4. 3
______11. Which of the following authors wrote the literary text entitled Anna
Karenina?
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______12. Which of the following is the Author of the literary text entitled
Satanic Verses ?
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______13. Which of the following is the Author of the literary text
entitled Harry Potter?
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______14. Who is the author of the literary text entitled Canterbury Tales .
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______15. Who is the author of the literary text entitled Aenied?
a. Virgil b. Ovid c. Homer d. Dante
Lesson
1
Representative Texts and
Authors from Europe
The history of European literature and of each various periods is one of the
prominent figures among world literature. European literature emerges from world
literature before the birth of Europe, whose classical languages are the recipients to
the complex heritage of the Old World. An additional unique feature is the global
expansion of Wes of its literary forms,
especially the novel, the poetry, the epic beginning in the Renaissance.
The literary prominence of Europe is perceptibly known by its notable authors and
their significant works. Here in this module, together, we will venture towards
learning their prolific literary fame.
5. 4
For the previous lesson, we learned about the literary history of North America
and Latin America.
Activity 1
To help you recall the said lesson, a summary is provided below.
To further refresh your memory on the previous lesson, try to answer the activity
below.
Activity 2
Direction: Encircle the letter of your answer.
1. Which of the following poems below was written by David Weatherford?
a. c. My Face
Slow Dance
b. When I was One and Twenty d. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
2. Which of the following authors wrote the poem entitled When I was One and
Twenty?
a. c. Alfred Edward Housman
Kate Chopin
b. d. Carl Weatherman
David Weatherford
3. Kate Chopin is a famous American author. Which among the choices is the title
of her work?
c. c. The Story of an Hour
The Life of Queen Ursula
d. The Trenches and the Soldiers d. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
4. What region in the world incorporates countries such as Mexico, Guatemala,
Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, etc.?
c. North America
a. Europe
d. Asia
b. Latin America
5. Which among the literary texts in the choices is the work of J.G. Thurber?
a. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty c. The Life of Queen Ursula
b. The Story of an Hour d. The Guaman Pope
6. Which among the options is a work of a great American writer, named
Tess Almendarez-Locajono?
a. Just One Thing c. The Guaman Pope
b. Cold Summers d. Latinian Orthodox
What Is Latin American Literature?
Latin American literature refers to written and oral works created by authors in
parts of North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Latin American authors
usually write in Spanish, Portuguese, English, or a language native to their specific
country.
Latin American literature has a rich history starting in the Pre-Colombian period
and working all the way up to modern day. With each period of Latin American
history, came a genre that dominated the field.
6. 5
7. Which among the choices is the work of Robert Charles Benchley?
a. My Face c. The Road Not Taken
b. Cold Summers d. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
8. Which among the choices is an author from Latin America?
a. Alfred Edward Housman c. Tess Almendarez-Locajono
b. Kate Chopin d. David L. Weatherford
9. Which American author wrote the literary text entitled The Battle of the Sexes?
a. James Grover Thurber c. Mezoreta Arcele
b. Vicente Huidobro d. Jose Hernandez
10. What was the poem collection which was popularly published by Alfred Edward
Housman?
a. The Ballads of Amster c. The Harmshire Heavens
b. A Shropshire Lad d. Sonnets of April Summers
Thumbs up! You are now ready for the next activities.
Each one of us usually appreciates music and poems. At home or in school,
these are the common medium where the point of intuitive fellowship is born. On
the matter of fluency, some even have gone to the level of composing songs and
poems that expresses admiration, appreciation, writing stories about your personal
experiences, drafting blogs, composing pick-up lines and then sharing these pieces
on social media. These stuffs that you are performing are forms of literature.
Notes to the Teacher:
Teacher facilitates an activity that enables learners to use previously
taught lesson.
7. 6
Activity 3: #Becom Who?
Directions: Recognize the names of authors given in Relate them to the
column A.
corresponding literary titles in
column B. Write the letter of your answer on the space
provided before each number.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
___ 1. William Shakespeare a. Canterbury Tales
b. Charge the Light Brigade
___ 2. J.K. Rowling
___ 3. Geoffrey Chaucer Romeo and Juliet
c.
d. The Satanic Verses
___ 4. Ovid
___ 5. Dante e. Divine Comedy
f. Iliad and Odyssey
___ 6. Homer
___ 7. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie g. Metamorphosis
h. Harry Potter
___ 8. Lord Alfred Tennyson
___ 9. John Milton i. Paradise Lost
j. Aeneid
___ 10. Virgil
___ 11. Leo Tolstoy k. Oedipus the King
___ 12. Sophocles l. Anna Karenina
m. The Watchers
1. What did you do to come-up with the right choice of answer?
2. What did you feel as you do the activity?
The names that are presented in column A are all European authors, the
contexts found in column B are the titles of the literary texts that they have
contributed in literary history development.
