RSU MF studentes Sabīnes Attes pētījums "Frequency of olfactory disorders among swimmers induced by chlorinated water". Uzstājās Rīga Stradiņš University Student International Conference “Health and Social Sciences” 2015. Ieguva 1.vietu LOR sadaļā.

1. 1
Frequency of olfactory disorders
among swimmers induced by
chlorinated water
Author: Sabīne Atte, Riga Stradins University
Scientific research supervisor: Dr. Gunta Sumeraga, Pauls Stradins Clinical
University Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Riga Stradins
University, Department of Surgery
25.03.2015., Rīga

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Swimming develops all muscle groups, improves
coordination and endurance.
Swimming
http://scub.unibz.it/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Healthy-heart-swimming.jpg

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Chlorine
Commonly used water
disinfectant
»kills microorganisms
»reacts with organic matter
Cost-effective
Easy to use [1]
BUT lead to the formation of
many disinfection by-products [2]
http://swimsuit/wp-content/uploads/
2013/01/shutterstock_61640410.jpg

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Chlorine and disinfection by-products
Chlorine and disinfection by-products are irritant substances that
can affect the sense of smell, causing olfactory disorders [4].
http://www.uvgermi.fr/DOC-IMAGES/VERSION%20ANGLAISE/e_dechloraminator/aep
%20chloramine%20pool.jpg
urea ~75mL, sweats 0.1 – 1 L

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Patients with anosmia:
have changes in the taste of food
Have to select food by texture, color and custom,
Have difficulties to identify sour milk,
fear of perfume overapplication [4, 5],
can't monitor inhaled chemicals, including dangerous
substances (natural gas, smoke) [6].
Decreased and Distored Olfactory Ability

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To assess the frequency of olfactory disorders
occurrence among competitive swimmers
To rate chlorinated swimming pool water effects on
swimmers’ sense of smell.
Aim

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Materials and Methods
A prospective study was conducted
involving swimmers from swimming
teams of Riga.
A standardized olfactory test evaluated
swimmers’ sense of smell before and
after a swimming workout, which lasted
at least 45 minutes.
http://www.usneurologicals.com/media/ecom/prodlg/SniffinSticks%20400.jpg

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The study involved 43 swimmers:
• 35% women, 65% men
The average age was 18.4 ± 3.6 years.
Results

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Respondents` subjective evaluation of
their sense of smell
Of the respondents, 90.7% subjectively evaluated their sense of smell as
normal, 4.7% as reduced and 4.7% as increased.

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It was observed that 2.3% of swimmers’ sense of smell corresponded to the
norm, 58.1% had small olfactory disorders and 39.5% had moderate olfactory
disorders.
Olfactory test results compared with
standardized test results according to age

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Comparison of olfactory test results
before and after a workout
The sense of smell was unchanged to 46.5%, results were worse than
before to 14% and results improved to 39.5% of swimmers (p = 0.01).

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Olfactory test results after swimming
workout of swimmers who had rhinitis
After swimming workout 47% of swimmers who had rhinitis at the test
execution time had better results than before the workout (p = 0.035).

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Long-term (> 5 years) swimming in a pool with
chlorinated water had negative impact on sense of
smell, causing mild to moderate olfactory disorders.
One swimming pool attendance did not adversely
affect the sense of smell.
For those who had rhinitis, the sense of smell
improved after visiting the swimming pool.
Conclusions

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Literature
1. Affi M.Z., Blatchley E.R III, Seasonal dynamics of water and air chemistry in an
indoor chlorinated swimming pool. Water Research, 2015, 68: 771-783
2. Teo T.L.L., Coleman H.M., Khan S.J. Chemical contaminants in swimming pools:
Occurrence, implicationsand control. Environment International, 2015, 76: 16–31
3. Toxicology data network. Chlorine. [Tiešsaite] – [atsauce 10.02.2015].
Pieejams:http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/f?./temp/~GVdMeB:1
4. Lalwani AK. Chapter 10. Olfactory Dysfunction. In: Lalwani AK. eds. CURRENT
Diagnosis & Treatment in Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, 3e. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill; 2012.
5. Flint P.W., Haughey B.H., Lund V., Niparko J.K., Robbins K.T., Thomas J. R. and
Lesperance M.M., Cummings Otolaryngology–Head And Neck Surgery, 6e. Elsevier,
2015, 626-639
6. Ropper AH, Samuels MA, Klein JP. eds. Adams & Victor's Principles of Neurology,
10e. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2014.

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THANK YOU!