Research Report - Kuldeep Ulhe

Research Proposal
Perception Analysis on the use of ICT
To improve Citizen Participation in
Governance of Urban Water Supply
Systems: A Case Study on Bangalore
Student Researcher:
Kuldeep Ulhe
MAD14202
(M.A. Development)
Azim Premji University, Bangalore
Intern at: Public Affair Centre, Bangalore
Guided By
V. Santhakumar Jangal Jayram Arvind L Sha
Professor Programme Manager (EnGG) Programme Officer
Azim Premji University Public Affair Centre Public Affair Centre
Bangalore Bangalore Bangalore

Public Affairs Centre Azim Premji University
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1. Abstract
It is need to explore the importance of citizen involvement in decision making process for
equitable distribution of water and making Bangalore Water Supply System sustainable. The
study is a perception analysis of officers, who are involved in decision making process in
Bangalore Urban Water Supply Systems, at Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board
(BWSSB) about citizens’ role in decision making. It is about finding out the level of citizens’
participation in decision making process. Study has also explored how does BWSSB allow citizen
to participate in improving the water supply systems? It has also explored the role of information
communication and technology (ICT) played in improving citizens’ participation. How BWSSB
office is making use of new ICT application to improve participation level.
2. Background
Water is an important resource for holistic & sustainable development of a society. Water is
sufficiently available on the earth. However, the resources for the supply of potable water are
limited. We can supply the water up to certain quantity depending upon the renewable capacity
of those resources. At present urban areas have limited water resources for meeting the growing
demand. To ensure equitable, inclusive and sustainable water supply is the biggest challenge for
Urban Water Supply Systems (UWSS) in the scenario of unplanned urbanization. It is of utmost
significance to involve citizens in decision making and in overall governance of water supply
system in these areas. This requires us to answer the following two questions on enhancing
citizen participation: how can maximum participation of citizens’ to ensure water security be
achieved? What role do ICTs play in maximization of the citizens’ participation?
2.1. Global Level
Global urban population will be doubled i.e. 6.4 billion by 2050. Even in India urban population
count will reach 600 million1 by 2031 and 800 million by 20502. People, estimated as 2.4 billion3,
are struggling to access for clean and sufficient water to meet their daily requirement. 21 out of
37 diseases responsible for deaths are water born and water related. This has happened because
of non-availability of adequate quantity of clean water4.This issue has been sharply increased
after industrialization, urbanization and increasing population. Problem has become more acute
in climate change scenario. Climate change has given global face to the local problem of
insufficient supply of clean and quality water.
Millennium development goal (7.c) talked about provision of sustainable access to safe drinking
water and basic sanitation facilities. Although we have moderately achieved the mentioned
target of halve the proportion of population without sustainable access to improved sources of
1
The High Powered Expert Committee(HPEC), Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure and Services, 2008
2
EPW, Mihir Shah & Himanshu Kulkarni, Urban Water Systems in India: Typology & Hypothesis, July 2015
3
UNDP
4
C. Ramachandraiah, Drinking Water as Fundamental Right, EPW, Feb 24, 2001

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safe drinking water. Still about 10% of population is not yet getting access to water5. Population
which is covered under water supply, are not getting equitable and affordable access to water.
There are no measures or policies available which can generate data on sustainability, equitability
and affordability. To focus on this issue, provision has been made in Sustainable Development
Goal (SDG - 6) for equitable, affordable and universal access to drinking water. The question
remains, without listening to citizen how can we decide or fix the prices of safe drinking water
which are affordable universally.
SDG (17) talks about introducing environmental friendly technology. Each area has uniquely
topography. To create environmental friendly technology requires local understanding of ecology
and diversity. Sometimes local technologies evolved over period of time from the local people by
using local resources. This requires citizens’ to participate in developmental process of local
areas. To fulfill this need, SDG (16) asks government to have representative, inclusive,
participative and responsive governance structure in place.
2.2. National Level
India’s schemes and programmes like National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM), Urban
Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Medium Town (UIDSSMT), Jawaharlal Nehru
National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) have identified the need for augmentation of
drinking water supply & technological intervention to achieve desired objectives in urban areas.
India has designed “National Water Policy” and documented the citizens’ need along with need
for new infrastructural and institutional arrangement. However our ground level framework has
failed to ensure equitable6 and sustainable7 access to safe & quality drinking water for our
increasing population in urban areas.
In 2000 Supreme Court declared access to quality water in sufficient quantity as fundamental
right of every individual under article 21. This decision have been taken because of increased
nexus between industrialist, politician and bureaucrats on water issues in urban areas. This has
mostly affected poor population. Although it’s constitutional right and government has
obligation, drinking water supply have been privatized in some parts of India, e.g. Nagpur, where
drinking water supply has been privatized, this has eroded people’s confidence because of
unsuccessful experiment increasing the stake of private member in governance system of water
supply8. People protested in protecting their drinking water sources. But it had failed because of
lack of citizens’ participation in decision making and planning process.
5
Goal 7, Target 11, Page 22, MDG India Country Report 2015, Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation, Government of India
6
Water Harvesting to Augment Water Resources: Traditional Technologies & Communities are part of Solution,
Towards Drinking Water Security in India (Lessons from the Field), Water and Sanitation Program, page 76
7
IWMI Tata Annual partners meeting, South Asia Network on Dam, Rivers & People, 28 Nov 2012
8
C. Ramachandraiah, Drinking Water as Fundamental Right, EPW, Feb 24, 2001

