1. KMEC
Mission to Saturn
ASTE 330 FALL 2016
Keyla Kolenovic, Melissa Dalton, Ethan Geipel, Christopher McDonough

2. Overall Mission Abstract
KMEC Description: The spacecraft, as pictured in Figure 1, has a octagonal cross section with a
distance of 1 m from edge to edge and a wall thickness of 0.004 m. The spacecraft is 6 ​m​ tall and
is comprised of two spacecraft that will separate upon entry to their orbit around Saturn. The
spacecraft will be made out of Aluminum, and the distribution of instruments within the frame is
shown below.
Figure 1: sketch of KMEC spacecraft. Fully assembled spacecraft
before payload deployment is on the left, the internal components of the payload
viewable in the center, and the cross sectional view of the spacecraft is on the right.
Level 1 Mission Requirements: This mission will dedicate 100 kg of payload to science, be
capable of transmitting 100 kpbs, use a chemical propulsion system, and have a backup battery
that will be capable of powering all subsystems for at least 24 hours. The 100 kg of payload
contains instruments that complete the following science objectives: cosmic dust analysis,
ultraviolet spectrometry imaging, and continuous space recognition between the main spacecraft
and deployed payload.
Table 1: Mass and Power Budget
Mass kg][ Power W][
Propulsion 2690 0
Power 26.5 n/a
Telecom 30 15

3. Structure 210 0
ADCS 89.34 35
Payload 54.36 66.38
Thermal 22 0
C&DH 6 5
Total* 3128 kg 121.38 W
Mission Design
Mission: 5 year mission to Saturn by Earth-Saturn Hohmann Transfer, with the goal of
completing cosmic dust analysis, ultraviolet spectrometry imaging, and continuous space
recognition between the spacecraft and deployed payload. The trip time to destination is 6.01
years, and 2 years into its 5 year mission the KMEC will complete an inclination change to
, from an initial inclination of . calculations for the Hohmann7.485°i = 1 .485°i = 2 VΔ
Transfer can be viewed in the attached documents and Δ​V for the plane change is detailed below.
The Delta V launch vehicle is used for the first burn of the Hohmann transfer and the second
burn is provided by the spacecraft’s chemical propulsion system. The propellant budget for the
mission is , the calculation for which can also be seen in the attached documents., 90 kgMp = 2 6
Information regarding the thermal heat environment can be found in the Thermal Subsystem
section.
Propellant Budget: , 90 kgMp = 2 6
Max distance from Sun: 1,430,000,000 km
Max distance from Earth: 1,586,000,000 km
V plane change 4.29 km/s) in(15/2) .12 km/sΔ = 2 * ( * s = 1

4. Chemical Propulsion System
Type of Thruster / Propellant: LOX/Kerosene
Nozzle exit diameter: 0.5 m
Nozzle exit area: 0.1963 m​2
Nozzle throat area: 0.0215 m​2
Mach number: 3.27
To: 3545 K
Po: 7.60E+06 Pa
Pe: 101325 Pa
Ae/A*: 9.13
Fthrust = 75991 N
Isp = 291.3 s
Propellant mass for ACDS: 63.45 kg
Propellant mass for cruise/maneuvering: 2626.55 kg
Main engine burn time: 2626.55 kg)/(19.63 kg/s) 133 seconds( =
Calculations for above values are detailed in attached documents.
ADCS
The Attitude Determination and Control Subsystem consists of two Star Trackers, two
Sun Trackers, as well as two Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) to determine roll pitch and yaw.
Two of each component are used for redundancy. If any one fails, the mission can continue
without a major hindrance. Further, the Star Trackers allow for positions that fits our requirement
for 0.1 degree pointing accuracy.
As you can see from ADCS table attached, disturbance torques are very small. Therefore,
the disturbance torques can be mitigated using reaction wheels that were sized off a 1.5 Factor of
Safety with regards to the disturbance torques.
The spacecraft is also designed to slew once every two days for telecommunications back
to Earth. Beyond this slewing, the spacecraft will rotate once per period in order to insure that it,
the spacecraft, remains pointed toward Saturn.
If either the thrusters or reactions wheels fail, they can be compensated with using the
other system.

5. C&DH
KMEC was identified to be on the higher end of a typical complexity mission, which
guided our estimates for the mass, power, and size of the C&DH subsystem. These estimates are
given below:
Mass Power Volume
6 kg 15 W 0.0085 m^3
Additionally, a C&DH flowchart was identified that is similar to the C&DH system that our
spacecraft would be based on:
This flowchart includes an IR camera as well as housekeeping data flow, which would be very
similar to the Ultraviolet Imaging System included on our spacecraft.
Power Subsystem
The power subsystem used for KMEC is a Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric
Generator (MMRTG) of mass ​m = 4.06 kg with a fuel Pu-238. This was chosen as the primary
power source because it is, in part, modeled after the Cassini mission, wherein 3 RTG’s were
used. In addition, solar arrays would not have been a feasible option in terms of economy and
mass, as very little solar energy would be generated at such a large distance from the sun.

6. Thermal power generated from the MMRTG, as well as the resulting electrical power
conversion, can be seen in Table 2. This was calculated using the parameters for Pu-238 fuel
found in Table 3.
Table 2: MMRTG Sizing for Operation
Thermal (​W) Electrical (​W)
P,BOL 2,295.86 126.27
P,EOL 2,206.9 121.38
Table 3: Properties of Pu-238 MMRTG
As a backup power source, a LiSO2 battery was sized to provide power to all subsystems
for at least 24 hours. The size of the battery was determined to be ​ m = 26.5 kg. There are no
solar arrays on KMEC, as due to Saturn’s distance from the sun, the little amount of solar energy
that could be produced by reasonably sized solar arrays wouldn’t merit their use, given the space,
mass, and cost of them.
Thermal Subsystem
The Thermal Subsystems is largely aided by the RTG. During the cold phase, the RTG
provides sufficient heat to keep our spacecraft within the operating temperatures of our
components.
During the hot phase, the RTG heat combined with the solar heat would warm our
spacecraft beyond our operational temperatures. Therefore, a radiator was installed with an area
of 1.420 square meters.

