Here is a one page article summarizing the current architectural trends in Ethiopia regarding sustainability: Current Trends in Sustainable Architecture in Ethiopia In recent years, sustainability has become an increasingly important consideration in architecture and construction across Ethiopia. Like many developing nations, Ethiopia faces environmental challenges from rapid urbanization and industrialization. However, there is also a growing awareness of the need to adopt sustainable building practices. Some of the key trends seen in Ethiopian architecture and planning demonstrate efforts to reduce environmental impacts. Passive design techniques that minimize energy usage are becoming more common in new buildings. Features such as shading, natural ventilation, and orientation help control temperatures without active mechanical systems. The use of local and recycled materials can

1. Lect. I
Adama (ASTU) March 09, 2022
Kedija Fedlu
Sustainable architecture

2.  In recent years, sustainability concept has become the common interest
of numerous disciplines.
 What does it mean by sustainability and why it become essential
concept?
Introduction

3.  the development needs of this world is using the scarce and limited
resources found on the earth,
 Sustainability is of vital importance to all because it deals with the
survival of human species and almost every living creature on the
planet.
Cont.

4. Sustainable architecture is the theory, science, and style of buildings
designed and constructed in accordance with environmentally friendly
principles and strives to minimize the number of resources consumed in
the building's construction, use and operation, as well as curtailing the
harm done to the environment through the emission, pollution, and waste
of its components.
Definition

5.  Human beings consume the Earth’s capital more rapidly compared to
nature’s capacity to regenerate itself.
 Sustainability, as a paradox of artful skill , poses new issues: confronting
the planet democratically is a necessity that brings us straight to the
environmental question.
 A sustainable home doesn’t erode the plant’s bio-capacity, but exists in
harmony with it, and is thus able to sustain it.
Cont.

6.  in modern architecture form follows function, in the past architecture form
had been followed climate (Former architecture has been a function of
climate).
 That is, in each climate, the form of the building was subject to the climatic
conditions of that region. In cold, hot and dry or humid climates, the form
of the building and materials and their executive details are selected and
designed to make the most use of the climate and environmental
conditions and human comfort achieved with the least energy
consumption in that climate.
Climate architecture

7.  Since the early 20th century, with the use of new heating and cooling
equipment, the importance of climate in architecture has faded out
gradually.
 Since this time, oil heaters, radiators, fans and air conditioners, provided
human comfort and there was little need for sunshine and cooling wind and
humidity. Thus the climatic design and arrangements intended for human
comfort according to the climate were no longer relevant.
History of architectural sustainability

8.  But with regard to the decrease of fossil deposits in the world and the
environmental pollution associated with it and also into the danger of the
Earth’s environment, the climate and ecology of the planet have become an
important issue for man and the environment of human life again.
 Climatic architecture from the 70s and sustainable architecture from the 90s
have been important topics in the field of architecture and architectural
education.
Cont.

9.  in modern architecture the attention to climate issues was not important.
 In the view of Le Corbusier, “A house is a machine for living in”, and with
modern supplies and facilities you can provide any comfort conditions in the
building.
 Although the buildings of this architecture showcase the beauties of the
modern age and its achievements, but the glass and metal skins of these
buildings lose a great amount of heat in the winter and lead much heat from
the sun radiation into the building in the summer.
Cont.

10.  But from the 70s or more precisely after the Arab-Israel war in October 1973,
the subject of climate was considered in Western architecture again.
 In this year, the Arabs threatened to oil-boycotting the countries that
supported Israel.
 As a result, crude oil prices jumped from about $ 2 a barrel to $ 12 a barrel.
The western countries that were and still are the major oil users in the world
and were and still are supportive of Israel, since that year, they have sought
to reduce dependence on oil and reduce fossil energy consumption and
replace it with clean, renewable energies.
Cont.

11.  Another major event in this decade was the appearance of political and non-
political groups in the West.
 The groups pointed out that the current human technology is destructive to
the environment. The rise of factories and industrial artifacts, toxic and
greenhouse gases, deforestation, and eventually exploiting natural resources,
makes planet’s ecosystem barren.
 Therefore, the climate and the environment in various fields, including
architecture, has become an important issue in western countries since this
decade.
Cont.