Our next activity will now let you remember the different representative
literary texts from the different regions in Europe, as well as the authors whom
have contributed in the development of literature, ranging from the notable
classical writers up to the 21 century authors.
st
What is It
Literature broadly refers to any collection of written or oral work, but it
more
commonly and narrowly refers to writings specifically considered to be an art form,
especially prose (fiction, non-fiction), epic drama poetry forms and the like, in
,
contrast to academic writing and newspapers.
Literature, as an art form, can also include works in various non-fiction
genres, such as autobiography, diaries, memoir, letters, and the essay, as well as in
the disciplines of history and philosophy.
The literatures of Europe are compiled in many languages; among the most
important those
of the modern written works are
in English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, German, Italian, Modern
Greek, Czech, Russian, Macedonian, the Scandinavian languages, Gaelic and
Turkish.
8. 7
Important classical and medieval European literary traditions are those
in Latin, Ancient Greek, Old Bulgarian, Macedonian, Old Norse, Medieval
French and the Italian Tuscan dialect of the renaissance.
Periods of European Literature
1. Old English or Anglo-Saxon (c. 450-1066)
- Encompasses the surviving literature written in Old English in Anglo-Saxon
England, in the period after the settlement of the Saxons and other Germanic tribes
in England c. 450 and "ending soon after the Norman Conquest" in 1066.
Genre, elements, structures, traditions:
Middle English literature (10661500)
.
2 –
- Middle English literature was written in many dialects that corresponded to
the region, history, culture, and background of individual writers.
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
3. English Renaissance (1500
–1660)
The English Renaissance turns to be a cultural and artistic
movement.
introduced the sonnet from Italy to England
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
4. Elizabethan period (15581603)
–
The rise of Edmund Spenser, Sir Philip Sidney
William Shakespeare stands out in this period as a poet
Renowned Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
5. Jacobean period (1603–1625)
vernacular literature
vernacular liturgy
sonnet
Bible translations
Romances
allegorical narrative poem
drama
folk tales
Hagiographies
historiography
Bible translations
Romances
allegorical narrative poem
drama
liturgy
folk tales
epic poetry
hagiography
sermons
Bible translations
chronicles
Riddles
English Renaissance theatre
Poetry
Tragedy
romances
tragicomedies
epic poem
songs
9. 8
and tragedy
popularized the English sonnet
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
Late Renaissance (1625
6. –1660)
Rise of the second generation metaphysical poets
The birth of allegory and classical allusions, and epic works
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
Metaphysical poem
allegory and classical allusions
epic
7. Restoration Age (1660
–1700)
the pioneering of literary criticism
ical
upheaval and his epic poem
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
8. Age of Romanticism (17981837)
–
originated artistic, literary, and intellectual movement in
landscape is often prominent in the poetry of this period so
much so that the Romantics, especially perhaps Wordsworth, are
often described as 'nature poets
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
(1837
. Victorian literature
9 –1901)
the novel became the leading literary genre in English
Charles Dickens emerged on the literary scene
Introduction of detective novel in the English language.
Development of science fiction novels and realistic fiction
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
10. Modernism (1901–2000)
poetry and visual arts
Sonnet
Lyrical Ballad
elegy
metrical romance
dramatic monologue
Romantic novel
historical novel
nature poem
romantic poem
problem play
tragedies
English sonnet
Metaphysical poem
revenge play
romance
long fiction
fictional biographies
Romance fiction
drama
comedy
sexual comedy play
moral wisdom prose
literary criticism narratives
epic poem
satirical verse
fiction and journalism
political and economic writing
philosophical themes
allegory
novel
science fiction
realistic fiction
Romanticism
ghost story
horror story
vampire literature
horror fiction
invasion literature
short stories
Literature for children
poetry
dramatic monologue
musical burlesques
comic operas
novel
feminist novels
literary realism
10. 9
English literary modernism developed in the early
twentieth-century
lyric poet and major novels evolved
maintained a conservative approach to poetry by combining
romanticism, sentimentality and hedonism.
The emergence of British writer of the early years of the
twentieth-century Rudyard Kipling
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
Representative texts and authors from Europe Literature of the Ancient Greece:
Oedipus the King – Sophocles –
Oedipus the King is a tragedy by the ancient Greek playwright Sophocles,
first performed in about 429 BCE. It was the second of Sophocles three Theban
plays to be produced, but it comes first in the internal chronology (followed
by and then ).
It follows the story of King Oedipus of Thebes as he discovers that he has
unwittingly killed his own father, Laius, and married his own mother, Jocasta. Over
the centuries, it has been regarded by many as the Greek tragedy par excellence and
certainly as the summit of Sophocles
Shortly after Oedipus , his father, King Laius of Thebes, learned from an
oracle that he, Laius, was doomed to perish by the hand of his own son, and
so ordered his wife Jocasta to kill the infant.
