2. Introduction
Various instruments are used in clinical laboratory and their working
is based on varied sophisticated techniques.
For accurate testing of samples and accurate results requires the use
of good instruments.
A balance is used to find out the mass of a substance by comparing
it with known mass.
There are 3 type of balances:
1. Physical balances
2. 2 pan analytical balance and
3. Mono – pan balances.
3. Physical balances
They are generally open 2 pan type of
balance used
for weighing out substances, where great
accuracy is not required.
It is used to measure the mass of the object.
These are useful for preparation of qualitative
reagents.
4. Analytical balances
It is a class of balance designed to measure small mass in the sub-
milligram range
5. Components
A beam
Knife edges, screw nuts
Stirrups
Scale pans
A pointer
Ivory scale
Rigid supports
Wooden platform with leveling screws
Handle
Central vertical pillar
6. Weighing procedure
Adjust the leveling screws to make the pillar vertical.
Release the beam by turning the handle.
The pointer should swing both the sides equally.
Otherwise adjust it by turning screw nuts at the end of the
beam.
Place the object to be weighed in the left pan and standard
weights in the right pan.
Adjust the weights from weight box so that the pointer swings
to both the sides equally.
7. Care and maintenance
The beam of the balance should be arrested when not in use
and also before adding weights.
The weights should not be allowed to lie in the pan and must
be placed in box when not in use.
The balance should not be loaded with weight greater than
the maximum limit.
The substance should not weighed hot.
The cabinet should be closed before weighing
Clean the balance after use.
8. Monopan balance
These are electronically operated
They work on principle of substitution of weights
The substitution method of weighing may be used.
In this method, counterpoise weights are added to one pan to
balance the unknown load on the other.
Then, known weights are substituted for the unknown load.
9. Component
A beam
Central knife edge (fulcrum)
A pan
Stirrups
Series of calibrated weights
A fixed constant counter
weight.
10. Working
The beam of the single pan balance is situated asymmetrically on
the central knife edge.
The lengths of the lever arms are not equal.
The pan is supported by a stirrup placed on the outer knife edge.
Both knife edges are in the same plane.
A series of calibrated weights are supported from the same end of
the beam from which the pan is suspended.
A fixed constant counterweight on the opposite end of the beam
keeps the balance in equilibrium.
11. The equilibrium is disturbed, when an unknown weight is
placed on the weighing pan.
The beam deflects in the direction of the heavier side.
To return the system to equilibrium, the corresponding mass
of calibrated weights is removed from the front of the beam.
The removed weights give the weight of the unknown
substance.
This is called as weighing by substitution.
12. Electrical balance
The electronic balances consists of three basic component
systems
1. A null detector
2. A feedback loop to control the balancing loop and
3. A read out device.
13. Working principle
The null detector senses the position of the
balance beam.
It determines the balance point at which the
system is in equilibrium.
The magnitude of the electrical current from the null detector
is
proportional to the support weight.
During weighing, due to weight on the pan the system’s
equilibrium is disturbed.
To return the system to equilibrium, electromagnetic restoring
forces are used in place of standard weights.
14. The signal from null detector is applied to control a current
through an electromagnetic.
The compensating force required to bring the balance to
equilibrium is proportional to the weight of the pan.
The null meter reads zero at equilibrium.
The current required to produce the compensating force is
converted to a digital display of the weight.
15. Performance of electronic balance
Switch on and allow the system to warm up for few minutes.
Calibrate the equilibrium using the O/T switch on the operating
panel.
Set the units of measurement of your choice (gram/milligram etc.).
Place petri dish or paper on the weighing pan and press O/T to
calibrate weight of the paper.
Now add the substance to be weighed onto the paper or petri dish.
The weight displayed is the exact mass of the substance on the petri
dish or the paper.