These considerations mean that governments inevitably take a broader view when determining road user taxes and those strict efficiency criteria are often not adhered to. Bangladesh is Riverine County and the water transport is cheaper than road and railway. Bangladesh can encourage river transport with tax balance between user taxes on all modes of transport systems.

1. EDEN BUILDING TO STOCK EXCHANGE
Published: 12:04 AM, 19 April 2020
https://dailyasianage.com/news/226833/why-new-road-user-tax
Why new Road user tax?
M S Siddiqui
The Roads & Highways Department is responsible for construction and maintenance of roads in
Bangladesh for a road network is around 18,250 km (86 % of total length) of which 3,476.55 km
is national highway, 4,105 km is regional highway and the rest 10,666 km is Zilla roads.
The maintenance of roads and highways is a concern for government due to vulnerable road
condition and limited amount of budget for maintenance. Public Representatives are answerable
for new road construction and maintenance of existing roads.
Proper maintenance and management of roads is also a fundamental requirement which is vital
to the national economy in a country like Bangladesh. Adopting improved road maintenance
policies is a major element of country economic Management.
As per a study of the government, the overall maintenance need has been found to be 70,913.82
million taka for the year 2012-2013, 20099.14 million taka for the year 2013-2014, 13322.68
million taka for the year 2014-2015 and 11470.38 million taka for the year 2015-2016 and
10358.24 million taka for the year 2016-2017.
This proposed budget is not for improvement or development work but the work required to
restore the existing road network to its rehabilitation in original condition. Maintenance strategies
were set for these treatments based on road condition, traffic and roughness data for different
classes of roads.
Developing countries have usually underfunding and poor maintenance of roads has been
caused by other factors, including the absence of clear road tariffs, inefficient user taxing policies
vehicles and fuel prices, and tax structures which are complicated and difficult to enforce. Roads
are critically under-funded relative to their economic and financial importance.
The best alternate option to generate fund for road construction and maintenance is Road user
tax.
Road user taxes which road users are required to pay in order to use the road network. These
are payments which vary with road use, such as the tax on petrol and diesel and annual vehicle
tax.
Road users are also required to pay tolls for using bridge and some toll roads. Road user taxes
must be distinguished from the general consumption tax- the value-added tax, is levied on a
wide range of goods and services including road use (through fuel, motor vehicles, etc.) paid by
road users.
The road user tax essentially to cover their "costs" and that road user taxes should be
determined on the basis of this objective. It is also important to make a few points regarding the
use of the term road use costs.
The definition of road use costs varies from country to country, and even within countries,
definitions vary according to the use being made of the concept. The Department of Transport in

2. the U.K. calculates the amount of public money spent on construction, maintenance, and policing
of roads.
External costs are not included as an explicit category in their calculations. On the other hand, in
Sweden's 1988 Transport Policy Act, which states the principles by which road users ought to be
taxed, road use costs refer to the social marginal costs of road use and include external costs
such as accident costs and environmental damage.
The tax calculation should be on the basis of many considerations, of which economic theory is
just one and often not the most important. the main considerations taken into account in the
determination of road user taxes are identified and reviewed.
In studying taxation, economists traditionally focus on the question of how given revenue can be
raised in the most efficient manner. Road users are required to cover their "costs" although the
definition of costs varies including social marginal costs, public expenditures on roads, etc.
In some countries -the United Kingdom, Sweden, Norway and France look into what an "optimal"
structure of road user taxes would look like and how closely the existing structure accords with
that.
In the some other countries such as Finland and Germany, the costs of road use and to what
extent they are recovered have been examined. These studies facilitate to build a basic picture of
the efficiency of the present road user tax structure and the degree of cost recovery without
going into detailed calculations.
The stakeholders have keen interest in Road user tax, certain public enterprises and agencies
also have an interest in road user taxes. Railways in our country is ever losing concern and are
required to cover at least their financial costs, they are likely to be concerned about the effect of
road user taxes on inter-modal competition.
At present system, revenues accrue to the general treasury and not to the road agency and
therefore do not influence the provision of roads and any road investments are based on political
consideration not even on cost-benefit analyses and on the amount of funds allocated to roads
out of the general budget.
R&H department if vested with the overall task of fund generation and maintenance of the road
network will have an interest in the level of taxation since this affects road use and the choice of
vehicle weights and dimensions, which in turn impacts upon the costs of maintenance
congestion, etc.
Apart from R&H, there are numerous other organizations which have an interest in road user
taxes and which may bring pressure to bear on government decisions.
These include primarily road user associations like transport owner's association, trade union of
derivers, representatives of industry, motor vehicle manufacturers or importers, transport
companies etc.
Countries with railways have used road user taxes to encourage road-railway competition,
primarily through avoiding the provision of unfair tax advantages to one or the other.
For example, the UK has been concerned with creating the conditions necessary for fair
competition among different classes of lorries and between lorries and British Rail's freight
business which is expected to operate commercially.
In many countries, buses have been exempt from paying road user tax. This tax ensures
encouragement of public transport against private car transport in order to reduce congestion
and environmental damage has generally led to significant subsidization of public transport.

3. There is no link between road user taxes and the efficiency of the road agency. Construction of
roads by road agencies does not respond to a price for roads as shaped by the road user tax.
Instead, the provision of roads is based on a cost-benefit analysis and on the amount of funds
allocated from the general treasury.
Second, as roads are provided by a single road agency, there is no competitive mechanism to
increase the efficiency with which roads are provided. Sweden and Finland have a number of
"commercialization" measures.
Also, in France, concessionary companies compete for contracts to build specific tolled roads
although this does not apply to the road network in general. This tax can create and market
situation along with multiple road departments allowed participating in the market.
Finally, the relationship between fuel taxation and the broad-based indirect tax system may be
examined and the level of the customs duty and VAT as well as the determination of road user
tax rates in general.
Road user taxes are an important instrument in the achievement of energy, environmental and
broader transportation policy goals.
There has also been concern for the impact of road user taxes on trade and industry, and on any
domestic motor vehicle industry.
These considerations mean that governments inevitably take a broader view when determining
road user taxes and those strict efficiency criteria are often not adhered to.
Bangladesh is Riverine County and the water transport is cheaper than road and railway.
Bangladesh can encourage river transport with tax balance between user taxes on all modes of
transport systems.
The writer is a legal economist
E-mail: shah@banglachemical.com