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高雄醫學大學附設中和紀念醫院
Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital
兒童藥物使用
注意事項
高醫附設中和紀念醫院 藥學部
王雅玲
Pharmacokinetic factors
Drug therapy in children
Medicine optimization
1
2
3
簡
報
大
綱
2
• Children are not small adults.
• Patient details such as age, weight and surface
area need to be accurate to ensure appropriate
dosing of medicines.
• Weight and surface area may change in a relatively
short time period and necessitate dose adjustment.
• Pharmacokinetic changes in childhood are
important and have a significant influence on drug
handling and need to be considered when
choosing an appropriate dosing regimen for a child.
• The use of an unlicensed medicine in children is
not illegal, although it must be ensured that the
choice of drug and dose is appropriate.
KEY POINTS
3
Pharmacokinetic Factors
1
高雄醫學大學
附設中和紀念醫院
4
Children are not small adults
Nelson Textbook of
Pediatrics (2019)
6
Pediatric population
• Children are not just little adults
– Although most marketed drugs are used in
pediatric patients, only one of fourth of the
drugs approved by U.S. FDA
– Lack of data on important PK and PD
differences has led to several disastrous
situations in pediatric care.
7
8
Pharmacokinetic- Absorption
Oral
absorption
Gastric and intestinal transit time ≒adult: 6 months of age
Gastric and intestinal pH ≒adult: second year of life
Intramuscular
absorption
Muscular blood flow Unpredictable
Muscle mass Unpredictable
Topical
absorption
Stratum corneum Inverse related
Skin hydration Direct related
Rectal
absorption
Similar to GI tract
Erratically absorbed
Rapid onset
9
Pharmacokinetic- Absorption
Nelson Textbook of
Pediatrics (2019)
10
Extracellular fluid volume and total body water
as a percentage of BW at different life stages
Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
Pharmacokinetic- Distribution
11
Pharmacokinetic- Distribution
Nelson Textbook of
Pediatrics (2019)
Pharmacokinetic- Distribution
12
Pharmacokinetic- Distribution
• The amount of body fat is lower in
neonates than in adults
– Highly lipid-soluble drugs are distributed
less widely in infants than in adults
13
14
Pharmacokinetic- Metabolism
Nelson Textbook of
Pediatrics (2019)
Pharmacokinetic- Metabolism
• Drug metabolism is substantially slower
in infants than in older children and
adults.
• There are important differences in the
maturation of various pathways of
metabolism within a premature infant
15
• Reduced capacity for metabolic degradation
at birth is followed by a dramatic increase in
the older infant and young child.
16
Pharmacokinetic- Metabolism
Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
17
Pharmacokinetic- Elimination
Nelson Textbook of
Pediatrics (2019)
18
PK properties of various drugs
19
PK properties of various drugs
Drug Therapy in Children
Dosage
Choice of preparation
2
高雄醫學大學
附設中和紀念醫院
20
• 處方藥品前應確認病童的身高體重以便進
行劑量換算
• 應考慮取量準確性、吞服容易度、吃藥配
合度
• 盡量選擇小兒專用製劑
小兒用藥的考量
• Dosage regimens cannot be based simply on
body weight or surface area of a pediatric
patient extrapolated from adult data.
– Bioavailability, PK, PD, efficacy, and safety
information can differ markedly between pediatric
and adult patients, and among in pediatric patient
– Differences in age, organ function, and disease
state
– Few such studies have correlated pharmacokinetics
with the outcomes of efficacy, adverse effects, or
quality of life.
22
Dosage
• 錠劑與膠囊劑
– 一般來說,通常四歲以上小孩已可吞服此類型
藥劑,不過應避免吞服直徑大於0.6公分的錠
