2. Table of content
1. Introduction
2. Symptoms
3. Transmission cycle of malaria
4. Classification of antimalaria
5. Mechanism of action
6. Pharmacokinetics
7. Adverse drug reaction
8. Contraindication
3. Introduction
WHAT IS MALARIA?
It’s name is derived by mala + aria (Bad air).
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by plasmodium parasites that are
transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.It
is preventable and curable. Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being
bitten by an infected mosquito.
CAUSED BY
It caused by four species of a one cell protozoan of the plasmodium genus .
1. Plasmodium falciparum
2. Plasmodium vivax
3. Plasmodium malariae
4. Plasmodium Ovale
4. Symptoms of Maleria
SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA
1. extreme tiredness and fatigue
2. impaired consciousness
3. multiple convulsions
4. difficulty breathing
5. dark or bloody urine
6. jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin)
7. abnormal bleeding.
6. CYCLE OF MALARIA TRANSMISSION
MALARIA TRANSMISSION CYCLE
When the mosquito bites another human, sporozoites are injected with bite.
Parasite (sporozoites)reaches the liver through blood.
The parasite reproduces asexually in the liver cells, bursting the cell and releasing
into the blood.
The Parasites reproduce asexually in red blood cells, bursting the red blood cells
and causing cycles of fever and other symptoms . Released parasites infect new
red blood cells.
Sexual stages (gametocytes) develop in red blood cells.
7. CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIMALERIA
1. Cinchona alkaloid
E.g. Quinine , Quinidine
2. 4- Aminoquinoline
E.g. Chloroquine ,mefloquine
3. 8Aminoquinoline
E.g. . Primaquine , paraquine
4. Tetracycline
E.g. Doxycycline ,oxytetracycline
5. Dianinopyrimidine
E.g. pyrimethamine
6. Biguanides
E.g. proguanil , cycloguanil
7. Artemisinine derivatives
E.g. Artesunate , Artemether
8. Acridines
E.g. Quinacrine
9. Amino alcohols
E.g. Halofantrine , Lumefantrine
10. Naphthoquinone
E.g. Atovaquone
8. MECHANISM OF ACTION
Haemoglobin Globin utilized by malarial parasite
Heme ( highly toxic for malaria parasite)
Chloroquine (+) Heme polymerase
Quinine
Mefloquine
Hemozoin ( not toxic to plasmodium )
NOTE:- Heme is the iron containing
molecule that is important for many
biological processes . heme combines
with globin proteins to from
haemoglobin. which carries oxygen in
red blood cell from the lungs to the rest
part of the body.
9. PHARMACOKINETICS
Good absorption
Concentrated in liver, kidney , lungs, skin, leucocytes
Metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
Selective accumulation in retina ;toxicity on prolonged use
T*1/2 = (3-10) days .Due to tissue binding ,small amount persist in body with terminal
t*1/2 of 1-2 months
10. ADVERSE DRUG REACTION
Occuring at low dose / short duration use
Nausea , vomiting , epigastric pain
Uncontrolled itching
Headache, difficulty in accommodation
Occuring at high doses/ prolonged use
Loss of vision ( retina damage)
Loss of hearing
Mental disturbances
Rashes, photo allergy
Graying if hair
11. CONTRAINDICATION
Liver damage,
Severe GIT, neurological, retinal, haematological diseases
Should not be co- administered with mefloquine, antiarrhythmics.
Can be given in pregnancy
250mg oral tablet of chloroquine phosphate consists of 150 mg
Base.
