The document discusses internal security and community policing in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Nigeria. It examines community policing models in Malaysia and Indonesia that emphasize police-community partnerships through organizations like Rukun Tetangga in Malaysia and task forces in Indonesia. The document proposes several policy options for Nigeria, including emphasizing data-driven policing, training police in community engagement, ensuring community policing forums are inclusive, and evaluating community policing programs. The goal is for Nigeria to adopt innovative community policing practices that have been successful in other countries.

1. B Y
I K U T E Y I J O , L A N R E O L U S E G U N
O B A F E M I A W O L O W O U N I V E R S I T Y , I L E - I F E , N I G E R I A
L E C T U R E P R E S E N T E D A T T H E N A T I O N A L I N S T I T U T E F O R
P O L I C Y A N D S T R A T E G I C S T U D I E S , K U R U
S E N I O R E X E C U T I V E C O U R S E 4 0
A P R I L 2 0 1 8
INTERNAL SECURITY AND COMMUNITY POLICING IN
MALAYSIA AND INDONESIA: POLICY OPTIONS FOR
NIGERIA

2. Lecture Objectives
 The objectives of this lecture are to;
 Discuss the concept of community policing
 Relate internal security and community policing in the Nigerian context
 Examine community policing schema in Malaysia
 Examine community policing schema in Indonesia
 Policy implications of the Indo-Malay experiences for Nigeria
 Conclusion and way forward

3. Introduction
 Universality of crime and policing
Crime and policing are universal phenomena all over the world.
 The paradigm shift in policing
Scope of policing widened in the era of globalisation and the Nigerian
security apparatus needs to embrace a paradigm shift in order to meet the
present and future internal security challenges facing the country.
 Current issues with Nigeria’s internal security
The security fabrics of the country are in their lowest ebb in history apart
from the civil war era
 The timeliness and relevance of this lecture (The NIPSS edge)
 Selling a refrigerator to the Eskimos?????

4. Introduction
• Drawing from practical experiences in Nigeria and looking at the
innovations in community policing schemas in Malaysia and Indonesia
with the view to proffering some policy options for the country.
 Despite the similarities in the socio-political and economic contexts of
Malaysia, Indonesia and Nigeria, there are inherent cultural differences
which must be taken into consideration so we don’t end up with
mindless replication.

5. Introduction (contd)
Malaysia Indonesia Nigeria
Colonial history British/Dutch Dutch British
Cultural
background
Heterogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous
Dominant ethnic
groups
Malay, Indians
and Chinese
Javanese,
Sundanese,
Madurese
Hausa Igbo and
Yoruba
Common crimes Human trafficking
Property crime
Violent crimes
Human trafficking
Property crime
Violent crimes
Human
trafficking/prop
erty crimes
Violent crimes
Population 32,000,000
(2016)
261,115,456 (2016) Over
180,000000
Location Asia Asia Africa

6. Conceptual clarification
 Internal security (IS)
 maintaining peace and safety within the borders of a sovereign nation
 freedom from all forms of internal aggression
 Police and other paramilitary responsible for IS
 Section 217 (2) (c) of the 1999 Constitution/ Section 8 (1) and (3) of the
Armed Forces Act of the LFN, 2004, bring in the military
 Current challenges to IS in Nigeria:
 ethno-religious crises, insurgency, and cattle rustling/North
 baby factories, pipeline vandalism, crude oil theft/East
 Ritual killing, armed robbery, advanced fee fraud (419)/West
 All these are overwhelming for the conventional police

7. Community policing (CP)
 Policing that takes place with the active support of members of the
community
 Similar concepts with CP include;
 community oriented policing
 participatory policing
 consensual policing
 problem oriented policing etc
 “power of the police to fulfil their functions and duties is dependent on
public approval of their existence, actions and behaviour as well as their
ability to secure and maintain the respect of the public” (Reith, 1948)

8. Community Policing in Nigeria: An overview
 CP in Nigeria traceable to 2003 when some officers of the NPF were
sent to the UK under the auspices of the British Department for
International Development
 The concept of Community Development Officers (CDS) was
introduced in the lexicon of policing in Nigeria as more officers were
trained in Enugu State in 2004
 Community policing has since become a household concept in Nigeria
although policing in Nigeria is still largely characterised by the
traditional policing paradigm

9. CP in Malaysia
 The Royal Malaysian Police (RMP) also known as Polis Diraja Malaysia
(PDRM) are saddled with the responsibility of maintaining the internal
security of the country
 The RMP was accused of several misconducts including corruption,
racism, ineptitude among others.
 CP was introduced by the government through the Crime National Key
Result Area (NKRA), under the Government Transformation
Programme (GTP).
 Couched in a five-year strategic plan (2007-2011)
 Identification of crime hotspot states as follows;
 Johor, Kuala Lumpur, Penang and Selangor.

10. “Working
environment”
The district police
station at Johor Baru
Utara, Malaysia

11. CP in Malaysia
 Emphasis laid on
 police omnipresence and safe city programmes
 The police omnipresence initiative was to enhance police visibility and
interaction with the public
 This leveraged on some indigenous policing and community
management strategies which include;
 Rukun Tetangga,
 Rakan COP, and
 RELA.

12. CP in Malaysia
 Rukun Tetangga or Neighbourhood Residents Association was
established in 1975 and aimed at uniting communities with diverse
ethnic and religious backgrounds .
 The Rakan COP; established in 2005 meant to improve police-
community relationship and to encourage the public in becoming the
“eyes” of the police and to share any information about crime.
 RELA; formerly known as the People's Volunteer Corps is a uniformed
Malaysian volunteer association established in 1972 and assigned to
help preserve the country’s internal security.
 The volunteers are unarmed and only patrol when accompanied by
PDRM officers.

