2. Bacteria: The most abundant species
• Prokaryotes- Single celled
• They can be categorized on the basis of shape into such groups as cocci (spheres), bacilli (rods), and spirilla and spirochetes (spirals).
• Most can survive adverse conditions, these types of microorganisms effects humans.
1) Mesophiles- living in temperatures 37- 45 degrees Celsius
2) Acidophiles- living in acidotic conditions, where the acid is required for the membrane and cytoplasm.
3) Osmophiles- living in high concentrations of sugar
• Bacteria are involved in the spoilage of meat, wine, vegetables, and milk and other dairy products.
• In each environment where they are found, bacteria contribute to various biological processes.
Human Microbes
1) Mutualistic Relationship (Good Bacteria)
2) Commensalism Relationship
3) Parasitic (Bad Bacteria)
Bad bacteria are bad because when they grow, they produce all sorts of toxins that are harmful to our bodies.
3. Infant Bacteria infection in the intestines
Necrotizing enterocolitis- (NEC)
• The most common and serious intestinal disease
• Happens when the tissues in the small or large intestine is injured or begins to die off, then develops a hole
so bacteria pass through the intestine and enter the baby’s bloodstream.
• Could lead to life-threatening infections.
Causes:
-formula feeding (in full-term infants)
- an underdeveloped intestines, injured intestine (in preterm infants)
- heavy growth of bacteria in the intestines that erodes the intestinal line
4. determine if there are differences in microbial
patterns that may be critical to the
development of this disease
Methods:
• Fecal samples from 20 infants, 10 with
NEC and 10 matched controls were
obtained from patients in a single site level
III neonatal intensive care unit.
• Bacterial DNA from individual fecal
samples was PCR amplified
Research on NEC and Control infants
5. Research on NEC and Control infants
Research on NEC and control infants
6.
7. MICROBIAL HUMAN INTERACTIONS
Microorganisms to Body Sites
The oropharynx
• Veillonella
• Candida
• Prevotta
The gastrointestinal tract
• Lactobacillus
• E.coli
• Bacteroides
The Genitourinary tract
• Clostridium
9. Intestinal Microflora for Infants
-microbial diversity is an important factor in determining the stability of the ecosystem
“barrier effect” - inhibit colonization of the intestine by pathogenic microorganism.
Functions: food digestion, drug absorption, immune respones
Breast-feeding promotes an intestine microbiota in which Bifidobacteria predominate
Formula bottle-fed baby, enterococci and bacteriodes predominated
• Vaginal delivery and breast-feed have a rather rich in Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria
• Caesarean section, have a high component of Clostridia and high post of Gram-negative
enterobacteria.
10. INNATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Relative Age Innate factors Environmental
factors
Microbial Diversity Microbial Stability
Birth Genetics Multiple caregivers,
breast milk/
formula,
immunizations
0 0
Infant Developing
immunity
Solid foods,
crawling, mouth
contact, first
infections first
antibiotics
+ +
Child Body growth Changing diet,
socialization/
++ ++
11. Breastfeeding Helps deliver healthy gut bacteria
Mother’s that are well nourished will provide their infants with healthy gut bacteria, which is the
nutrition required to fight illnesses. These types of infant mortalities are highly controlled, when
mothers’ provide their infant with an essential piece for survival.
Cons
Pros
12. The fetus is developed within the sterile uterus, therefore, the
acquisition of human microbes begin at birth. The newborn is initially
colonized by microbes from its immediate environment.
The mother breastfeeds to help the newborn survive by giving it
essential microbes. These microbes have a mutualistic relationship with
us and its role is to keep harmful microorganism from invasion.
The Opportunistic pathogens if they were removed from
their locate in the body and introduced into different location, then its a
possible it could cause diseases.
13. In the first couple of weeks most babies don't eat much but
they eat often. But as they get closer to a month old, they
go about 2 - 3 hrs on 3 - 4 oz
14. Stomach capacity to Microflora
(Lactobacillus, Streptococcus)
• about 10^3 unit /ml
• The first microbes to colonize
Newborns: 2X 10^4= 20,000 cells
ADULTS Microflora number: trillions of microbial cells
15. One month
two month
● One month old babies have the stomach capacity of 90 ml
● Two month old babies have the stomach capacity of 150 ml
16. Protein Complex in Breast Milk (25g/1oz)
Oligosaccharide
● is a carbohydrate polymer
● 3-10 simple sugars (lactose, glucose, etc)
● prevent attachment of streptococcus pneumoniae
● 12 grams of Oligosaccharides per 25 grams
● 0.48oz of Oligosaccharides per ounce
Lactoferrin
● main protein
● antimicrobial agent- killing bacteria and viruses.
● 0.5 grams of lactoferrin per 25 grams
● 0.02 oz of lactoferrin per ounce
17. Protein Complex in Breast Milk (25g/1oz)
Other components
The mother’s blood has antibodies IgG,IgA, IgM produced during lactation
● IgA is contained in Colostrum
● Colostrum is a milky fluid, the first form of milk that is secreted from the mammary glands after birth
● Protein content is markedly higher and carbohydrate content lower in colostrum than in mature milk.
18. Protein Complex in Breast Milk (25g/1oz)
Casein
-a large protein that is responsible for the white color of milk
● microbes that do not produce the exoenzyme casesase, can not break down those sugars
in breast milk
● Pnemococci does not produce casesase
19. COMPONENTS OF
BREAST MILK
Oligosaccharides
Lactoferrin
25 grams/oz
Nutrition
Components
5% fat 8%
protein
7.2% carbohydrate
3% minerals & Vitamins
other 26.8%
BREASTMILK
-Growth factors
-Hormones
-Enzymes -Antibodies
IgA
48%
2%
.1%
20.
21. REFERENCES
Story L., Parish, T. Breastfeeding helps prevent two major infant
illness. The Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and
Practice. July 2008, Volume 6:3.
Willey, J.M Sherwood, L, Woolverton, C.J. & Prescott, L.M (2008)
Microbiology: Ninth edition. New York. McGraw-Hill Higher
Education.
Flint, J Harry, 2009, Federation of European Microbiological
Societies published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