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Principles of National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC) has rightly identified that
protecting poor and vulnerable section and devising efficient and cost effective strategies for end
user demand side management requires inclusive and sustainable development strategy
sensitive to climate change9. NAPCC has also identified the need to create unique linkage with
civil society, local government institution, private institution and organizations for successful
implementation of programs and policies. These unique linkages vis-à-vis implementation
network would not work directly without recognizing citizens’ role in decision making process in
governing urban water supply system.
National Water Mission (NWM) has identified requirement of integrated water resources
management in urban areas. Participation is one of the component to help in water conservation,
minimizing wastage, creating innovative regulatory framework, creating water positive
technologies, equitable, sufficient and sustainable distribution of water resources. National
Conference on Water Management (2009 Bangalore) concluded that sustainable, clean and
relevant technology is needed for management of water resources in urban areas. Asit k Biswas
in one of his article mentioned that, India needs radically overhaul its water institutions and
governance structure. He has identified problems of bureaucratic infighting, endemic corruption,
regular political interference and public apathy in water governance. Public apathy is because of
opaqueness in decision making and governing structure of water institution particularly in urban
areas.
2.3. State Level
Karnataka Municipal Act passed in 2011, proposed to increase the participation of citizens in
decision making process. How can participation of huge population be ensured is the challenge
before administration? Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewable Mission (JNNURM) has
allocated money for improving citizen participation level in governance. It’s time to find out
whether money has been allocated and if it is allocated then how far this money has been used
to enhance citizens’ participation in governance of water supply systems?
2.4. City/Region Level
Each city/region has its unique ecology. People have been using local resources and developed
kind of relationship with them. They have developed their own way of management of resources.
There is need to introduce the new approach of information transfer with governance. Bangalore
is third most populous city in India. To place such huge population under one umbrella and make
sure that everyone’s voice be heard in decision making process would be a challenge for
governance. It requires extra ordinary method for communication of information from citizen to
upper administrative level where the decision are made and implemented.
“Bangalore One” is one of the kind of project. It has been designed to make sure that people will
get services under one umbrella. However this site is developed to make service delivery easy for
9
National Action Plan on Climate Change, Prime minister’s council on climate change, 2008

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government agencies. Another project “My City My Budget”10 is looking forward to improve
citizens’ say in budget by launching complaints registered mechanism through website. They
have claimed that it will improve citizens’ participation in decision making process of budgetary
allocation.
3. Literature review
In all over world, democratic governments are using technologies to allow citizens’ involvement
in governance. Information technology and communication (ICT) has been proved the capacity
to improve and ensure citizen participation levels. There are many forms and applications of ICT
e.g. emergency/complain registration numbers, online sites which are providing information
about particular government structures, online registration systems, online billing systems etc11.
In this study we are particularly going to look into scenario of Bangalore Water Supply System.
How it works and in what way citizens’ are playing role to improve water supply system. We are
also going to look into the role of Bangalore citizens’ in decision making process of Bangalore
Water Supply Systems.
Urban water supply and resources management system involves following stages12: ‘Collecting’
the water to meet the needs of population resides in urban area, ‘treating’ collected water to
meet the specific requirement e.g. industrial or household etc., ‘distributing’ water to end users,
treating used water to ‘reuse’ it, ‘managing residuals’ from the treatment processes, ‘screening’
used water before meeting larger water bodies. How does citizen participate at each level in
Bangalore is need for study. What are the application that are in place resulted into participation
of Bangalore citizens?
Bangalore city has 51 lakes in early 1970’s. Now only 17 are there form which 14 are considered
alive13. Water bodies are threatened because of number of causes like sewage, industrial
effluent, garbage dumping, encroachment on lake bed, change in land use pattern of lake bed,
degradation of catchment and siltation areas, unplanned development in catchment area and
mining from lake bed, over extracting ground water and minerals which also resulted in pollution
of surface water. How BWSSB is going to tackle with these problems and provide safe drinking
water in equitable manner? Department of mines and geology identified Bangalore’s 2.4 million
population could face severe water shortage in recent future. Inequitable distribution of water
would increase the water shortage situation.
Why Citizens’ Participation is essential in governance of urban water supply systems? Whether
to provide equitable supply of water to all individual in sustainable manner or to collect data
from citizen for making the service delivery faster and efficient or citizens does not only have
right over the water resources but also right to represent themselves in decision making
10
http://www.ichangemycity.com/
11
http://mybwssb.org/
12
https://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/43180/43201.aspx
13
http://cseindia.org/agenda2011/pdf/urban_water_crisis_kavarana.pdf

