L (cm) = 100+ 6 (n-4)
The height is doubled to 4 years
The height is treble to 11-14 years

18. The first acceleration of height:
Boys – in 4-5 years
Girls – in 6-7 years
After them rate of growth slow to minimum
Boys - 9.5 years
Girls- 8.5 years
The second acceleration of height :
Girls – in 8.5 to 10 –11.5 years
Boys – in 13.5 –15.5 years

19. The cessation of growth
of boys to 17.75 years,
of girls to 16.25 years

20. The MASS (WEIGHT)
 The mass of maturity of
newborn more 2500g,
the mean 3200-3500g
 The fetus with mass
3500-4000g named
“LARGE FETUS”
 More 4200g – “GIANT
FETUS”
 The premature of
newborn has
weight < 2500g
baby balance
nappy

21. After delivery there is loss of the weight.
This is physiologic loss of weight at
birth
Babies commonly lose 5-7% of their body
weight in the first 2-3 days (24-48 hours)
after birth.

22. Physiologic loss of weight at birth
This change in weight is due to loss of
water: respiration, gastrointestinal tract
(meconium- primary stool), kidney
(urine), little quantity of the mother milk
(colostrums), etc.

23. Full-term babies usually regain their birth
weight 2 variant:
1) Regain weight within 7 to 10 days
“Ideal” type, by Buden – 25% children.
Birth weight 7- 10 days
2-3 days

24. Full-term babies usually regain their birth weight 2
variant:
2) Regain weight within 12-15 days
“Slowing” type, by Piss – 75% children.
Birth weight 12-15days
3-4 days 5-6 days

25. FORMULA OF MASS CALCULATING
Dynamics of infant’s weight (M - Mass)
during the 1st year.
 From 1 to 6 months:
M (g) = m + 800·n
For example:
Baby,4 month has the mass = 3000 g + 800·4 =
6200g
mass at birth average 3000 g, n – month

26. FORMULA OF MASS
CALCULATING
From 7 to 12 months:
M (g) = m + 800·6 + 400 ·(n-6 )
m- mass at birth, n – month
For example,
Baby,6 month has the mass = 3000 g + 800·6 + 400
= 8200g
mass at birth average 3000 g

27. Formula of calculating of weight
the children older 1 year
• from 2 to 10 years:
M (kg) = 10 kg + 2n
For example,
Baby,6 years has the mass = 10 kg + 2·6 = 22 kg

28. Formula of calculating of weight
the children older 1 year
• older 10 years:
M (kg) = 30 kg + 4· (n – 10 )
M – mass, n – years
For example,
Baby,12 years has the mass = 30 kg + 4·(12-10) =
38 kg

29. Term newborn:
• head circumference 34
–36 cm
• The doctor will take the
measurement at the point
where the head is at its
largest circumference:
measuring tape take at
the point frontal tuber,
above the ears and
around of the head, to
the back, where the neck
meets the cranium.

30. THE HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE (HC)
The head circumference of newborn 34-36 cm
In 6 month HC amount 43 cm
FORMULA OF HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE
CALCULATING
• Till 6 month
HC(cm) = 43 cm -(take away) 1,5 · (multiply)
( 6 - n )
For example,
Baby,4 month The HC = 43 cm – 1,5 · (6-4) = 40 cm

31. FORMULA OF HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE
CALCULATING
• Older 6 month
HC(cm) = 43 cm + (add) 0,5 · ( n - 6 )
Where 43 cm - head circumference in 6
month, n - month
For example,
Baby,9 month The HC = 43 cm + 0,5 · (9-6) =
44,5 cm

32. FORMULA OF HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE
CALCULATING
• From 1to 5 years:
HC (cm) =(amount) 50 – (take away) 1 cm · (multiply) ( 5 - n )
n - years
For example,
Child, 4 years
The HC = 50 cm -1cm · (5-4) = 48 cm

33. FORMULA OF HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE
CALCULATING
• Older 5 years to 12 years:
HC (cm) = 50 + 0,6cm ·( n - 5 )
For example,
Child, 8 years
The HC = 50 cm + 0, 6cm · (8-4) = 52,4 cm
n - years
To the 1-st year head circumference =46-47 cm
• to 5 years- 50cm
• to 10 years- 55cm

34. THE CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE (ChC)
The chest circumference of newborn 32-34 cm
To 4 months the head circumference = chest circumference
FORMULA OF CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE CALCULATING
• Till 6 month
ChC (cm) = 45 cm – 2 · ( 6-n )
Where 45 cm - chest circumference in 6 month,
n - month
For example, Baby,3 month
The ChC = 45 cm - 2 · (6-3) = 39 cm

35. FORMULA OF CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE
CALCULATING
• Older 6 month
ChC (cm) = 45 cm + 0,5 · ( n-6 )
Where 45 cm - chest circumference in 6 month,
n - month
For example, Baby, 8 month
The ChC = 45 cm + 0,5 · (8-6) = 46 cm

36. FORMULA OF CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE
CALCULATING
• From 1to 10 years:
ChC (cm) = 63 – 1,5 cm · ( 10 - n )
Where 63 cm - chest circumference in 10 years,
n - years
For example, Child , 8 Years
The ChC = 63 cm - 1,5 · (10-8) = 60 cm

37. FORMULA OF CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE
CALCULATING
• Older 10 years:
ChC (cm) = 63cm + 3 cm ·( n-10 )
Where 63 cm - chest circumference in 10 years, n - years
For example, Child , 12 Years
The ChC = 63 cm + 3 cm · (12-10) = 69 cm
To the 1-st year ChC = 47-48 cm,
• to 5 years- 55cm,
• to 10 years- 63 cm

38. BODY PROPORTIONS OF THE CHILDREN
• The Mass-height coefficient (index) for
maturity infants:
Normal newborn = 55 – 65
Baby with Hypotrophy has index less 55
Mass
height

39. Indexes of proportions (by Arisman) =
Ch C- ½ height
• First year children: from +13,5 to +10
• 2-3 years old children: from +9 to +6
• 6-7 years old children: from +4 to +2.

40. Index well-fed (by Chulitskaya)
= 3 circumference of arm + circumference of
thigh + circumference of leg – Height
• Normal newborn = 25,
• children 2-3 years old = 20,
• children 6-7 years old = 15-10.

41. Method of percentiles.
• There is mean normal results- this is 50-th
percentile.
• The 25 – 75-th percentile are normal too – average
physical development.
• The 10 –25-th percentile - lower average.
• The 75 – 90-th percentile – above (higher) average.
• The 3-10-th percentile – low physical development.
• The 90-97-th percentile – higher physical
development.
• Less the 3-d percentile and higher the 97-th
percentile – pathology (endocrine)

44. Causes of pathology of Physical Development
1. Endocrine (growth hormone deficiency)
2. Genetic syndromes (Down’s, Turner’s,
Marfan’s)
3. Chronic diseases (GIT, heart disease, hepatitis)
4. Metabolic diseases (phenylketonuria)
5. Skeletal diseases (bone dysplasias, rickets)
6. Nutrition (malnutrition)
7. Constitutional slow/ tall growth
8. Psychological
9. Chronic exogenous intoxication (fluorine, lead)

45. Term newborn:
• The hart rates > 100/
min (120 –140 / min).
• The pediatrist counts up
heart rate at the
newborn baby

46. • respiratory rates >
40/ min, cry of the
neonate is vigorous.
Normal newborns
spends 80% of the
time in sleeping.
• Thermoregulation is
stabile.
Term newborn:
The pediatrist counts up
Respiratory rate at the
newborn baby

47. Reflexive action of the newborn child

49. Grasp Reflex