C H A P T E RT H R E EEmpires, States, and the New Worl.docx
Khurshid EAEGI
1. What was East Asia's role
in 16th
- 20th
century
European political and
economic strategy?
What were the dominant forces at
play in this relationship?
Khurshid Mehtiyeva
2. Structure
1500 – 1750s, an era of balanced economic
power between parts of Europe & East Asia.
1750 – 1890s.: political breakdown in East Asian
countries; the Industrial Revolution in Europe;
Opium Trade (China).
1900 – 1940s, new power – Japan; US & Russia
emerging in Asia.
Conclusion
Bibliography
3. 1500 – 1750s, Europe & East Asia relations:
Europe was attempting to ensure its economic survival, by
creating/expanding trade links with Asia
Trade (silver) → Internal Economic Growth → Political
Influence
The Portuguese seizure of Macao in 1557 can be considered
as the beginning of European influence in East Asia
Dutch United East India Company (VOC) & the English East
India Trading Company (EIC); Economic practice of
Mercantilism
4. 1750 – 1890s, Europe & East Asia relations:
Industrial Revolution
The decline of Mughal power → increasing European
influence in East Asia
The decline in Chinese internal stability (the population in
1650 = 150 million – in 1800 = 300 million)
European Free Trade Imperialism
Opium War (1839-1842)
5. 1900 – 1940s, Europe & East Asia
relations:
The rise of Japan
The decline of European hegemony
The presence of the US and Russia
Distraction due to First World War
6. Conclusion
What were the dominant forces at play in this relationship?
The EU, China and Japan relations were and still
built on economic and material interest with a fairly
equal balance of economic power.
7. Bibliography
Murphy, A.B., (1995) “Economic Regionalization and Pacific Asia,”
Geographical Review, Vol. 85, No. 2 , pp. 127-140
Selden, M., “East Asian Regionalism and its Enemies in Three
Epochs: Political Economy and Geopolitics, 16th to 21st Centuries”
Hanns,M., Segal G., and Wanandi J., (eds.) (1998) Europe and the
Asia Pacific, Ch 1
Webber, D., “Regionalism in Europe and Asia after the Cold War”
Hamashita,T., ed. by Selden M., and Grove, L., China, East Asia and
the Global Economy: Regional and historical perspectives (London:
Routledge, 2008)
Editor's Notes
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IP
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Natural scholars believe that human rights exist independently of social recognition, even though recognition is preferable.
Deliberative - conceives of human rights as political values that liberal societies choose to adopt. human rights come into existence through societal agreement. Deliberative scholars would like to see human rights become universal,
For protest scholars, human rights articulate rightful claims made by or on behalf of the poor, the unprivileged, and the oppressed. Protest scholars look at human rights as claims and aspirations that allow the status quo to be contested in favor of the oppressed. As such, they are not particularly interested in the premise that human rights are entitlements (though they do not reject it). but they also recognize that this will require time. Even if they sometimes regard the elaboration of human rights law as a goal, they nonetheless tend to view human rights law with suspicion as participating in a routinization process that tends to favor the elite and thus may be far from embodying the true human rights idea.
From the Discourse perspective, human rights exist only because people talk about them. Discourse scholars are convinced neither that human rights are given nor that they constitute the right answer to the ills of the world, but they do recognize that the language surrounding human rights has become a powerful language with which to express political claims. Discourse scholars fear the imperialism of human rights imposition and stress the limitations of an ethic based on individualistic human rights. But they do not believe in human rights and often wish superior projects of emancipation could be imagined and put into practice.
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First Generation
Civil and Political Rights
“Protect the interest and negative liberties of the individual against the power and encroachment of state”
Freedom of speech, region and association, rights to a fair trial and voting rights
Basis of a stable government.
Second Generation
Certain basic goods should be equally available to all people
Positive rights – they require rights providers to act, rather than to refrain from interfering
Third Generation
Recognition of minority groups, social identity and cultural issues
Most controversial and least institutionalized
Non-degradable human rights (life, physical security, due process)
There violation is regarded as evil
There are universally recognized
All other rights are dependent on them
Tom Farer The Hierarchy of Human Rights 1992 American University International Law Review Vol 8 (1)
Without these, the other generations are not possible. A political order in which the rights to life, physical security and due process are frequently violated generates an intense and pervasive fear which annuls the will to exercise other rights.
Difficulty in monitoring violations of other kinds of rights, such as the right to participate or the right to development. Consensus would break down very quickly in debate about progress.
There is an infinite opportunity to express them. There is roughly equal opportunity for everyone to speak on a street corner. However, in relation to the division of GDP, only a finite amount of valued thing is available.
No consensus criteria exist for deciding how to make the requisite allocations. Different societies at different times, even different groups within a society, will disagree about the appropriate criteria.
