Helath

2. OUTLINE
• Health risk source
• How to minimize Health Risk
• Determine factors health risk
• Medical tourism risk, medical
consultation and health insurance
• Malpractice

3. Health Risk Source
International travel can pose various
risk to health, depending on the
characteristics of both the traveler
and the travel

4. Health Risk Source
Serious health risks may arise in areas
where accommodation is poor quality,
hygiene and sanitation are inadequate,
medical services are not well
developed and clean water unavailable

5. Minimize The Risk
All people planning travel should know
about the potential hazards of the
countries they are travelling to and
learn how to minimize their risk of
acquiring diseases.

6. Minimize The Risk
Forward planning, appropriate
preventive measures and careful
precautions can substantially reduce
the risks of adverse health
consequences.

7. Traveler's Responsibility
It is the traveler's responsibility to ask
for information, to understand the risks
involved, and to take the necessary
precautions for the journey

8. Travel-Related Risks
Key factors in determining the risks to which
travelers may be exposed are (WHO 2015) :
– Destination
– Duration and season of travel
– Purpose of travel
– Standards of accommodation and food hygiene
– Behaviour of the traveler
– Underlying health of the traveler

9. Few Potential Risk
Business travelers, visitors and
tourists visiting major cities or tourist
centers and staying in good quality
accommodation

10. Health Risk
The mode of transportation, duration of the
visit and the behavior and lifestyle of the
travelers are important in determining of
exposure to infectious agents or disease

11. Health Risk
Travelers and travel medicine practitioners
should be aware of the occurrence of any
disease outbreaks in their international
destinations

12. Health Risk
Some countries, such as India, Malaysia, or
Thailand have very different infectious disease
related epidemiology to Europe and North
America

13. Health Risk
However, JCI and Trent fulfill the role of
accreditation by assessing the standards in the
healthcare in the countries like India, China
and Thailand.

14. Medical Tourism Risk
Traveling long distances soon after surgery can
increase the risk of complications. Long flights
and decreased mobility in a cramped airline
cabin are a known risk factor for developing
blood clots in the legs

15. Reduce Medical Tourism Risk
To minimize these problems, medical tourism
patients often combine their medical trips
with vacation time set aside for rest and
recovery in the destination country.

16. The Main Responsibilities of Traveler
• Careful planning before departure
• Carrying a medical kit and
understanding its use
• Recognition and acceptance of any
risks involved
• Compliance with recommended
vaccinations and other prescribed
medication

17. The Main Responsibilities of Traveler
• Responsibility for obtaining a physician’s
letter pertaining to any prescription
medicines
• Responsibility for the health and well-
being of accompanying children
• Careful reporting of any illness on return,
including information about all recent
travel
• Respect for the host country and its
population

18. Medical Consultation
This consultation should take place at least 4–
8 weeks before the journey, and preferably
earlier if long-term travel or overseas work is
envisaged.

19. Medical Consultation
• A basic medical kit will be prescribed or
provided, supplemented as appropriate to
meet individual needs.
• Dental and gynecological check-ups are
advisable before travel to developing
countries or prolonged travel to remote areas.

20. Insurance for Travelers
International travelers should be aware that
medical care abroad is often available only at
private medical facilities and may be costly.

21. Insurance for Travelers
It should be noted that some countries now
require proof of adequate health insurance as
a condition for entry

22. Insurance for Travelers
Travelers should be advised to seek
information about possible reciprocal health-
care agreements between the country of
residence and the destination country

23. Insurance for Travelers
Travelers should be advised to obtain special
travelers health insurance for destinations
where health risks are significant and medical
care is expensive or not readily available

24. Insurance for Travelers
Travel agent should inform to travelers of the
procedures for obtaining assistance and
reimbursement, particularly if the insurance
policy is arranged by the travel agent or
company

25. MALPRACTICE

26. PENGERTIAN
• Mal mempunyai arti “salah”
• Praktik mempunyai arti “pelaksanaan” atau
“tindakan”
• Malpraktik berarti “pelaksanaan atau
tindakan yang salah”

27. Medical Malpractice
Medical malpractice can occur when a health
care professional fails to exercise the degree
of care that a reasonable health care
professional would exercise under the same
or similar circumstances. (Nursing Law
Manual, 2008)

28. Nursing Malpractice Claims
(Deanna L. Reising, 2012)
• Failure to follow standards of care
• Failure to use equipment in a responsible
manner
• Failure to assess and monitor
• Failure to communicate
• Failure to document
• Failure to act as a patient advocate or follow
the chain of command

29. Contoh Kasus

30. Diskusi
• Apa yang terjadi pada kasus tersebut?
• Bagaimana/apa tindakan pencegahan yang
seharusnya dilakukan?
• Berikanlah salah satu contoh kejadian malpraktik
yang pernah anda baca/temui/alami di
lingkungan sekitar anda.