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processes. How can you assess the targets whether achieved or not without representation of
citizens’?
Not only to solve above questions but also we have seen certain common problems like
distribution of water in urban areas is extremely inequitable, unjust and biased against poor.
Policy does not talk about penalizing the wastages of water resource. Waste may take place
through infrastructural leakages or through citizen’s overuse or wastage. Use of local technology
for harvesting water. Efficient way to solve the problems in service delivery. All these could not
be possible without citizens’ participation in Bangalore Water Supply System.
There number of ways in which people can participate in decision making process of governance.
Arnstein has defined the ladder of citizens’ participation in decision making process14 mentioned
in a table mentioned below, where he has defined how the level of citizens’ participation can be
analyzed by looking into the way citizens are participating in decision making processes. He has
given 8 levels of citizens’ participation where we can see the role of citizen has been increased at
each level from passive audience to hand over them full delegating power over all decision
making processes and actions.
Numbers Level Meaning
Level 1 Manipulation assumes a passive audience
Level 2 Education given information that may
be partial or constructed
Level 3 Information tells people what is going to
happen, is happening, or has
happened
Level 4 Consultation People are given a voice, but
no power to ensure their
views are heeded
Level 5 Involvement People’s views have some
influence, but institutional
power holders still make the
decisions.
Level 6 Partnership People negotiate with
institutional power holders
over agreed roles,
responsibilities and levels of
control
Level 7 Delegated Power Some power is delegated
Level 8 Citizen Control Full delegation of all decision-
making and actions
14
A Ladder of Citizen Participation, S R Arnstein, July 1969

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4. Introduction to the Research
4.1. Main Question
How do ICTs improve citizen participation to ensure equitable, inclusive and sustainable supply
of water in urban areas?
4.2. Sub Questions
Main question will be tackled through following sub questions:
 Does Bangalore Urban Water Supply System (BUWSS) have any mechanism to allow
citizens’ participation in governance?
 At what level citizens are allowed to participate in governance of water supply in
Bangalore city?
 In what way citizens’ are participating in governance of water supply in Bangalore city?
 What are the various ICTs in use at various levels of both supply as well as at demand
side? What are their purpose?
 Which are the ICT applications that are in use, enhances citizens' participation?
 What are the gaps in current ICTs in ensuring citizens’ participation in governance of
water supply in Bangalore city?
 What are the perceptions of BWSSB’s officer about citizens’ participation in decision
making process?
5. Framework
5.1. Conceptual Understanding
Figure 2 is designed as a cyclic framework to ensure citizens’ participation in water governance.
It starts with assessing the condition of water supply and management in Bangalore. What is the
institutional set up in Bangalore for supply of water and management of resources? How
Bangalore urban area is managing and governing their water supply systems and resources? Then
we need to explore on participation front, in which we need to look into the areas where citizens’
participation is allowed in decision making processes. Here we also need to explore the need for
citizens’ participation in urban water governance. We need to explore why citizens’ participation
is necessary in case of Bangalore? (Importance of citizens’ participation has already been
explored in background and literature review)
Next level is to find out any ICT application in use which results into participation of Bangalore
citizens in decision making processes. Is there any need, institutional or citizens’ or societies’, to
develop new ICT application to enhance participation level? However in this study I have focused
on the institutional need and officers’ perception about citizens’ participation in Bangalore water
supply systems. At next level we need to look into data. What kind of data the existing ICT is