However, neither she nor her servant could bring themselves to kill him
and he was abandoned to elements. There he was found and brought up by a
shepherd, before being taken in and raised in the court of the childless King Polybus
of Corinth as if he were his own son.
Stung by rumors that he was not the biological son of the king, Oedipus consulted
an oracle which foretold that he would marry his own mother and kill his own father.
Desperate to avoid this foretold fate, and believing Polybus and Merope to be his true
parents, Oedipus left Corinth.
On the road to Thebes, he met Laius, his real father, and, unaware of each
Oedipus
Later, he solved the riddle of the Sphinx and
of Queen Jocasta (actually his biological mother) and the crown of the city of
Thebes. The prophecy was thus fulfilled, although none of the main characters were
aware of it at this point.
Modernist poetry in English
Conservatism
Impressionism
lyric poetry
feminism
allegorical novel
television plays
Radio drama
genre fiction
fantasy
science fiction
short stories
detective novels
thriller writing
comic science fiction
darkly comic fantasy
children's novels
11. 10
A priest and the Chorus of Theban elders are calling on King Oedipus to aid
them with the plague which has been sent by Apollo to ravage the city. Oedipus has
already sent Creon, his brother-in-law, to consult the oracle at Delphi on the matter,
and when Creon returns at that very moment, he reports that the plague will only
end when the murderer of their former king, Laius, is caught and brought to justice.
Oedipus vows to find the murderer and curses him for the plague that he has
caused.
Oedipus also summons the blind prophet Tiresias, who claims to know the
answers to Oedipus‘ questions, but refuses to speak, lamenting his ability to see the
truth when the truth brings nothing but pain. He advises Oedipus to abandon his
search but, when the enraged Oedipus accuses Tiresias of complicity in the murder,
Tiresias is provoked into telling the king the truth, that he himself is the murderer.
Oedipus dismisses this as nonsense, accusing the prophet of being corrupted by
the ambitious Creon in an attempt to undermine him, and Tiresias leaves, putting
forth one last riddle: that the murderer of Laius will turn out to be both father and
brother to his own children, and the son of his own wife.
Oedipus demands that Creon be executed, convinced that he is conspiring
against him, and only the intervention of the Chorus persuades him to let Creon
live. Oedipus‘ wife Jocasta tells him he should take no notice of prophets and oracles
anyway because, many years ago, she and Laius received an oracle which never
came true. This prophecy said that Laius would be killed by his own son but, as
everyone knows, Laius was actually killed by bandits at a crossroads on the way to
Delphi. The mention of crossroads causes Oedipus to give pause and he suddenly
becomes worried that Tiresias‘ accusations may actually have been true.
When a messenger from Corinth arrives with news of the death of King
Polybus, Oedipus shocks everyone with his apparent happiness at the news, as he
sees this as proof that he can never kill his father, although he still fears that he
may somehow commit incest with his mother. The messenger, eager to ease
Oedipus‘ mind, tells him not to worry because Queen Merope of Corinth was not in
fact his real mother anyway.
The messenger turns out to be the very shepherd who had looked after an
abandoned child, which he later took to Corinth and gave up to King Polybus for
adoption. He is also the very same shepherd who witnessed the murder of Laius. By
now, Jocasta is beginning to realize the truth, and desperately begs Oedipus to stop
asking questions. But Oedipus presses the shepherd, threatening him with torture
or execution, until it finally emerges that the child he gave away was Laius’ own son, and that
Jocasta had given the baby to the shepherd to secretly be exposed upon the
mountainside, in fear of the prophecy that Jocasta said had never come true: that
the child would kill its father.
With all now finally revealed, Oedipus curses himself and his tragic destiny
and stumbles off, as the Chorus laments how even a great man can be felled by fate.
A servant enters and explains that Jocasta, when she had begun to suspect the
truth, had ran to the palace bedroom and hanged herself there. Oedipus enters,
deliriously calling for a sword so that he might kill himself and raging through the
house until he comes upon Jocasta‘s body. In final despair, Oedipus takes two long gold
pins from her dress, and plunges them into his own eyes.
Now blind, Oedipus begs to be exiled as soon as possible, and asks Creon to
look after his two daughters, Antigone and Ismene, lamenting that they should have
been born into such a cursed family. Creon counsels that Oedipus should be kept
in the palace until oracles can be consulted regarding what is best to be done
12. 11
England- Age of Restoration (1660–1700)
John Milton (9 December 1608 8 November 1674) was an English poet and –
intellectual who served as a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under
its Council of State and later under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of
religious flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem
Paradise Lost (1667), written in blank verse, and widely considered to be one of
the greatest works of literature ever written.
