1. Sounding of Subsurface Water throughSounding of Subsurface Water through
Conductive Media in Mars AnalogConductive Media in Mars Analog
Environments Using TransientEnvironments Using Transient
Electromagnetics and Low Frequency GroundElectromagnetics and Low Frequency Ground
Penetrating RadarPenetrating Radar
joern@jernsletten.namjoern@jernsletten.nam
eehttp://joern.jernsletten.name/http://joern.jernsletten.name/
Mandag, 14. JuniMandag, 14. Juni
20042004
Universitetet iUniversitetet i
BergenBergen
Det Matematisk-NaturvitenskapeligeDet Matematisk-Naturvitenskapelige
FakultetFakultet
Institutt for GeovitenskapInstitutt for Geovitenskap
DoctorDoctor
PhilosophiaePhilosophiae
Prøveforelesning, SelvvalgtPrøveforelesning, Selvvalgt
EmneEmne
Jørn AtleJørn Atle
JernslettenJernsletten
heggy@lpi.usra.edheggy@lpi.usra.ed
EssamEssam
HeggyHeggyLunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TexasLunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas

2. IntroductionIntroduction
To show how these methods differ and complement each other,To show how these methods differ and complement each other,
we show data from three field studies:we show data from three field studies:
1)1) EMEM diffusivediffusive spreading sounding data (TEM) from Pimaspreading sounding data (TEM) from Pima
County, ArizonaCounty, Arizona
2)2) Shallower sounding data, using the Fast-Turnoff TEMShallower sounding data, using the Fast-Turnoff TEM
method, from Peña de Hierro, near Minas de Riotinto, Spainmethod, from Peña de Hierro, near Minas de Riotinto, Spain
3)3) WaveWave propagationpropagation radar sounding data (GPR) from theradar sounding data (GPR) from the
Nubian aquifer, Baharïya Oasis, EgyptNubian aquifer, Baharïya Oasis, Egypt
GPR and TEM discussed and compared in terms of:GPR and TEM discussed and compared in terms of:
a)a) Spatial resolutionSpatial resolution
b)b) Depth of investigationDepth of investigation
c)c) Sensitivity to highly conductive layers (clay, ore bodies,Sensitivity to highly conductive layers (clay, ore bodies,
brines, metal-rich fluids, etc.)brines, metal-rich fluids, etc.)
d)d) Sounding frequenciesSounding frequencies
e)e) Logistical efficiencyLogistical efficiency
f)f) Appropriate applicationsAppropriate applications

3. EM Sounding Scenarios for MarsEM Sounding Scenarios for Mars
( Grimm, 2002 )( Grimm, 2002 )

4. Transient EM (TEM) WaveformTransient EM (TEM) Waveform
( Grimm, 2003; Reynolds, 1997; McNeill, 1990 )( Grimm, 2003; Reynolds, 1997; McNeill, 1990 )

5.  Tx loop currentTx loop current
 Induced primaryInduced primary
magnetic fieldmagnetic field
 Induced eddyInduced eddy
currentscurrents
 Produced secondaryProduced secondary
magnetic fieldmagnetic field
 Induced Rx antenna /Induced Rx antenna /
loop currentloop current
TEM Eddy CurrentsTEM Eddy Currents
( Reynolds, 1997 )( Reynolds, 1997 )

6. TEM Eddy Currents – cont’dTEM Eddy Currents – cont’d
( Reynolds, 1997; Grant and West, 1965 )( Reynolds, 1997; Grant and West, 1965 )

