The fight against antibiotic resistance needs the attention of all and sundry...Food borne diseases are somehow inevitable; so is the fight against...We all need to come together to strategize on actions that can curb and combat this global menace

1. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
AND FOODBORNE
DISEASES
SEMINAR PRESENTATION
DADA OLANREWAJU OPEOLUWA
15010101004

2. INTRODUCTION
 Role of AntibioticsRole of Antibiotics
 Background picture ofBackground picture of
Antibiotics and Food BorneAntibiotics and Food Borne
DiseasesDiseases

3. FOOD BORNE DISEASES
 They are acute infections or irritations caused by food or beverages thatThey are acute infections or irritations caused by food or beverages that
contain harmful bacteria, parasites, viruses, or chemicals.contain harmful bacteria, parasites, viruses, or chemicals.
 Such foods contain enough pathogens or toxicant necessary to make a personSuch foods contain enough pathogens or toxicant necessary to make a person
sick.sick.
 Types are: (i) Food Borne InfectionTypes are: (i) Food Borne Infection
(ii) Food Borne Intoxication(ii) Food Borne Intoxication
 Examples: Salmonellosis, Listeriosis, Shigellosis, Campylobacteriosis, CholeraExamples: Salmonellosis, Listeriosis, Shigellosis, Campylobacteriosis, Cholera
etc.etc.

4. FOOD BORNE
DISEASES
A Table showing food borne pathogens and the foods they affect

5. WHAT ARE ANTIBIOTICS
 AntibiosAntibios – Against Life– Against Life
 Antibiotics are organic compounds produced byAntibiotics are organic compounds produced by
one microorganism which can inhibit and areone microorganism which can inhibit and are
toxic to other microorganismstoxic to other microorganisms
 It could be naturally occurring, semi-synthetic,It could be naturally occurring, semi-synthetic,
syntheticsynthetic
 Penicillin; the first antibiotics by Sir AlexanderPenicillin; the first antibiotics by Sir Alexander
Fleming in 1928Fleming in 1928

6. CLASSIFICATION OF
ANTIBIOTICS
They are classified based on:They are classified based on:
Molecular StructureMolecular Structure
 Method of SynthesisMethod of Synthesis
 Spectrum of ActivitySpectrum of Activity
Route of AdministrationRoute of Administration
Mode of ActionMode of Action

7. BASED ON MOLECULAR
STRUCTURE
 BetalactamsBetalactams
 TetracyclineTetracycline
 QuinolonesQuinolones
 MacrolidesMacrolides
 AminoglycosidesAminoglycosides
 OxazolodinonesOxazolodinones
 Sulfanomides:Sulfanomides:

8. BASED ON METHOD OF
SYNTHESIS
 Natural Biosynthesis AntibioticsNatural Biosynthesis Antibiotics
 Semi-Synthetic AntibioticsSemi-Synthetic Antibiotics
 Synthetic AntibioticsSynthetic Antibiotics

9. BASED ON SPECTRUM OF
ACTIVITY
 Narrow SpectrumNarrow Spectrum
 Broad SpectrumBroad Spectrum

10. BASED ON ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION
 OralOral
 InjectableInjectable
 TopicalTopical
CA B
D
A – Antibiotics in form of cream
B – Tablets
C – Liquid to be swallowed
D – For Intravenous use

11. BASED ON MODE OF ACTION
- II
 SulphanomidesSulphanomides
 TrimethoprimTrimethoprim
 MonobactamsMonobactams
 CephalosporinsCephalosporins  CarbapenemsCarbapenems
 SpectinomycinSpectinomycin
 FluoroquinolonesFluoroquinolones
(Ciprofloxacin)(Ciprofloxacin)
 PenicillinsPenicillins
 Glycopeptides (Vancomycin)Glycopeptides (Vancomycin)

12. MECHANISM OF ANTIBIOTIC ACTION
 Inhibition of cell wall synthesis:Inhibition of cell wall synthesis:
 Breakdown of cell membrane structureBreakdown of cell membrane structure
or functionor function
 Inhibition of of nucleic acidsInhibition of of nucleic acids
 Inhibition of protein synthesis.Inhibition of protein synthesis.
 Blockage of metabolic pathwaysBlockage of metabolic pathways
Diagrammatic Representation of Antibiotics Mechanism of Action