Representative Text
Paradise Lost
John Milton
Paradise Lost has two narrative arcs, one about Satan (Lucifer) and the other
following Adam and Eve. It begins after Satan and the other rebel angels have been
defeated and banished to Hell, also called in the poem, Tartarus. In Pandæmonium,
the capital city of Hell, Satan employs his rhetorical skill to organize his followers;
he is aided by Mammon and Beelzebub. Belial and Moloch are also present. At the
end of the debate, Satan volunteers to corrupt the newly created Earth and God's
new and most favoured creation, Mankind. He braves the dangers of the Abyss alone
in a manner reminiscent of Odysseus or Aeneas. After an arduous traversal of the
Chaos outside Hell, he enters God's new material World, and later the Garden of
Eden.
At several points, an Angelic War over Heaven is recounted from different
perspectives. Satan's rebellion follows the epic convention of large-scale warfare.
The battles between the faithful angels and Satan's forces take place over three
days. At the final battle, the Son of God single-handedly defeats the entire legion of
angelic rebels and banishes them from Heaven. Following this purge, God creates
the World, culminating in his creation of Adam and Eve. While God gave Adam and
Eve total freedom and power to rule over all creation, he gave them one explicit
command: not to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil on penalty of
death.
Adam and Eve are having a romantic and sexual relationship while still being
without sin. They have passions and distinct personalities. Satan, disguised in the
form of a serpent, successfully tempts Eve to eat from the Tree by preying on her
vanity and tricking her with rhetoric. Adam, learning that Eve has sinned,
knowingly commits the same sin. He declares to Eve that since she was made from
his flesh, they are bound to one another- if she dies, he must also die. Adam was
seen as – a heroic figure, but also as a greater sinner than Eve, as he is aware that
what he is doing is wrong.
Soon as they fall asleep, both have terrible nightmares, and after they awake,
they experience guilt and shame for the first time. Realizing that they have
committed a terrible act against God, they engage in mutual recrimination.
Meanwhile, Satan returns triumphantly to Hell, amid the praise of his fellow
fallen angels. He tells them about how their scheme worked and Mankind has fallen,
giving them complete dominion over Paradise. As he finishes his speech, however,
the fallen angels around him become hideous snakes, and soon enough, Satan
himself turns into a snake, deprived of limbs and unable to talk. Thus, they share
the same punishment, as they shared the same guilt.
Eve appeals to Adam for reconciliation of their actions. Her encouragement
enables them to approach God, and sue for grace, bowing on supplicant knee, to
receive forgiveness. In a vision shown to him by the Archangel Michael, Adam
13. 12
witnesses everything that will happen to Mankind until the Great Flood. Adam is
very upset by this vision of the future, so Michael also tells him about Mankind's
potential redemption from original sin through Jesus Christ (whom Michael calls
"King Messiah").
Adam and Eve are cast out of Eden, and Michael says that Adam may find "a
paradise within thee, happier far." Adam and Eve also now have a more distant
relationship with God, who is omnipresent but invisible (unlike the tangible Father
in the Garden of Eden).
17th Century Russian Literature
Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (August 1828 November 1910), usually –
referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer who is regarded as
one of the greatest authors of all time, He received multiple nominations for the
Nobel Prize in Literature every year from 1902 to 1906 and nominations for Nobel
Peace Prize in 1901, 1902 and 1910.
Born to an aristocratic Russian family in 1828, he is best known for the novels
War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877), often cited as pinnacles of
realist fiction.
Representative Text
Anna Karenina
Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy tracks the life of aristocrat Anna Karenina and her
tryst with Count Vronsky. The novel is staged in the late nineteenth century at the
height of major political and social changes in Russia. Anna Karenina includes
dozens of characters that portray a realistic account of Russian society during this
period.
Dolly, Kitty's sister, discovered her husband Stiva having an affair. Anna
Karenina consoles Dolly and convinces her to stay with her husband. Meanwhile,
Kitty is proposed to by Konstantin Levin. She turns him down because she is in love
with Count Vronsky.
Count Vronsky shows no interest in Kitty. Upon meeting Anna, he falls in love
with and courts her even though she is already married. At a ball, Anna and
Vronsky give each other so much attention that Kitty realizes she will never be with
him. Anna returns to St. Petersburg followed by Count Vronsky, while Konstantin
returns to his estate in the countryside heartbroken.
Torn apart by Vronsky's affection for Anna, Kitty becomes ill and goes to a
healing center. Kitty comes back to St. Petersburg feeling better and more prepared
to be a wife.
Anna and Count Vronsky consummate their relationship. She struggles with
her roles as wife and mistress. Anna becomes pregnant with Count Vronsky's child
and tells her husband, Karenin, of the affair.
Konstantin Levin focuses on his farm and tries to find meaning in life without
Kitty. He watches as his brother falls deathly ill from tuberculosis.
Despite Anna being pregnant with his child, Count Vronsky refuses to commit
himself to her. He struggles to choose between his love for Anna and his career goals.
Anna rejects the option to stay with her husband; however, she doesn't know what to
do since she cannot depend on Vronsky for support.
Levin and Kitty become engaged.