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generating through its use? What is the use of it? How many citizens’ are participating in
generating the useful data? Is there any institutional structure in place at BWSSB to analyze the
data which is generated through citizen participation? Is there proper provision in place to secure
the data of citizens?
Fig 2.
(BUWSS – Bangalore Urban Water Supply System)
Framework Approach to Analyze Citizens’ Participation
To ensure citizens’ participation in future in governance of Bangalore urban water supply system,
it needs to be verified through same process again? Each city has its own structure and system
in place. This makes the city dynamic and requires innovative and unique approach to solve the
problem of citizens’ participation in governing structure. Designing one application may not
result into participation which need to be verified through cyclic approach. Increase in
Population, Urbanization, Industrialization changes the statistics of stakeholders. As well as the
vast demographic dividend requires cyclic approach to ensure participation of new stakeholders
through innovative methods by designing various applications of ICT.
5.2. Theoretical Understanding
5.2.1. Governance of Urban Water Supply System
It can be defined as urban politico-administrative, social, economic and environmental systems
that are in place for decision making process which ensures equitable, inclusive and sustainable
supply of water. It focus on process or way in which decisions are made in the system for
management and distribution of water resource. The overall urban water supply and
management of water resource governance system involves all the formal institutions like

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administrative department, local urban government and informal institutions like markets, civil
societies, and individual person. However in what way these institutions and stakeholders
influence and interact with each other and how much does one entity influence in decision
making process depends on socio, economic, political and environmental scenario of particular
area.
5.2.2. Urban Citizens’ Participation
Urban Citizens’ Participation is the process in which ordinary citizen of the city voluntarily
whether individually or as a part of group influences a decision making processes which affects
their life significantly. Institutions are considered responsible for responding to local needs, to
enhance autonomy of local institutions, to ensure inclusive and equitable supply of services, to
integrate local resources and locally developed technologies efficiently and effectively. Can we
achieve these goals without active citizens’ participation?
Participation is identified as one of the important part of citizen in good governance.
International level organizations like International Monitory Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB) as well
as our National Government pushing it forward. To ensure participation on large scale is also a
challenge for administration. First it takes time to process, second is to merge the gap between
state government and urban local bodies, third is finding suitable technology to ensure flow of
reliable information from ground level to upper level, and forth is the socio economic diversity
of citizens and their thoughts.
Still citizens’ participation is worth achieving because of number of reasons. First, people are the
part of city. They lived with their experiences, needs, activities and practices, hence it becomes
inevitable for decision makers to include those parts in policy development for supply of water
resources. There are number of schools which differs in their view about participation. Neo liberal
school will support participation of people through market, social democratic school will support
for individual participation, representative democratic school will support for representation
through elected members from local bodies. Main concern is people’s voice should get
recognition in decision making process. To pick up particular kind of participatory approach one
needs to look into kind development of city. Each city has developed in particular way. This will
give the idea which kind of participation will be feasible for sustainable water supply of water
resource through citizens’ participation.
5.2.3. ICT in Governance of Urban Water Supply Systems
Information communication and technology (ICT) has transformed the era because of its very fast
efficient, effective nature of communication. ICT has evolved throughout the history from radio,
television, telegrams, telephones, computer, internet, mobiles, and smart phones to satellite
communications. Each of this technology has its potential advantage and disadvantage. ICT has
transformed the relationship among stakeholders in societies. This has happened due to
reduction in people-people, people-institutional and institutional-institutional distances. It has

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potential to provide chance for representation of each and every stakeholder in urban water
governing structure.
ICT can be used for data collection, data analysis and visualization, information flow, stakeholder
mobilization, capacity building, resource allocation, program monitoring, solving customer based
issues quickly, and socially interacting with communities. ICT can be used to enhance feedback
loops within the complex systems that constitute city15. This can make the city smarter. This has
also a capacity to improve people participation in planning and decision making of supply and
management of water resources.
6. Study Approach
6.1. ICT, Citizens’ participation and Governance of Urban Water Supply System
Increasing urbanization, population, pollution and living standards in India. It’s a challenge for
government to create a holistic participative model of governance. It becomes more difficult in
urban area which we have seen as uncontrolled growth centres. In this scenario, does ICT become
ray of hope for citizen participative governance in urban water supply and management of
resources? Does ICT become a base for creating good governance scenario in India? Good
governance means transparent, efficient, effective, participative decision making system in place.
Figure indicates ICT as base for ensuring participation in good governance in urban water supply
and management of resources.
Fig 1.
15
Rohan Samarajiva, Shriganesh Lokanathan, Kaushalya Madhava, Gabriel Kreindler, Danaja Maldeniya, “Big Data
to Improve Urban Planning” EPW May 30, 2015