7. TEM Depth of InvestigationTEM Depth of Investigation
( Zonge, 1992 )( Zonge, 1992 )

8. TEM Depth of Investigation – Cont’dTEM Depth of Investigation – Cont’d
( Zonge, 1992 )( Zonge, 1992 )

9. Model TEM Exploration Depth for MarsModel TEM Exploration Depth for Mars
( Grimm, 2002 )( Grimm, 2002 )

10. Resistivities of Typical Earth MaterialsResistivities of Typical Earth Materials
( Palacky, 1987 )( Palacky, 1987 )

11. Resistivities of Fresh WaterResistivities of Fresh Water
( Grimm, 2002 )( Grimm, 2002 )

12. Resistivities of Saturated BrineResistivities of Saturated Brine
( Grimm, 2002 )( Grimm, 2002 )

13. Typical TEM Field SetupTypical TEM Field Setup
( Modified from Zonge, 1992 )( Modified from Zonge, 1992 )

14. Arizona TEM Field SetupArizona TEM Field Setup

15. Arizona TEM Field Setup – on the BackArizona TEM Field Setup – on the Back

16. Arizona TEM Field Setup – on the GroundArizona TEM Field Setup – on the Ground

17. Arizona TEM Field Setup – on the FrameArizona TEM Field Setup – on the Frame

18. Arizona TEM Field Setup – Checking DataArizona TEM Field Setup – Checking Data

19. Arizona TEM – Views from the FieldArizona TEM – Views from the Field

20. Arizona TEM Field MapArizona TEM Field Map

21. Arizona USGS Well DataArizona USGS Well Data
 Water table at ~120 m depthWater table at ~120 m depth

22. Arizona TEM Line 1 Field DataArizona TEM Line 1 Field Data
 100 m x 100 m Tx loop,100 m x 100 m Tx loop,
ferrite-core Hferrite-core Hzz coil Rxcoil Rx
antennaantenna
 16 Hz sounding frequency16 Hz sounding frequency
 Depth of investigationDepth of investigation
~500 m~500 m

23. Arizona TEM Line 1 Model DataArizona TEM Line 1 Model Data
 Water table at ~120 m depth (horizontal blue line)Water table at ~120 m depth (horizontal blue line)
 Consistent with depth to water table from USGS test wellsConsistent with depth to water table from USGS test wells
 100 m x 100 m Tx loop, ferrite-core H100 m x 100 m Tx loop, ferrite-core Hzz coil Rx antennacoil Rx antenna
 16 Hz sounding frequency16 Hz sounding frequency
 Depth of investigation ~500 mDepth of investigation ~500 m

24. Arizona TEM Line 2 Field DataArizona TEM Line 2 Field Data
 100 m x 100 m Tx loop,100 m x 100 m Tx loop,
ferrite-core Hferrite-core Hzz coil Rxcoil Rx
antennaantenna
 16 Hz sounding frequency16 Hz sounding frequency
 Depth of investigationDepth of investigation
~500 m~500 m

25. Arizona TEM Line 2 Model DataArizona TEM Line 2 Model Data
 Water table at ~120 m depth (horizontal blue line)Water table at ~120 m depth (horizontal blue line)
 Consistent with depth to water table from USGS test wellsConsistent with depth to water table from USGS test wells
 100 m x 100 m Tx loop, ferrite-core H100 m x 100 m Tx loop, ferrite-core Hzz coil Rx antennacoil Rx antenna
 16 Hz sounding frequency16 Hz sounding frequency
 Depth of investigation ~500 mDepth of investigation ~500 m

26. Arizona TEM Line 3 Field DataArizona TEM Line 3 Field Data
 100 m x 100 m Tx loop,100 m x 100 m Tx loop,
ferrite-core Hferrite-core Hzz coil Rxcoil Rx
antennaantenna
 16 Hz sounding frequency16 Hz sounding frequency
 Depth of investigationDepth of investigation
~350 m~350 m

27. Arizona TEM Line 3 Model DataArizona TEM Line 3 Model Data
 Water table at ~120 m depth (horizontal blue line)Water table at ~120 m depth (horizontal blue line)
 Consistent with depth to water table from USGS test wellsConsistent with depth to water table from USGS test wells
 100 m x 100 m Tx loop, ferrite-core H100 m x 100 m Tx loop, ferrite-core Hzz coil Rx antennacoil Rx antenna
 16 Hz sounding frequency16 Hz sounding frequency
 Depth of investigation ~350 mDepth of investigation ~350 m

28. Peña de Hierro, MARTE Field AreaPeña de Hierro, MARTE Field Area

29. Peña de Hierro, Main Source AreaPeña de Hierro, Main Source Area
Morris et al., 2004Morris et al., 2004
Kargel and Marion, 2004Kargel and Marion, 2004
Stoker et al., 2004Stoker et al., 2004
Fernández-Remolar et al., 2004Fernández-Remolar et al., 2004
A.k.a. MER-B in the Late Hesperian?A.k.a. MER-B in the Late Hesperian?
Jarosite =Jarosite = KFeKFe3+3+
33 (SO(SO44 ))22 (OH)(OH)66
 Basic hydrous potassium iron sulfate
 Yellow-brown, brown, orange-brown
 Light yellow streaks

30. Peña de Hierro, MARTE Drill Site #3Peña de Hierro, MARTE Drill Site #3

31. Typical Fast-Turnoff TEM Field SetupTypical Fast-Turnoff TEM Field Setup
( Adapted from Zonge, 1992 )( Adapted from Zonge, 1992 )