13. ACTION
Table showing antibiotic mechanism of action

14. MECHANISM OF ACTION –
I
Picture showing Antibiotics Mechanism of Action

15. MECHANISM OF ACTION –
I
Picture showing Antibiotics Mechanism of Action

16. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

17. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Table showing the Timeline of Antibiotic
Resistance

18. CAUSES OF ANTIBIOTICS
RESISTANCE
 It could happen naturallyIt could happen naturally
 Over prescription of AntibioticsOver prescription of Antibiotics
 Indiscriminate use of AntibioticsIndiscriminate use of Antibiotics
 Intensive Farming PracticesIntensive Farming Practices
 Poor Hygiene Practices in individuals and hospitalsPoor Hygiene Practices in individuals and hospitals

19. CAUSES OF ANTIBIOTICS
RESISTANCE
The spread of Antibiotic Resistance

20. MECHANISMS OF ANTIBIOTICS
RESISTANCE
 Antibiotic Degrading EnzymesAntibiotic Degrading Enzymes
 Genetic MutationGenetic Mutation
 Species acquiring resistance from anotherSpecies acquiring resistance from another
 Antibiotic resistant genesAntibiotic resistant genes
 Pumping mechanisms to remove antibiotic from bacterial cellPumping mechanisms to remove antibiotic from bacterial cell
 Enzymes that modify antibioticsEnzymes that modify antibiotics

21. MECHANISMS OF ANTIBIOTICS
RESISTANCE
Resistance is acquired in three ways:Resistance is acquired in three ways:
DNA Mutation: Bacterial DNA (genetic material)DNA Mutation: Bacterial DNA (genetic material)
may mutate (change) spontaneously.may mutate (change) spontaneously.
Microbial Conjugation: One bacterium may take upMicrobial Conjugation: One bacterium may take up
DNA from another bacterium.DNA from another bacterium.
Plasmid: Plasmid that can jump from one type ofPlasmid: Plasmid that can jump from one type of
bacterium to another.A single plasmid can providebacterium to another.A single plasmid can provide

22. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance

23. MECHANISMS OF ANTIBIOTICS
RESISTANCE
Pictural Representation of Antibiotic Resistance

24. EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTICS
RESISTANCE
A Graph showing Antibiotic Resistance over the years

25. HOW TO TEST FOR ANTIBIOTIC
STRENGTH
Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing

26. SOLUTION1. PhageTherapy1. PhageTherapy
2.Vaccine2.Vaccine
3.Talk with your healthcare provider about antibiotic resistance3.Talk with your healthcare provider about antibiotic resistance
4. Do not take an antibiotic for a viral infection like a cold or the flu.4. Do not take an antibiotic for a viral infection like a cold or the flu.
5. Do not save some of your antibiotic for the next time you get sick.5. Do not save some of your antibiotic for the next time you get sick.
6.Take an antibiotic exactly as the healthcare provider tells you6.Take an antibiotic exactly as the healthcare provider tells you
7. Complete the prescribed course of treatment even if you are feeling better.7. Complete the prescribed course of treatment even if you are feeling better.
8. Do not take antibiotics prescribed for someone else.The antibiotic may not be8. Do not take antibiotics prescribed for someone else.The antibiotic may not be
appropriate for your illness.appropriate for your illness.

27. REFERENCES
World Health Organization
JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
INSTITUTE
FOR
AGRICULTURE
AND
TRADE POLICY
RESEARCH UK
FIGHTING ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
TODAY AND TOMORROW

28. CONCLUSION
 Antibiotic Resistance calls for global attention because it affects both theAntibiotic Resistance calls for global attention because it affects both the
developed and under developed countriesdeveloped and under developed countries
 If proper care is not taken, we are moving back to the pre-antibiotic era whereIf proper care is not taken, we are moving back to the pre-antibiotic era where
antibiotics will no longer be able to fight diseases caused by food borne pathogensantibiotics will no longer be able to fight diseases caused by food borne pathogens
 However, food borne diseases have been able to wreak a lot of havoc on both manHowever, food borne diseases have been able to wreak a lot of havoc on both man
and animals through the help of antibiotic resistanceand animals through the help of antibiotic resistance
 The fight against food borne diseases is our fight and this fight has been brought toThe fight against food borne diseases is our fight and this fight has been brought to
our doorstepsour doorsteps

29. THANK YOU!THANK YOU!