7. Table 4: Components of at Saturnqext
Hot ( )/mW 2 Cold ( )/mW 2
qsolar 16.92 0
qalbedo 4.7 4.7
qIR 5.79 5.79
Primary Structure Subsystem Design
Figure 1: ​Cross Section of KMEC including dimensions and location of Neutral Axis.
To size the structure thickness, the octagonal frame was approximated to be a cylinder.
The structure material was chosen to be Aluminum because it behaves predictably and has many
material properties that make it ideal for use in spacecraft design. The material properties for
Aluminum 7075-T73, and the factors of safety, for aluminum are included below.
Using these values for ultimate and yield stress, the minimum radius required in order to not
exceed the yield stress was calculated using the following equation:

8. The inner radius was calculated to be, at a minimum, 0.4989 m.
Next, the resonant frequency of the spacecraft was calculated to make sure that the
resonant frequency is greater than that of the Atlas V launch vehicle. The Atlas V has an axial
frequency of 15 Hz, and a lateral frequency of 8 Hz. The resonant frequencies were calculated
using the following equations:
The frequencies were calculated to be 30 Hz in the axial direction, and 6 Hz in the lateral
direction. Because the resonant frequency of our spacecraft was lower than the 8 Hz minimum,
the inner radius was resized using the following equation:
The axial frequency was then recalculated using the new inner radius of 0.496 m, and the new
axial frequency was calculated to be 54 Hz, which still is above the allowable frequency.
The buckling stress was then calculated using a wall thickness of 0.004 m, using the
following equations:

9. The buckling stress is much greater than any loads our spacecraft so it does not have to be
resized.
Finally, the mass of the structure was calculated as the following:
Payload Subsystem
The scientific payload for the KMEC mission had a limiting size of 100 kg. Our mission
focussed on obtaining data about the gravitational field, ultraviolet emissions, and cosmic dust in
the ring structure. The scientific instruments used were based on instruments from three unique
missions (GRACE, Juno, and Cassini).
The first instrument chosen was the K Band Ranging system (KBR) which was based on
the GRACE mission around Earth. This instrument tracks the distance between the two
spacecraft and uses fluctuations in that distance to map the gravitational field around the planet.
This would be the first attempt at using a KBR to map the gravitational field of a non-Earth
planet.
The second instrument is the Ultraviolet Imaging System (UVS) which was based on the
Juno mission around Jupiter. The focus of this mission was to obtain images and data regarding
the ultraviolet emissions of the planet, specifically near the aurora’s at the poles.
The third instrument is the Cosmic Dust Analyzer (DSA), which was based on the
Cassini mission around Saturn. This instrument detects and analyzes incredibly small particles
that pass through it, and then uses that information to shed light on the structure of the ring
systems around Saturn. Taking a CDA on this mission could allow for previously unknown ring
structures to be identified.
The breakdown for mass, power, volume, and data rates is given in the following table:

10. The total mass of the scientific payload is 76 kg, which is less than the restraint of 100 kg. The
data rate is 333 kbps, which will influence the antenna sizing calculations.
The positioning of scientific instruments inside the spacecraft is identified as shown
below:
The positioning of the instruments inside the spacecraft was modeled based on the GRACE
spacecraft, which utilized a semi-hexagonal frame, which was similar to our octagonal frame.
The CDA needed to be facing in the ram direction in order to collect its data, and the KBR has to
be pointed at the other spacecraft in order to collect its data correctly. The UVS has to be pointed
down towards Saturn at all times, which dictated its location in the spacecraft.
Telecommunications Subsystem
For telecommunication, our spacecraft will utilize the Deep Space Network (DSN), and
will communicate back to Earth using a 1 m diameter Cassegrain antenna. The typical efficiency
for this type of antenna is around 60%, and our spacecraft will use a transmitter power of 20 W.
For deep space communication, an X band signal was used (specifically 10 GHz), in order to
attain a tractable gain for the antenna while also maintaining an achievable pointing accuracy.
The payload data rate of 333 kbps and housekeeping data rate of 50 kbps, which brings
the maximum total data rate to 383 kbps, which is the value used to calculate the signal to noise
ratio. The signal to noise ratio was then calculated using the following equation:
The signal to noise ratio for our spacecraft was calculated to be 5 dB, which is very good
considering the maximum distance between our spacecraft and Earth (1,586,000,000 km).

11. Space Environment
Because Saturn is far from the Sun, solar radiation is not a large concern for the
spacecraft. Radiation given off by Saturn as well as the multimeroids that orbit the planet are a
concern, however. Orbiting at 2 million kilometers from Saturn’s surface, KMEC avoids the
harshest of Saturn’s radiation belt and multimeteroids. Nonetheless, KMEC was outfitted with a
half centimeter thick radiation shield made out of aluminum. Further copper shielding is added to
the instruments for extra radiation protection.
Our estimation for total radiation dose is 9000 rads, although this is likely to be higher
because it was modeled off of Earth’s radiation field which is weaker than Saturn’s.
Further Reading
https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html
http://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grace/
http://spaceflight101.com/juno/spacecraft-information/
https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/g/grace
http://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grace/
http://www.engineersedge.com/calculators/section_square_case_18.htm
https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/g/grail
https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/cosmic-dust-analyzer/
http://descanso.jpl.nasa.gov/DPSummary/Juno_DESCANSO_Post121106H--Compact.pdf