Electronic governance or e-governance is the application of IT for delivering government services, exchange of information, communication transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems between government to citizen (G2C), government-to-business (G2B), government-to-government (G2G), government-to-employees (G2E) as well as back-office processes and interactions within the entire government framework. Through e-governance, government services are made available to citizens in a convenient, efficient, and transparent manner. The three main target groups that can be distinguished in governance concepts are government, citizens, and businesses/interest groups. In e-governance, there are no distinct boundaries, finance and support.

2. CONTENTS
1. What is E-Governance?
2. E-Government vs E-Governance
3. Benefits of E-Governance
4. Scope of E-Governance
5. Types of E-Governance
6. E-governance under IT Act 2000
7. E-governance initiative in India
8. Major Challenges and Conclusion

3. WHAT IS E-GOVERNANCE?
➢ Electronic governance or e-governance is the application of IT for
delivering government services, exchange of information, communication
transactions, integration of various stand-alone systems between
government to citizen (G2C), government-to-business (G2B), government-
to-government (G2G), government-to-employees (G2E) as well as back-
office processes and interactions within the entire government framework.
Through e-governance, government services are made available to citizens
in a convenient, efficient, and transparent manner. The three main target
groups that can be distinguished in governance concepts are government,
citizens, and businesses/interest groups. In e-governance, there are no
distinct boundaries, finance and support.
➢ The two main objectives of E governance is to restore the democracy to
its true meaning with the help of improvisation of the participation of the
citizen in the governing process by giving feedback and access to
information and overall participation of the citizen in the decision making.

4. E-GOVERNMENT
vs E-
GOVERNANCE
1. By e-Government we mean the use of ICT in
government operations, as a tool to increase the
outreach of the government services. e-
Governance, on the other hand, implies the use of
ICT in transforming and supporting functions and
structures of the system.
2. e-Government is a system while e-Governance
is a function.
3. e-Government is a one-way communication
protocol. On the contrary, e-Governance is a two-
way communication protocol.

6. BENEFITS OF E-GOVERNANCE
● Improves delivery and efficiency of government services
● Improved government interactions with business and industry
● Citizen empowerment through access to information
● More efficient government management
● Less corruption in the administration
● Increased transparency in administration
● Greater convenience to citizens and businesses
● Cost reductions and revenue growth
● Increased legitimacy of government
● Flattens organisational structure (less hierarchic)
● Reduces paperwork and red-tapism in the administrative process which results in
better planning and coordination between different levels of government

9. Government to Citizen(G2C)
➔ The Government to Citizen refers to government services which enable citizens to get access to a
wide variety of public services.
➔ Most of the government services fall under G2C.
➔ A citizen can have access to the services anytime from anywhere.
➔ Services like paying tax and license renewal are essential in G2C.
➔ It also focuses on geographic land barriers

10. Government to Business(G2B)
➔ G2B is the exchange of service between Government and Business organizations.
➔ G2B provides access to relevant forms needed to comply
➔ The G2B consists of many services exchanged between business sectors and government.
➔ It aims at eliminating paperwork, cost and establishes transparency in the business environment
while interacting with the government.

11. Government to Government(G2G)
➔ The Government to Government refers to the interaction between different government
departments, organizations and agencies.
➔ In G2G the government agencies can share the same database using online communication.
➔ The government departments can work together.
➔ G2G services can be at local level and international level.
➔ It provides a safe and secure relationship between domestic or foreign government.

12. Government to Employee(G2E)
➔ The Government to Employee is internal part of G2G sector.
➔ G2E aims to bring employees together and improvise knowledge sharing.
➔ G2E provides online facilities to employees like applying for leave, reviewing salary payment
records, and checking the balance of the holiday.
➔ This sector provides human resource training and development.

13. E-GOVERNANCE UNDER IT ACT 2000
❖ Legal recognition of record (section 4):
where any law requires that any information should be in the typewritten or printed form then such requirement shall
be deemed to be satisfied if it is an electronic form. Therefore, section 4 confers validity on electronic record.
❖ Legal recognition of electronic signatures ( section 5):
Where any law provides that only information or other matters shall be authenicated by affixing the signature or any
document shall be signed or bear the signature of any person, then such information or matter is authenicated by
means of electronic signature affixed in such manner as may be prescribed by the central government.
❖ Use of electronic records and electronic signature in government and it's agencies (section 6):
The filling of any form, application or other documents, creation, retention or perseverance of record, issue or grant of
any license or permit or payment in government offices and it's agencies may be done through the means of
electronic form.
❖ Delivery of services by service provider (section 6A):
For the purpose of E governance and for efficient delivery of services to public through electronic means the
appropriate government may, by notification in the official gazette authorize any service provider to set up, maintain
and perform such other services as as it may specify.

14. ❖ Retention of electronic records (section 7):
The documents, records or information which to be retained for any specified period shall be deemed to have been
retained if the same is retained in the electronic form provided the following conditions are satisfied:
➢ The information remains accessible so as to be usable subsequently.
➢ The electronic records is retained in its original format which accurately represent the information contained.
➢ The detail which will facilitate the identification of the orgin, destination, dates and time of receipt of such
electronic records are available there in.
❖ Audit of documents etc. Maintained in electronic form (section 7A):
where any law for time being in force contains provision for audit of documents, record or information, then such
provision shall also be applicable for audit of documents, records or information processed and maintain in electronic
records.
❖ Publication of rule, regulation etc in electronic gazette (section 8):
Where any law provides that any rule, regulation, order, bye law, notification or any other matter shall be published in
official gazette, then such requirements shall be deemed to have been satisfied if such rule, regulation, order, bye
law , notification or any other matter is published in official gazette or electronic gazette.