32. Peña de Hierro, Field ConditionsPeña de Hierro, Field Conditions

33. Rio Tinto Fast-Turnoff TEM FieldRio Tinto Fast-Turnoff TEM Field
MapMap

34. Fast-Turnoff TEM Line 4 Field DataFast-Turnoff TEM Line 4 Field Data
 40 m x 40 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop40 m x 40 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop
 32 Hz sounding frequency32 Hz sounding frequency

35. Fast-Turnoff TEM Line 4 Model DataFast-Turnoff TEM Line 4 Model Data
 Water table at ~90 m depthWater table at ~90 m depth
 Consistent with initial drilling results (MARTE Drill Site #4)Consistent with initial drilling results (MARTE Drill Site #4)
 40 m x 40 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop40 m x 40 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop
 32 Hz sounding frequency32 Hz sounding frequency
 Depth of investigation ~160 mDepth of investigation ~160 m

36. Fast-Turnoff TEM Line 7 Field DataFast-Turnoff TEM Line 7 Field Data
 40 m x 40 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop40 m x 40 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop
 32 Hz sounding frequency32 Hz sounding frequency

37. Fast-Turnoff TEM Line 7 Model DataFast-Turnoff TEM Line 7 Model Data
 Water table at ~90 m depthWater table at ~90 m depth
 Consistent with initial drilling results (MARTE Drill Site #4)Consistent with initial drilling results (MARTE Drill Site #4)
 40 m x 40 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop40 m x 40 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop
 32 Hz sounding frequency32 Hz sounding frequency
 Depth of investigation ~130 mDepth of investigation ~130 m

38. Rio Tinto Fast-Turnoff TEM FieldRio Tinto Fast-Turnoff TEM Field
MapMap

39. Fast-Turnoff TEM Line 15 Field DataFast-Turnoff TEM Line 15 Field Data
 20 m x 20 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop20 m x 20 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop
 32 Hz sounding frequency32 Hz sounding frequency

40. Fast-Turnoff TEM Line 15 Model DataFast-Turnoff TEM Line 15 Model Data
 Water interface at ~15 m depthWater interface at ~15 m depth
 Consistent with initial drilling results (MARTE Drill Site #1)Consistent with initial drilling results (MARTE Drill Site #1)
 20 m x 20 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop20 m x 20 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop
 32 Hz sounding frequency32 Hz sounding frequency
 Depth of investigation ~50 mDepth of investigation ~50 m

41. Fast-Turnoff TEM Line 14 Field DataFast-Turnoff TEM Line 14 Field Data
 20 m x 20 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop20 m x 20 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop
 32 Hz sounding frequency32 Hz sounding frequency

42. Fast-Turnoff TEM Line 14 Model DataFast-Turnoff TEM Line 14 Model Data
 Water interface at ~15 m depthWater interface at ~15 m depth
 Consistent with initial drilling results (MARTE Drill Site #1)Consistent with initial drilling results (MARTE Drill Site #1)
 20 m x 20 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop20 m x 20 m Tx loop, 10 m x 10 m Rx loop
 32 Hz sounding frequency32 Hz sounding frequency
 Depth of investigation ~50 mDepth of investigation ~50 m

43. Rio Tinto Drill Site RelocationsRio Tinto Drill Site Relocations

44. MARTE Drill Site 1MARTE Drill Site 1

45. Ground PenetratingGround Penetrating
RadarRadar
Aeroported imagingAeroported imaging
RadarRadar
Orbital sounderOrbital sounder
RadarRadar
SoundingSounding
ScenariosScenarios

46. SubsurfacSubsurfac
ee
LayersLayers
9 m9 m
Bir Safsaf 300 MHz GPRBir Safsaf 300 MHz GPR
profile
Ground Pentrating Radar (GPR)Ground Pentrating Radar (GPR)

47. GPR Field SetupGPR Field Setup
2 MHz GPR system courtesy of CETP2 MHz GPR system courtesy of CETP

48. GPR Depth of InvestigationGPR Depth of Investigation

49. Baharïya Oasis &Baharïya Oasis &
Nubian Aquifer MapNubian Aquifer Map
. CairoCairo
2 MHz GPR survey
BaharïyBaharïy
aa
NubianNubian
aquiferaquifer
(600 m)(600 m)

50. Baharïya Field AreaBaharïya Field Area

51. Thin Clay LayersThin Clay Layers

52. Geological Model Transect &Geological Model Transect &
Hydrogeological MapHydrogeological Map

53. Dolomitic limestone
Gravel
Saturated Sandstones:
Nubian aquifer
Fractured interface of Limestone-Gravel
Geological Profile of the NubianGeological Profile of the Nubian
Aquifer in the Baharïya Oasis AreaAquifer in the Baharïya Oasis Area