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6. Methodology
The study approach was to analyze the perception of BWSSB’s officers about citizens’
participation in decision making. For which I have selected the various departments from
BWSSBs’ office which I found relevant to my study. When I got permission to take interviews of
different officers from the distinguish departments I chose all the head of the departments which
are involved in decision making about their respective department. Then I followed snowball
sampling method where I got reference of officers from personal assistant or officers who could
not find time to give interview. The whole methodology to understand perception analysis was
semi-structured qualitative questionnaire with snowball sampling technique.
7. Data Collection
Data is collected from the interviews from various departmental heads from BWSSB’s office. The
head offices are Public Relationship Office, Operation and Maintenance Department, Financial
Advisor & Chief Account Office, New Initiative & New Water Department, Project and Kaveri
Department. It involved semi structured qualitative as well as quantitative questionnaire. Below
mentioned are the questionnaires used in this perception analysis study.
1. In your view, should citizens’ be allowed to participate in decision making processes and why?
2. What are the provisions and mechanism to ensure citizens’ participation in this department?
Do you have separate officer appointed for it?
3. Why does department not allow citizens’ participation in decision making process?
4. Do you identify any area which needs citizens’ participation?
5. What are the ICT tools used by the department to ensure citizens grievances in BWSSB?
6. Do you think that citizens’ participation will lead to sustainable and equitable supply of water
in Bengaluru?
8. Data Analysis
Data is collected from the interviews of different officials who are involved in decision making
process in their respective departments. Questionnaire is based on topics like citizens’
participation, Information communication and technology used by BWSSB, sustainability and
equality of water supply in Bengaluru city. There are number of ways through which citizens’
participation is ensured. It starts with democratic setup of our country where our representative
and their representation in decision making processes at municipal, legislative or parliament level
indirectly considered as citizens’ participation. However above study is to explore the direct

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participation of citizen in daily decision making processes. Following table has mentioned the
ways in which citizens’ are participating in BWSSB’s decision making process.
Non ICT ICT
Water Adalats
Complaint Letters
Helpline Numbers (Call Centers)
Payment of bills
New User/Connection Registration
Contact Numbers of respective departments
Emails
Service stations – Maps
Information about BWSSB (Mission & Vision)
From Interviews it has been revealed that 63% of officers do not support for citizens’ participation
and others are supporting to have partial representation. There are number of reasons for not
supporting citizens’ participation. First, the cost and investment is done by government and
external agencies, second is people at household level are paying subsidized water prices, third
is crowdsourcing will not result into concrete decision making, fourth is chairman and other staff
is sufficient knowledge to take decision on public’s behalf. Those who supported in favor of
participation was only to improve service delivery and to have grievance redressing mechanism
in limited sense.
Bangalore water supply system depends on Kaveri water & ground water. Arkavati basin has
already been dried. Water table levels has gone down everywhere. Number of lakes has been
encroached upon or their boundaries has been shrinking. Unrestricted development is very high
at the periphery of the city. Bangalore city has lot of mobile population. People come to work in
city and go back to their residential areas which are outside the city. To cater to their needs is
also a challenge to BWSSB. Bangalore water supply system is not only unsustainable but also
inequitable. Right now there is no plan to make it sustainable and equitable. The role of citizen
is not clear in resolving all the water problems of citizens.
9. Results and Findings
BWSSB has been allowing different level of participation in various departments. BWSSB is using
ICT to increase awareness level among citizen. They have created infrastructure to improve
educational awareness among student or citizens or tourist regarding waste water management
and water harvesting techniques. Citizens’ are actively participating in grievance redressed
mechanisms. This helps BWSSB to improve the services. However the citizens’ participation in
decision making process is strongly prohibited in BWSSB. Even officer at BWSSB have reservation
about allowing citizens’ to participate in decision making processes.