15. ❖ No right to insist government office etc to interact in electronic form (section 9):
No right is conferred upon any person to insist any ministry or department of central government or state government
or any authority under any law or controlled or funded by central or state government should accept, issue, create,
retain and preserve any documents in the form of electronic records or effect any monetary transaction in the
electronic form.
❖ Power to make rules by central government in respect of electronic signature (section 10):
The central government may prescribe:
➢ The type of electronic signature.
➢ The manner and format in which electronic signature should be affixed.
➢ The manner which facilitates identification of the person affixing the electronic signature.
➢ Control processes and procedure to ensures adequate integrity, security and confidential of electronic records
or payment.
➢ Any other matter which is necessary to give legal effect to electronic signatures.

17. E-GOVERNANCE INITIATIVE IN INDIA
Bhoomi Project (Karnataka): Online Delivery of Land
Records
The 'Bhoomi' project was undertaken and developed by
the State Government of Karnataka. It was done so in order
to computerize all the records of the land in Karnataka.
However, the Ministry of Rural Development, Government
of India had sponsored the project in togetherness with the
State Government of Karnataka.
This project has some interesting features to look at:
● Software for printing land records at any time (i.e. whenever
the records needed to be printed) was created
● Online updation of record certificates for farmers
● Bio-Login metrics system (from Compaq): Authentication of
users through fingerprints; to avoid imitation of users and
hack of the database system
● Using the software for generation of reports on soil, land-
holding size, types of crops grown and many more (to make
informed policy decision)

24. DIGITAL INDIA
● Digital India is a campaign launched by the Government of India in order to ensure the
Government's services are made available to citizens electronically by improved online infrastructure
and by increasing Internet connectivity or making the country digitally empowered in the field of
technology.The initiative includes plans to connect rural areas with high-speed internet networks.It
consists of three core components: the development of secure and stable digital infrastructure,
delivering government services digitally, and universal digital literacy.
● Launched on 1 July 2015, by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, it is both enabler and beneficiary
of other key Government of India schemes, such as BharatNet, Make in India, Startup India and
Standup India, industrial corridors, Bharatmala, Sagarmala
● As of 31 December 2018, India had a population of 130 crore people (1.3 billion), 123 crore (1.23
billion) Aadhaar digital biometric identity cards, 121 crore (1.21 billion) mobile phones, 44.6 crore
(446 million) smartphones, 56 crore (560 million) internet users up from 481 million people (35% of
the country's total population) in December 2017, and 51 per cent growth in e-commerce.

25. FACILITIES UNDER DIGITAL INDIA
INITIATIVE
● Digital Locker facility will help citizens to digitally store their important documents like PAN card, Passport, mark
sheets and degree certificates.
● e-Sampark Vernacular email service: To connect rural India with Digital India, the Government of India impelled
email services provider giants including Gmail, office, and Rediff to provide the email address in regional languages.
● Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan(PMDisha): The main objective of the Pradhan Mantri Gramin
Digital Saksharta Abhiyan is to make 6 crore people in rural areas across India digitally literate, reaching around 40%
of rural households by covering one member from every eligible household.
● UMANG (Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance) is a Government of India all-in-one single unified
secure multi-channel multi-platform multi-lingual multi-service freeware mobile app for accessing over 1,200 central
and state government services in multiple Indian languages over Android, iOS, Windows and USSD (feature phone)
devices
● E-Pragati, the Andhra Pradesh State Enterprise Architecture, is a holistic and coherent framework designed to
provide 750 services to over 30 million citizens by integrating 34 departments on a single platform.
● Electronic crop booking (e- Crop booking) is an Android application launched with a local name called e-Panta,
first of this kind platform designed in India to know the ground reality of the crop details and to analyse the crop
pattern across the Andhra Pradesh state and to capture the standing crop in the state

26. Major Challenges
1. Spoofing: In this practice, the attacker attempts to gain the access of
the E-Governance system by using fallacious identity either by stealth
or by using false IP address. Once the access is gained, the assailant
abuses the E-Governance system by elevation of the privileges.
2. Tampering of E-Governance system: As soon as the system is
compromised and privileges are raised, the classified information of the
E-Governance mechanism becomes very much susceptible to illegal
adjustments.
3. Repudiation: Even the attacker can mount refutation attack during the
E-Governance transaction, which is the ability of the user to reject its
performed transaction.
4. Disclosure of E-Governance Information: In case of the
compromised E-Governance system, the undesirable information
disclosure can take place very easily.
5. Denial of Service: In this technique, attacker can perform Denial of
Service (DoS) attack by flooding the E-Governance server with request
to consume all of its resources so as to crash down the mechanism.

27. CONCLUSION
● e-Governance is getting momentum in India, but public awareness
and the digital divide are important issues to be addressed.
● The success of e-Governance measures largely depends on the
availability of high-speed internet, and the nation-wide roll-out of
5G technology in the near future will strengthen our resolve.