12.  From the mid-70s (mid-1350s), climatic architecture was first mentioned in
universities.
 The goal was reducing the use of fossil energies and to reliance on clean
and renewable energy in buildings.
 After that, several articles and books were published in this field, and
eventually a number of other houses and buildings were designed and
implemented in the style of climatic architecture.
Cont.

13.  The discussion on sustainability and sustainable development, is related
to the Brundtland Commission in the United Nations.
 The Brundtland Commission is actually the World Commission on
Environment and Development and was named in honor of its head,
Miss Gro Harlem Brundtland.
Cont.

14. Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the
needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs. ” (World commission 1987)
Cont.

15.  In 1992, a conference called Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil.
 The conference raised the issue that the current development of the
world is in the direction of the destruction of the environment and that
if the current trend continues, the Earth’s ecology conditions will be
compromised.
 This means that the ecology of the Earth will no longer be able to
reproduce the proper environment, and the and the continued existence
of biodiversity as we are familiar with it today is no longer possible.
Cont.

16.  Another conference was held five years later in Kyoto, Japan in 1997, and
then in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002.
 Also a conference was held in Bam, Iran as Housing and Sustainable
Development on 2004.
Cont.

17. Improving the quality of life in a city involves improving environmental,
cultural, political, institutional, organizational, and socio-economic conditions
without imposing the pressure on future generation that results from
excessive cuts in natural capital and regional debt. Our goal is to make the
balance between the materials and energy as well as the Financial Output-
input Data. Because it plays a vital role in all our future decisions regarding
the development of urban areas. (Regional Environmental Center 2001)
Definition of sustainable urban development
Cont.

18. Generally, a set of definitions of sustainable development can be represented
as follows:
 Accountability to future generation’s needs
 Considering the tolerable capacity of ecosystems
 Preserving wealth and natural capital
 Maintaining and upgrading systems. Not to make it worse
 to sustain human life.
 to protect the environment
 Integrating Conservation and Development as an overall approach
Cont.

19.  In 1990, the first sustainable building rating system (BREEAM) was
introduced in the UK.
 Subsequently, in 1998, the LEED system in the United States was
adapted from the BREEAM system.
 Nowadays, all the advanced countries of the world have a rating system
of buildings adapted from the above two systems or their own systems.
The Three R's of Recycling

20.  The purpose of these systems is to measure and rank buildings based
on sustainability indicators. Although the details of these systems are
different based on the characteristics of each country, they are similar
in general

21. General and important indicators of sustainable architecture for building
ratings includes the following:
 Location and transportation
 Site
 Energy and Atmosphere
 Materials and substances
 Usability of water (water usability)
 The internal environment of the building quality
 innovation
 Location priorities

22. Richard Rogers modernist and functionalist designs in high-tech architecture
have been attracted to sustainable urban and architecture. Rogers considers
cities as huge and horrifying monsters for environmental destruction. He
writes:
“During history cities have never been having this immense population inside
them. Between 1950 to 1990 the population of cities all over the world has
become 10 times than before, in a way that from 200 million they have
reached to 2 billion people. Undoubtedly the future of human civilization in
cities will be figured out by the cities.”

23.  Today cities consume 3/4 of the world energy and cause at least 3/4 of the
world pollution.
 Cities are the location of production and consumption of the highest
amount of Industrial Products.
 They have been changed to parasites on the Earth. Giant creatures which
are swallowing the world for the sake of preparing their own materials and
energy, they are the same as cruel consumers and deadly relentless
contaminants (Rogers.2013,45).

24.  Rogers believes that the only solution to this problem is consumption
reduction and renewing consumable materials in cities.
 today’s technology of human construction is in a form that the highest
amount of Earth sources are used and the highest amount of wastes and
pollution are returned to the environment.
 This kind of construction technology from the point of sustainable
development is not acceptable and should be completely changed.

25. Reduction of destruction, consumption reduction, reduce, reuse and recycle
are the keywords of the sustainable development and sustainable
architecture too.

26. The Three R's of Recycling

27.  Write one page article of your own overview in Ethiopia
current architectural trend and its development regarding
sustainability. you can site reference to support your
point.