劑,避免噎到,除非藥品不適合磨碎。
– 必要時可用水將藥品軟化、壓成粉末或是剝開
膠囊,搭配少量點心、飲料讓孩子服用。
Choice of preparation
• 軟膠囊
– 應整粒吞服,或以針筒抽出內容物
• 緩釋錠
– 設計成在體內緩慢釋放,磨碎後緩釋效果消失,
可能導致單次劑量過大
• 腸溶錠
– 保護藥品不受胃酸破壞,或防止藥品傷胃
不適合磨粉的藥品類型
• 液劑
– 一般而言,這是小兒最能接受的劑型。服用前
應仔細閱讀瓶身,釐清是否須先加開水配製或
搖勻等注意事項,也應使用小量杯、口服注入
筒等輔助用藥工具,而非任意以家中湯匙取代。
Choice of preparation
• 常見的液劑為糖漿劑與懸浮液
– 乾粉懸浮液第一次使用前應依照指示加入冷開
水混合均勻,每次給藥前需再次搖勻
– 開封使用之藥品應依照指示冷藏或室溫保存至
個別之有效期限
• Ex: Zithromax syrup and Augmentin syrup
Choice of preparation
• 塞劑(栓劑)
– 目前退燒藥與便祕藥是較常見的塞劑
– 台灣天候熱,夏天溫度高,塞劑易融化,可以
放冰箱
– 記得使用前要將外層塑膠撕開
Choice of preparation
• 粉劑
– 將錠劑或膠囊打開後磨碎,添加澱粉、乳糖或
糖粉稀釋後進行分包。是目前一般醫療院所最
常給予小兒藥品的方式之一
– 磨粉其實存在許多的缺點,且分包後的藥品安
定性差,一般建議存放數天到一個月,但這其
實只是共識決,大多並無實驗佐證
– 如兒童已可以吞服藥錠,應避免磨粉
Choice of preparation
• 磨粉的缺點是兒童用藥最常提及的問題
藥品磨粉分包的缺點
• 不宜自行使用成藥或指示藥
• 避免讓兒童吞服直徑大於0.6 公分的錠劑
• 避免磨粉調劑的小兒用藥分包方式
• 勿用家中的茶匙或湯匙量取液劑
小兒用藥應避免
• 阿斯匹靈
– 避免雷氏症候群
• 可能會影響骨骼牙齒發育的藥品
– Fluoroquinolone類抗生素、四環黴素
– 不做為第一線用藥,除非臨床有需求
小兒用藥應避免
32
台灣兒童感染症醫學會
• 不當使用新型喹諾酮可快速引致抗藥性細菌的
出現,兒童使用此類抗生素必須詳細考慮其適
當性,並只限用於某些特殊情形。
• 兒童可以使用新型喹諾酮的時機,包括沒有其
他替代療法的抗藥性細菌感染與不能使用注射
抗生素而無其他可替代之口服抗生素時。
• 新型喹諾酮對結核菌大多有效,使用時必須考
慮結核病的可能性,以免症狀改善但沒有接受
完整抗結核治療。
33
使用建議
台灣兒童感染症醫學會
• 下列情形可考慮於 18 歲以下兒童使用新型喹諾酮,並由兒童感染科
醫師處方:
– 炭疽熱。
– 綠膿桿菌等多重抗藥性細菌引起的泌尿道感染。
– 綠膿桿菌等多重抗藥性細菌引起的中耳炎、乳突炎、外耳炎或鼻竇炎。
– 八歲以下巨環素抗藥性肺炎黴漿菌(macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma
pneumoniae)感染。
– 囊性纖維化(cystic fibrosis)或其他嚴重慢性肺病病童有綠膿桿菌等多重抗藥
– 性細菌之肺部感染。
– 多重抗藥性腸胃道感染:沙門氏菌、痢疾桿菌、霍亂弧菌、空腸曲狀桿菌
(Campylobacter jejuni)。
– 綠膿桿菌等多重抗藥性細菌引起之急性或慢性骨髓炎。
– 分枝桿菌感染:多重抗藥性結核菌、中樞神經系統結核、非結核分枝桿菌感 染、治
療反應不佳的卡介苗嚴重感染。
– 抗藥性細菌引起的敗血症或腦膜炎,無其他適當抗生素可治療。
– 免疫功能低下病童,包括白血球低下的癌症兒童:嚴重細菌感染或使用廣效抗生素治
療但無治療反應,於會診感染科專科醫師後考慮使用。
– 因為藥物過敏等因素無法使用其他替代抗生素之新型喹諾酮感受性細菌的嚴重感染。
34
使用建議
台灣兒童感染症醫學會
35
可能導致 QT 延長之兒科常用藥物
台灣兒童感染症醫學會
• 小朋友皮膚角質層薄,體表面積大,建議
薄薄塗抹即可,尤其是早產兒與新生兒
– 許多外用藥有經皮膚吸收的危險,如全身大量
塗抹類固醇,可能造成全身的副作用
– 直接將成人用藥給小朋友使用
• 給予甘草止咳藥水導致兒童呼吸困難的案例
小兒用藥應避免
• 嬰兒:
– 使用吸管或口服注入筒,將藥品滴在其口腔的
後方或邊緣,慢慢餵服,切勿直接將注入筒接
上口腔直接注射藥品。
• 幼兒或學齡前兒童:
– 可用少量食物掩蓋藥品味道,鼓勵他們合作服
藥。倘若孩童的牙齒處於鬆動階段,應避免使
用咀嚼錠。
小兒服藥建議
38
Medicines Optimization
3
高雄醫學大學
附設中和紀念醫院
39
• Concordance and adherence of parents or
caregivers must be considered.
• Non-adherence
• General principles to improve adherence
– Fewer medicines
– Formulation (taste, appearance, ease of
administration)
– Simple regimen
– Be involved in choosing suitable preparation if
possible.
40
Medicines optimization
Medication Adherence
• Factor affect adherence
– Poor communication between the physician and
patient or parent
– Insufficient prescribing information
– PRN處方應該要把「適應症」、「使用劑量」、「每日最多使用
量」標示清楚
– Lack of understanding about the severity of illness by
the patient or parent
– Lack of interest (eg, among adolescents)
– Fear of side effects
– Failure of the patient or parent to remember to
administer the drugs
– Inconvenient dosage forms or dosing schedules
involving administration of three or more doses daily
– Unpalatability of drug products 41
• Policies and guidance of medicines in
schools.
– No legal or contractual duty on school staff to
administer medicine or supervise a pupil
taking it.--→voluntary role
– Policies and procedures are required to ensure
that prescribed medicines are labels, stored
and administered safely and appropriately.
– Teachers and care assistants are adequately
trained and understand their responsibilities.
42
Medicines optimization
THANK YOU
謝 謝 聆 聽
高雄醫學大學附設中和紀念醫院
Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital
43

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1120620-兒童藥物使用注意事項-王雅玲主任.pdf