14. 13
Although Anna refused him, Karenin does his best to appear happy with his
marriage in public. However, after becoming angry with the circumstances, he hires a
divorce lawyer.
Anna becomes ill with puerperal fever and is on her deathbed when Karenin
forgives her for the affair and says that she can be with Vronsky. Although Karenin
was willing to give her one, Anna refuses divorce because she is afraid that she will
lose her son.
15. 14
Humiliated by his past actions and unwillingness to support Anna, Vronsky
unsuccessfully attempts suicide. Anna and Vronsky travel together after she is better.
Kitty and Levin are married and struggle with the reality of married life. Kitty
becomes pregnant.
Anna and Vronsky return from Italy. After seeing her son again, Anna realizes how
alone she feels. She becomes desperate to legitimize her relationship with Vronsky.
Although Vronsky advises against it, Anna attends the opera, where she is treated
insultingly. Vronsky is angry that she didn't listen to him, while Anna is furious with
him for not understanding her social position. The two move to the countryside, but the
relationship begins to deteriorate.
Dolly visits Anna. She realizes that Anna's life is cold compared to her life. Anna
confesses that Vronsky's interest is waning. At the same time, Count Vronsky feels
suffocated by Anna's intense love, which becomes apparent when Anna requests he
return home during a political convention.
Upon realizing the relationship with Vronsky will not endure, Anna commits
suicide.
Count Vronsky enlists in the Russian military. Meanwhile, a peaceful Levin
learns that the meaning of life is about living for the good of humanity.
Representative Texts and Authors from other European Countries
Country Author Text
England
Lord Alfred Tennyson Charge the Light Brigade
J.K. Rowling Harry Potter
John Bunyan
William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet
Geoffrey Chaucer Book of the Duchess
France
Alexander Dumas The Count of Monte Cristo
Ezza Agha Malak
Qu'as-tu fait de tes mômes,
Papa ?
Victor Marie Hugo Les Misérables
Michael Praust In Search of Lost Time
Voltaire The Maids of Orleans
Guy de Maupassant Bel Ami
–
Greece
Homer Iliad and Odyssey
Sophocles Electra
Odysseas Alepoudellis The Elegies of Oxopetra
Aeschylus Oresteia
Rome
Publius Vergilius Maro
( Virgil)
Aenied
Dante Alighieri (Dante) Divine Comedy
Ovid Metamorphosis
16. 15
Andrea Bajani Ogni Promessa (2010)
Alessandro Baricco
Senza sangue Without Blood
,; ,
2002
Russia
Count Lev Nikolayevich
Tolstoy (Leo Tolstoy)
The Death of Ivan Ilyich
Lyudmila Evgenyevna
Ulitskaya
The People of Our Tsar ,
2005)
Vladimir Vladimirovich
Mayakovsky
The War and the World (1917)
Sweden
Väinö Linna The Unknown Soldier , 1954
Eyvind Johnson
The Days of His Grace, 1960
Literary Genre
The three genres of literature are and all of
PROSE, POETRY and DRAMA
them have a unique way of writing them.
PROSE is the most regular, easiest and simplest form of writing; you basically
need no skill in writing this. It is however written in chapters and verses that is how
you recognise them. They are also a continuous form of writing, which basically the
aim of a prose is to narrate a story.
Prose can be of any form, but first it comes in two types, which is the
fictitious
and non -fictitious, fictitious prose tends to be more interesting, because it is the
creativity of a writer that makes people want to read a myth instead of the true story.
DRAMA on the hand is basically a style of writing that portrays the actions of men,
and this genre of literature comes in and is
dialogue written in scenes because it
should originally been acted on a stage, before being written down.
POETRY is the most difficult genre. Many people write prose and call it poetry,
however without the add-ons of and
figures of speeches literary devices, a work
can never be considered a poem.
Poetry consists the more formal metrical structure of verse. Poetry often involves
a metrical or rhyming scheme.
What Is Structure In A Poem?
The structure of a poem refers to the way it is presented to the reader. This could
include technical things such as the line length and stanza format. Or it could
include the flow of the words used and ideas conveyed.
1. Line length shows the reader how it should be read. Short lines are usually
read faster, with more emotion. Longer lines slow down the pace of a poem.
Choosing appropriate line breaks gives a reader a chance to take a natural
breath.
17. 16
Those who write poetry pay careful attention to elements like sentence
length, word placement and even how lines are grouped together.
2. Rhythm or the beat that the poem follows. This will typically be measured in
meters (sets of syllables that are stressed and unstressed) that the reader will
sing along with.
Consider the rhythmic effect of music and the words. What emotions does the
singer display? The notes and the meter may be fast at first, but they may
slow down later on. This rhythm affects the message as a whole.
3. Stanzas, the groups of lines, are like paragraph in prose. They contain a
central idea. Having multiple stanzas gives readers a chance to focus on
multiple ideas. Think about a page with writing. Is it more manageable to read
it if all the words flow together as one paragraph or if they are broken apart
into appropriate paragraphs? The same works with poetry.