54. 2 MHz & 3.5 MHz GPR Data2 MHz & 3.5 MHz GPR Data

55. Dolomitic
limestone
Gravel and
siltstone
Water saturated
sandstone
Redish claystone
ε = 4.34-i 0.08
ε = 6.2 -i 0.18
~300m
~600m
~100m
ε = 9 -i 0.5
ε= 36 -i 12
Site N4
N 28.37223
E 28.81952
Geoelectrical ModelGeoelectrical Model

56. Expected Radar Performance on MarsExpected Radar Performance on Mars

57. ConclusionsConclusions
Parameter GPR TEM
Physical process Wave propagation Diffusive spreading
Spatial resolution
Higher
( < 1 m possible )
Lower
( m – km )
Depth of
investigation
m – 10’s of m m – km
Sensitivity to
highly conductive
layers
More Less
Sounding
frequencies
1 MHz – 1 GHz 1 Hz – 64 Hz
Logistical
efficiency
Higher Lower
Appropriate
applications
Shallow groundwater,
near-surface clays,
etc.
Very deep water
tables, aquifers, etc.

58. Acknowledgements & References CitedAcknowledgements & References Cited
Grant. F. S., and West, G. F.,Grant. F. S., and West, G. F., Interpretation Theory in Applied GeophysicsInterpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics . McGraw-Hill,. McGraw-Hill,
New York, New York, 1965.New York, New York, 1965.
Grimm, R. E., “Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Exploration for Groundwater on Mars”.Grimm, R. E., “Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Exploration for Groundwater on Mars”.
Journal of Geophysical ResearchJournal of Geophysical Research , Vol. 107, No. E2, 12 February 2002., Vol. 107, No. E2, 12 February 2002.
Grimm, R. E., “A Comparison of Time Domain Electromagnetic and Surface Nuclear MagneticGrimm, R. E., “A Comparison of Time Domain Electromagnetic and Surface Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance Sounding for Subsurface Water On Mars”.Resonance Sounding for Subsurface Water On Mars”. Journal of Geophysical ResearchJournal of Geophysical Research ,,
Vol. 108, No. E4, 22 April 2003.Vol. 108, No. E4, 22 April 2003.
McNeill, J. D., “Use of Electromagnetic Methods for Groundwater Studies”. In:McNeill, J. D., “Use of Electromagnetic Methods for Groundwater Studies”. In: GeotechnicalGeotechnical
and Environmental Geophysics, Volume 1, Review and Tutorialand Environmental Geophysics, Volume 1, Review and Tutorial . Ward, S. H., editor.. Ward, S. H., editor.
Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1990.Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1990.
Palacky, G. J., “Resistivity Characteristics of Geologic Targets”. In:Palacky, G. J., “Resistivity Characteristics of Geologic Targets”. In: Electromagnetic MethodsElectromagnetic Methods
in Applied Geophysics, Volume 1, Theoryin Applied Geophysics, Volume 1, Theory . Nabighian, M. N., editor. Society of Exploration. Nabighian, M. N., editor. Society of Exploration
Geophysicists, Series: Investigations in Geophysics, Volume 3. Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1987.Geophysicists, Series: Investigations in Geophysics, Volume 3. Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1987.
Reynolds, J. M.,Reynolds, J. M., An Introduction to Applied and Environmental GeophysicAn Introduction to Applied and Environmental Geophysic s. John Wiley & Sonss. John Wiley & Sons
Ltd., Chichester, England, 1997.Ltd., Chichester, England, 1997.
Zonge, K. L., “Introduction to TEM”. In:Zonge, K. L., “Introduction to TEM”. In: Practical Geophysics II, for the Exploration GeologisPractical Geophysics II, for the Exploration Geologis t.t.
Van Blaricom, R., editor. Northwest Mining Association, Spokane, Washington, 1992.Van Blaricom, R., editor. Northwest Mining Association, Spokane, Washington, 1992.
Kenneth L. Zonge, Owner and President, Zonge Engineering and Research Organization, Inc.,Kenneth L. Zonge, Owner and President, Zonge Engineering and Research Organization, Inc.,
Tucson, ArizonaTucson, Arizona
Carol R. Stoker, NASA Ames, Principal Investigator, Mars Analog Research and TechnologyCarol R. Stoker, NASA Ames, Principal Investigator, Mars Analog Research and Technology
Experiment (MARTE)Experiment (MARTE)
Jean Jacques Berthelier, Valerie Ciarletti and Richard Ney , Centre d’Etudes Terrestres etJean Jacques Berthelier, Valerie Ciarletti and Richard Ney , Centre d’Etudes Terrestres et
Planetaires, Velizy, FrancePlanetaires, Velizy, France