Diabetes mellitus

1. SEMINAR ON
DIABETES
MELLITUS

2. Diabetes mellitus is a group
of metabolic diseases
characterized by high blood
sugar (glucose) level, that
result form defects in insulin
secretion ,or action or both.
Insulin is a hormone secreted by the
pancreas. Insulin helps to maintain the
sugar level in our body,

3. It is the condition in which carbohydrates metabolism
disturbing due to insufficient secretion of insulin
hormones. It is characterized by triad features, polyuria
, polyphagia, polydipsia, glucose level blood increases,
this is know hyperglycemia.
Diabetic mellitus is a group of metabolic disease
characterized by high level of glucose in the blood
(hyperglycemia ) resulting from defects in insulin secretion
insulin action or both (American association)

5. 1 IDDM INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS:- In this
condition. Patient is unable to produce endogenous insulin due to
destruct of pancreatic beta cells by genetic immunologic and
environ mental factors.
 About 5-10% case have diabetes type of total DM.
 It has sudden onset, usually before the age of 30 year (mostly in
young age)
 Insulin therapy is necessary.

6. 2 NIDDM NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS:- It
result form a decreased sensitivity to insulin (insulin resistance)
or form a decreased amount of insulin production.
 About 90-95% of patient have type – 2 DM .
 Type -2 diabetes is first treated with diet and exercise and then
oral hypoglycemic agents as heeded.
 it occurs mostly after 40 years of age,
 About 80 % case due to obesity,
 There is no need of exogenous insuline,
3 GESTATIONAL DM :- Gestational diabetes is
characterized by any degree of glucose intolerances with
onset during pregnancy (second or third trimester.)
• It occur in about 2-10% of all pregnancies.
• The gestational diabetes is not treat that can damage
the health of the fetus and mother .
• Risk for fetus .
1. Congenital heart defect.
2. Nervous system abnormalities
3. Skeletal muscle malformations

7. Heredity
obesity
 old age (pancreatic functions become slow).
• Renal Disease
 unhealthy foods
 autoimmune
 Lack of physical activity
 Polycystic ovarian syndrome (GDM)
 Unhealthy food.
 Stress.
 Pancreatic disease , High B.P.
ETIOLOGY

8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Due to etiology Factor
Destruction or inflammation of B-cell of pancreas
Decrease secretion of Insulin
Insulin requirement is not sufficient for total body
Disturbances in carbohydrates metabolism
Increase blood sugar level (hyperglycemia)
Decreases glycogens level and decrease energy patient feels fatigue
weight loss due to improper carbohydrates metabolism and also
increase appetite.
Diabetes mellitus

9. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
o Polyuria ( excessive urine )
o Polyphagia (excessive hunger)
o Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
• slow healing of cut
o Fatigue, leg cramp
o purities itching
o weight loss
o skin infection
oTingling of than hand or leg
oblur vision
o skin become dry or rough.

10. History
collection Physical examination Blood test
Ketonuria test Oral glucose tolerance test

11. MANAGEMENT
1 MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:- Insuline injection
should be given according to blood sugar level
 Hypoglycemic drug
 glipizide
 Metformin
2 .SURGICAL MANAGEMENT:-
 Pancreas Transplant
 Kidney Transplant

12. • Sufficient quantity of diet is very necessary which satisfy to appetite
• About ½ energy should be get from carbohydrates and 1/3 energy
get from fat and 15-30% from protein
• Meal should be teken at regular time , if meal will be teken it may
case hypoglycemic attack .
DIETARY
MANAGEMENT

13. Teach the patient about following a prescribed meal plan. The patient
stable blood glucose level.
 Demonstrate and explain thoroughly the procedure for insuline self-
injection
 Explain the importance of exercise in maintaining or reducing
weight.
 Advise patient tu assess blood glucose level before activity and to
eat carbohydrate shank before excereising to avoide hypoglycemia.
 teach patient about taking .prescribed medications to decrease
blood glucose level.
Teach the patient to balance exercise with food intake.
 Advice patient stop smoking if possible to reduce vasoconstriction
and promote peripheral flow.
NURSING MANAGEMENT

14. COMPLICATION
Kidney disease
 Albuminuria
 High B.P.
Neuropathy ( nerve damage )
 Pain in legs
 Muscles damage
 Edema
 Atherosclerosis
• Prevention is dependent upon three factor
1. Dietary management
2. Exercise
3. Insulin therapy
PREVENTION AND
CONTROL