4. Consistency
Structure also refers to the consistency used throughout the poem. An author
might start each line with a certain part of speech, or a repeated line or phrase
is used at the same spot in each stanza.
When a poem has a strong sense of structure, it flows from beginning to end,
and the ideas are easily conveyed.
Here is an example of rhyme in poetry.
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloudby William Wordsworth (an excerpt)
I wandered lonely as acloud
hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Structure of Poetry and Its Elements
The Line: A line in a poem is not the same as a sentence. Just because the words
are placed in a single line, does not mean that the thought is complete.
As you read through a poem, and you come to the end of a line where there
is no punctuation after the last word, there is no need to pause navigate to the
–
start of the next line and continue reading.
For example, in the poemAnnabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe.
It was many and many a year ago,
In a kingdom by the sea,
That a maiden there lived whom you may know
By the name of Annabel Lee;
And this maiden she lived with no other thought
Than to love and be loved by me.
I was a child and she was a child,
In this kingdom by the sea,
18. 17
SUMMARY OF LITERARY TEXT ELEMENTS
Author/
Literary Period
Representa-
tive Text
Genre/structure/elements
Count Lev
Nikolayevich/
17th
Century
Russian
Literature
Anna
Karenina
Genre: prose poetry/, written in chaptersFamily
Drama, Romance, Tragedy, Literary Fiction
Elements:
Theme:
Social Change in Nineteenth-Century Russia
The Philosophical Value of Farming
The Blessings of Family Life
Adultery
Forgiveness
Death
Setting:
Late 19th Century Moscow, Petersburg, The
Russian Countryside
a time of insane amounts of intellectual
fervor and debate about what direction
Russia should take in becoming a modern
nation.
Characters/characterization:
Anna Arkadyevna Karenina
A beautiful, aristocratic married
woman from St. Petersburg whose
pursuit of love and emotional honesty
makes her an outcast from society
into social exile, misery, and finally
suicide
Alexandrovich Karenina
high-ranking government minister
and one of the most important men in
St. Petersburg
is formal and duty-bound
is cowed by social convention and
constantly presents a flawless façade
of a cultivated and capable manAlexei
Kirillovich Vronsky
A wealthy and dashing military officer
whose love for Anna prompts her to
desert her husband and son.
Vronsky is passionate and caring
toward Anna
Was clearly disappointed when their
affair forces him to give up his dreams
of career advancement
Konstantin Dmitrich Levin
A socially awkward but generous-hearted
landowner
the co-protagonist of the novel
19. 18
Shcherbatskaya ultimately ends in a
happy marriage
is intellectual and philosophical
applies his thinking to practical matters
such as agriculture
aims to be sincere and productive in
whatever he does
Ekaterina Alexandrovna Shcherbatskaya
(Kitty)
A beautiful young woman who is courted
by both Levin and Vronsky, and who
ultimately marries Levin
-life wife
Kitty is sensitive and perhaps a bit
overprotected, shocked by some of the
crude realities of life
displays great courage and compassion in
dying brother Nikolai.
Plot:
Initial Situation
Anna's life goes downhill, Levin's goes
up, and what makes Levin happy (i.e.,
his family) is exactly what makes Anna
miserable
Conflict
Anna meets Vronsky and starts feeling
unsatisfied with her family life
Levin attempts both farming and
marriage proposing, and fails at both.
Complication
As Anna's dissatisfaction with her own
marriage mounts, she turns more and
more to Vronsky
Levin continues on his quest to resolve
his existential angst through marriage
and farming
Climax
Anna suffers an irreparable break with
Karenin and ties her fate forever to
Vronsky
Levin finally gets the girl.
What is Karenin going to do about his
wayward wife?
Levin is married, is he finally satisfied?
Denouement
Anna commits suicide
Levin has an epiphany
Conclusion
Anna is dead
Levin embraces his love for the family
he's been looking for throughout the
novel.
20. 19
Point of view:
told from the perspective of an omniscient,
or all-knowing third-person narrator
The story slips into the perspectives
of Anna, Vronsky, Karenin, Levin even
Levin's dog, Laska
Atmosphere: Tragic
ACTIVITY 4: Lesson Discovery
DIRECTIONS: Give short narrative lines that will express what you have learned
from the discussions presented above.
Question cues:
1. What are your observations regarding the literary genres utilized in each
literary period?
__________________________________________________________________________
2. Give similarities and differences among each region as well as each period
pertaining to utilization of literary genres. Cite specific periods compared.
__________________________________________________________________________
Activity 5:Know the Literary Terms
Directions: Arrange the rambled letters to form the name of the literary terms
utilized in the European literature. Write your answer on the space provided for.