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There are 8 levels of citizens’ participation in governance (Arnstein, 1969). These are
manipulation, education, information, consultation, involvement, partnership, delegating power
and citizens’ control. In case of BWSSB, they achieved manipulation and information levels.
However they have not covered educational aspects fully and consultation is only provided to
improve services through grievance redress mechanism. However their views regarding how to
solve the particular problems through their point of view is not taken into account.
10. Conclusion
Bangalore water supply system is developed in unsustainable manner. Speed of population
growth and development is very high in Bangalore. Hence to match demand of water for every
sector need an innovative solution. These solutions should be locally suitable and implementable.
Even to generate statistics about ground water supply, daily needs of people, usage and equitable
access, technological knowhow, awareness level of citizens’ about their native water supply
system needs citizens’ participation. Hence citizens’ participation should be enhanced to improve
water supply systems.
Participation does not only creates accountability and brings transparency in system of
governance but also increase awareness level of citizens. Supreme Court of India made water as
fundamental right of every citizen. Now it becomes duty of government to provide minimum
amount of water to each citizen. To create equitable accessible sustainable water supply system,
which could not be possible without citizens’ participation. Citizen participation will not only
increase awareness about their right but also make citizens’ responsible about their resources
and its use and by understanding contemporary condition about it in local area.
11. Recommendations and way forward
There is need to improve technology in pipe line water distribution. This kind of distribution
system uses valves to control the water flow. As some areas of Bangalore is situated at lower
gradient and some at upper gradient levels. To provide equitable water in all areas requires
technological solution to control valves. Meter connections have been successful but not
sufficient to ensure equitability in water supply. Even there is no policy to save the lakes of this
city. There is no policy to look after the revival and maintenance of lakes in this city.
Theme park has been provided to generate awareness level among public regarding water
harvesting and conservation technologies. It has been used by school children and staff and
tourist. However the Bangalore public involvement is minimal in understanding the water system
in Bangalore. There is very less awareness level among citizen regarding Bangalore water supply
system. There has been no efforts to understand and note down the local knowledge about
conservation of water. There is need to conduct a drive where we can merge the local knowledge

14 | P a g e
and contemporary knowledge of water conservation through citizens’ participation in data
generation.
Bangalore water problems has integrated with each other. Increasing population, drying of lakes,
urbanization, exploitation of ground water resources & decreasing level of ground water, limited
quantity of Kaveri water, no awareness among public and not so encouraging mind set of
BWSSB’s officer to allow citizens’ participation in decision making process has created water
problems in Bangalore. Futuristic solution should not be taken without consulting citizens’ of
Bangalore. This will again decrease awareness level among Bangalore citizen about their water
supply system. Right now Bangalore citizens’ are not prepared in handling the situation like high
level of water scarcity. This could only be possible by enhancing level of awareness through
increased participation level in Bangalore water supply systems.
12. Bibliography
1. State of Environment Report, Karnataka, 2011, http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/SOER-
Karnataka-2011-EMPRI(I).pdf
2. Conference on Right to Information & Transparency in the digital age, Stanford University,
March 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysqlgHGkPhs
3. ICT Tools to support public participation in water resources governance & planning:
experiences from the design and testing of a multimedia platform, Journal of Environmental
Assessment Policy & Management, Sept 2003, PP 395-420
4. Rohan Samarajiva, Shriganesh Lokanathan, Kaushalya Madhava, Gabriel Kreindler, Danaja
Maldeniya, “Big Data to Improve Urban Planning” EPW May 30, 2015
5. A Ladder of Citizen Participation, S R Arnstein, July 1969
6. My City My Budget, http://www.ichangemycity.com/
7. BWSSB Official Website, http://mybwssb.org/
8. https://www.nae.edu/Publications/Bridge/43180/43201.aspx
9. Urban Water Crisis Kavarana, Agenda 2011, CSE India.
10. National Action Plan on Climate Change, Prime minister’s council on climate change, 2008
11. MDG India Country Report 2015, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation,
Government of India
12. Water Harvesting to Augment Water Resources: Traditional Technologies & Communities are
part of Solution, Towards Drinking Water Security in India (Lessons from the Field), Water and
Sanitation Program, page 76

15 | P a g e
13. IWMI Tata Annual partners meeting, South Asia Network on Dam, Rivers & People, 28 Nov
2012
14. C. Ramachandraiah, Drinking Water as Fundamental Right, EPW, Feb 24, 2001
15. The High Powered Expert Committee (HPEC), Report on Indian Urban Infrastructure and
Services, 2008
16. Mihir Shah & Himanshu Kulkarni, Urban Water Systems in India: Typology & Hypothesis, EPW,
July 2015
17. UNDP Population Projection

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