13. CP in Malaysia
 While the safe city programmes involved keeping the cities safe by;
 installing multiple closed-circuit television cameras (CCTV),
 increasing the brightness of the street lightings,
 extending the crime geographic information system (GIS crime-
mapping) to the police stations which enhanced police response rate to
crime
 Website designed for community policing:
http://www.cops.org.my/about.php
• Malaysia was declared as the most peaceful country in South East Asia
and the fourth safest in the Asia Pacific region behind New Zealand,
Japan and Australia (Star, 2013)

14. CP in Indonesia

15. Policing in Indonesia
 The Indonesian National Police (INP) was merged with the armed
forces during the reign of the military.
 Like any autocratic state, the police then were repressive and very low
in democratic principles.
 Democratisation of Indonesia led to the separation of the police from
the military and the beginning of what has come to be identified as the
‘reform era’ in policing in Indonesia.
 Indonesia had gone through some volatile security scenarios;
 October 2002, an unprecedented terrorist attack in Bali.
 2009, the suicide bombings of the Ritz-Carlton and Marriott hotels in
Jakarta in 2009

16. CP in Indonesia
 The Indonesian National Police (INP) is synonymous with a ground-
breaking policy called the Grand Strategy (2005-2025).
 The major aim of the Grand Strategy was to inculcate professionalism
in the performance of policing.
 Strategies included;
 enhancing capabilities and decision making,
 objectivity in crime handling,
 addressing police misconduct

17. The Grand Strategy Plan
 The first 5 years (2005 to 2010); for trust building among major
stakeholders in the community.
-develop the image of the police and enhance police legitimacy with
members of the public.
 The second phase (2011-2015) which is for establishing partnership and
networking (implementation of CP principles).
 The last phase (2016-2025) is to strive for excellence and put the INP
as a model of community policing globally

18. The Grand Strategy Plan (contd)
 Community policing model in Indonesia is designed to be responsive to
local context with two main components;
 genuine involvement of the community in partnership with the police
 and a participatory decision-making process in addressing social
problems
 The implementation by a task force comprising representatives of the
community e.g. religious leaders, teachers, youth leaders and police
officers working in the community
 Community radio programmes in communicating the operations of the
task force

19. Policy options for Nigeria
 Socio-Cultural context in Nigeria
 Data issues: The need to emphasise the role of data in effective policing
 Vital statistics: Officers must obtain right information at the right time
(population, migrants, NCVS, etc).
 Data gathering and sharing (inter-agency collaborations)
 Identity management (Harmonising BVN, migration data, birth and
death registration, etc)
 The 21st century policing is indubitably tending towards virtual policing
 virtual policing will strengthen intelligence-led and preventive policing
enabling officers access critical information remotely.
 The use of tools like crime maps will help the community understand
policing operations better eg crime hotspots, trends and patterns

20. Data Driven Policing

21. Policy options for Nigeria: Vision
 Values, Vision and Strategy
 values of the police will determine their goals, strategies and use of
resources
 community policing is one that will embrace community-oriented
values which will further advance democratic values
 New Key Results Area in Malaysia
 Grand Strategy Plan in Indonesia

22. Policy options for Nigeria: Education
 Police training must focus on developing skills and qualities related to
effective community policing
 Inculcate COP and HR into the Academy for all cadets
 Officers should be trained in liberal subjects such as sociology,
psychology, and political science as much as emphasis is on physical
stamina and military drilling
 facilitate officers’ involvement in community development and positive
interactions with community residents.
 Participatory approach to incorporating case studies, role play, site
visits, group discussion, etc

23. Policy options for Nigeria: Inclusiveness
 Policing is no respecter of age, tribe, religion and other socio-economic
characteristics of members of the community
 community policing forums must also be broadened to include diverse
interest groups in the community.
 This is well practised in both Malaysia and Indonesia with the
heterogeneous nature of the population, just like we have in Nigeria.
 All policies including CP should reflect diversity inherent in community

24. Innovative community engagement
 More contacts with high ranked officers and the community
 Beside serving as a morale booster for other rank officers, high profile
policing will also bring the community closer to respecting the police
more
 more proactive ways of policing by ensuring that police presence is not
only synonymous with criminal activities and emergencies
 community events like carnivals, festivals, school sporting activities or
cultural day celebrations, and other social gatherings
 police can also encourage students in secondary and tertiary
institutions to visit police stations for “town-uniform” interactions
 police can sponsor pro-youth programs like games, competitions and
interschool debates, among other activities

25. Innovative community engagement

26. Innovative community engagement

27. Policy options for Nigeria: Evaluation
 The concept of community policing is incomplete without provisions
for measuring and evaluating outcomes with set objectives periodically
 Evaluation enhances police accountability
 Studies such as Crime Victimisation Surveys could be conducted
 Police in collaboration research institutes and tertiary institutions
• Policing driven by cutting-edge research
• Researchers encouraged to carry out independent surveys on safety and
security issues
• NIPSS, NPF, etc can also sponsor conferences where research findings
will be presented and discussed.

28. Forward looking
 The fight against crime must be owned by the community for it to
succeed.
 The paradigm shift in policing as well as other structural changes will
go a long way in addressing the blight associated with policing in
Nigeria.
 Mass re-orientation of the police and the community is equally
essential as well as capacity building on participatory approach to
policing.
 Hence the need for quality collaborations with research institutions and
non-governmental organisations with interest in policing
 Soon, Nigeria will be the hub for excellence in CP with concomitant
dividends

29. THANK YOU!
Acknowledgements
Picture credits: Google
Sharyn Graham Davies
Dr. Shina Akinjokun, Malaysia