1. SEROP ___________________
2. ___________________
TYROPE
3. ___________________
TIRERAVAN
4. NOTICIF ___________________
5. ___________________
SLOVEN
6. ___________________
MHTYHR
7. ___________________
NAZATS
8. ___________________
MEDUENTONE
9. GREEN ___________________
___________________
10. RATCEHARC
Activity 6:Guess w hat
Directions: Determine what is described in each item below. Write your answer on
the space provided before each number.
_________________1. What was the oracle which plagued the life of Oedipus in
Sophocles tragedy entitled Oedipus the King?
_________________2. What option did King Laius do in order to keep rid from the
oracle and to preven
t the fulfilment of the oracle?
_________________3. How did Jocasta acted upon knowing that the oracle was
fulfilled?
_________________4. With the despair of Oedipus, knowing the fulfilment of the oracle,
what did he do to himself?
21. 20
_________________5. What are the two narrative arcs which John Milton utilized in
the logical story presentation in his work entitled Paradise Lost?
_________________6. What was God’s favoured creation presented in Paradise Lost..
_________________7. In John Milton’s Paradise Lost, how did Satan corrupted the
creation of God?
_________________8. What was God’s punishment to Satan after he corrupted Adam
and Eve as John Milton portrayed?
_________________9. In Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina, how did he portrayed his main
character Anna?
_________________10. How did Leo Tolstoy presented a more realistic story in Anna
Karenina.
Activity 7: Guess what?
Directions: Read and understand the selection given. Fill-in the table provided
below with the corresponding details that would be taken from the selection. Write
your answer on the space provided in each item.
The Satanic Verses
Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie first
published in 1988 and inspired in part by
the life of Muhammad
Gabreel and Saladin are both Indian Muslims living in England. Gibreel
Farishta is a successful film actor who has suffered a recent bout of mental illness
and who is in love with an English mountain climber, Alleluia Cone. Saladin
Chamcha is a voice actor who has had a falling out with his father. Gibreel and
Saladin meet on a flight from Bombay (Mumbai) to London, and the plane is
hijacked by Sikh terrorists. During an argument the terrorists accidently detonate
a bomb, destroying the aircraft over the English Channel. Gibreel and Saladin
miraculously survived the tribulation, and were the fortunate survivors, falling into
the Atlantic Ocean.
As Gibreel descends, he is transformed into the angel Gabriel and has a
series of dreams. The first one is a revisionist history of the founding of Islam. The
character based on Muhammad is called Mahound, and he is attempting to found
a monotheistic religion in the polytheistic town of Jahilia. As in an apocryphal
legend, Mahound receives a vision allowing the worship of three goddesses, but,
after realizing that the confirming revelation was sent by the devil, he recants. A
quarter century later one of his disciples ceases to believe in Mahound’s religion, but the
town of Jahilia converts. Prostitutes in a brothel take the names of Mahound’s wives before the
brothels are closed. Later Mahound falls ill and dies, with his final vision being of
one of the goddesses.
Saladin is transformed into the devil as he falls, and he later grows horns
and goat legs with cloven hoofs. The two men crawl onto the coast, and Saladin is
arrested as an illegal immigrant. After being hospitalized, he escapes, only to find
that his wife is having an affair with one of his friends. His misfortunes continue as
he loses his job. However, his rage at Gibreel for failing to intervene when he was
arrested eventually transforms Saladin back into a fully human man.
In the meantime, Gibreel is reunited with Alleluia, but an angel tells him to
leave her and spread the word of God in London. He is hit by the car of an Indian
22. 21
film producer, who plans a trio of religious films in which Gibreel will star as an
archangel. Later, Gibreel and Saladin meet at a party, and Saladin decides to kill
23. 22
him. However, although he has various opportunities, he does not murder Gibreel
and instead induces him to believe that Alleluia has several lovers.
Gibreel eventually realizes that Saladin has tricked him and resolves to kill
him. However, when Gibreel finds Saladin in a burning building, he rescues him.
Saladin has thoughts of his family in India where his beautiful hometown
reminds him of the best of his life. Upon learning that his father is dying, Saladin
returns to Bombay and reconciles with him. He inherits a substantial sum of money
and reconnects with a former girlfriend. Separately, Gibreel and Alleluia also travel
to Bombay, and a jealous Gibreel murders her and then kills himself.
Activity cue: In a separate sheet of paper, copy and fill-the grid below with the
appropriate details pertaining to literary text genre.
LITERARY TEXT ANALYSIS
Author/Literary
Period
Representative
Text
Genre/structure/elements
1. _______ 2. _______
Genre: ______________
______________
Elements:
Theme: ______________
______________
Setting:
______________
Characters/characterization:
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
Plot:
Initial Situation
Exposition:
_____________________
Rising Action (Conflict,
Complication):
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
Climax (Crisis, Turning Point):
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
24. 23
Falling Action:
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
Resolution (Denouement):
____________________________
____________________________
Atmosphere:
____________________________
____________________________
What I Have Learned
Wow! You are almost done. It is time to check what you have learned so
far from our lesson before we proceed to your assessment. This activity will give
a summary of everything you learned from our lesson.
Activity 8: Express your thoughts
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct information about the 21 Century
st
Literature from the Philippines and the World pertaining to the representative texts
and authors from Europe.
1. What are similarities which you could provide regarding the different
literary texts discussed?
Answer:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What specific family values which Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie resented in his
work entitled Satanic Verse?
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3.
reflect in the case of the temptation of Adam and Eve to eat the forbidden
fruit?
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Give the similarities and differences between the literary texts entitled
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Give short description of Anna as portrayed by Leo Tolstoy.
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
25. 24
What I Can Do
You are now ready to apply what you have learned about the 21 Century
st
literature of Europe and its representative texts and authors. Let us begin.
Activity 9: Reflect!
Directions: Write a literary piece expressing the value and importance of determining
the tragedy genre. Cite situations that will connect it to the present pandemic
situation experienced in the world. Make some graphic illustrations that will portray
the plot of your storyline. Post if in our class GC. (10 points)
Write your output in a clean long bond paper.
Rubric for Literary piece writing and graphic illustration
Criteria 4 3 2 1 Total
Relevance The piece
all
consists
the elements
of literary
tragedy genre.
The piece
missed to
include 2 of
the elements
of literary
tragedy
genre.
The piece
missed to
include 3 of the
elements of
literary tragedy
genre.
piece
The
missed to
include 4 and
more of the
elements of
literary
tragedy genre.
Graphic
illustrations
The storyline
and flow of
actions in the
is
piece
perfectly
illustrated.
The
illustrations
missed to
portray 2
flow of
actions from
the literary
piece
The
illustrations
missed to
portray 3 flow
of actions from
literary
the
piece
The
illustrations
missed to
portray 4 and
more flow of
actions from
literary
the
piece
8
26. 25
Assessment
Congratulations for having made it this far! Now, let us check what you have
learned.
. :
A.Directions Some of the statements below are true about the 21 Century
st
European literature and its representative texts and authors and some are not. Write
T if the statement is true and if the statement is False. Write your answer on the
F
space provided before the number.
____________1. Geoffrey Chaucer is the author of Book of the Duchess.
____________2. Satan is considered as a fa .
____________3. Leo Tolstoy wrote the Satanic Verse.
____________4. The Satanic verse is honed on the life of Lucifer.
____________5. A tragedy literary genre implicates the suffering of the protagonist.
____________6. The Anna Karenina written by Leo Tolstoy employs adventure as its
theme.
____________7. Romeo and Juliet is one of the best work of Geoffrey Chaucer.
____________8. Iliad and Odyssey is an epic poem written by Homer.
____________9. Edgar Allan Poe composed Annabel Lee.
____________10. The poem I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud was written by
Wordswoth.
B. Directions: Identify what literary element is present in the following lines.
11. It was a dark cold night in November, when Antonio discovered the buried
bones of his loved one Celina.
Genre: ______________________
12. Which line/phrase in the context in item11, leads you to determine its genre?
Line/phrase: _________________________________________
13. Under the cover of the golden moonshine, Juliet stood with her angelic smile,
Romeo swears his unfading love with the maiden
Genre: ______________________
14. Which line/phrase in the context that leads you to determine its genre?
Line/phrase: _________________________________________
15. Whose poetic lines are these?
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
Author: ______________________
27. 26
Additional Activities
Great job! You are finally done with your Assessment. Now, it is time to reinforce
your understanding of the lesson by accomplishing the given task.
Direction: Choose one (1) of the three (3) given tasks below.
Task 1: Compose, memorize, recite and record a poem expressing your own personal
way of preventing the spread of COVID 19 virus. Post it in our class GC.
Task 2: Make a mini-poster about the poem (pandemic theme) that you composed.
Add a slogan that will express the thought of your poster. Post it in our
class GC.
Task 3: Assign a musical tone to the poem that you composed. Sing it, or find
anybody in the family to sing it in your own rendition. You may sing it
with a partner or you may be in group.
Record the song presentation and post it in the class GC
Rubric for Literary poem writing and graphic illustration
Criteria 4 3 2 1 Total
Relevance The poem
consists all
the elements
and structure
of poetry.
The poem
missed 1
elements
and
structure of
poetry.
The poem
missed 2
and
elements
of
structure
poetry.
The poem
missed all the
elements and
structure of
poetry.
Graphic
illustrations
The poster
illustrated 4
and more
ways of
preventing
COVID 19
pandemic.
The poster
illustrated
ways of
preventing
19
COVID
pandemic.
The poster
2
illustrated
ways of
preventing
COVID 19
pandemic.
The poster to
illustrate and
of
ways
preventing
COVID 19
pandemic.
8