BELL’S PALSY
By:
Josfeena Bashir
Lecturer, BGSBU
DEFINITION
Bell’s palsy (facial paralysis) is caused by unilateral inflammation of the seventh cranial nerve, which results in weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles on the affected side
INCIDENCE
Younger than 45 years of age
Men & women are affected equally
CAUSES
Although the cause is unknown,
Theories about causes include
Vascular ischemia,
Viral disease (herpes simplex, herpes zoster),
Autoimmune disease, a combination of all of these factors.
NERVE TRAUMA
Risk factor
The third trimester of pregnancy
In individuals with immune disorders such as HIV infection,
Individuals with diabetes.
Viral upper respiratory infection
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Inflammation of facial nerve
The inflamed, oedematous nerve becomes compressed to the point of damage, or its blood supply is occluded,
Producing ischemic
Necrosis of facial nerve
Paralysis of facial nerve
Clinical manifestation
Onset of symptoms may be sudden or may progress over a 2- to 5-day period
Pain behind the ear may precede the onset of facial paralysis
dry eye or tingling around the lips
Unable to Close The Eyelid,
Wrinkle The Forehead,
Dysarthria & dysphagia
The mouth is pulled toward the unaffected side
Drooling of saliva occurs,
the affected eye has constant tearing or lacrimation.
Sense of taste is lost over the anterior two-thirds of the tongue
Diagnostic evaluation
History of the onset of symptoms is used to diagnose Bell’s palsy.
Observation of the patient confirms the diagnosis.
An EMG may be done. The possibility of a stroke must be ruled out.
Management
Corticosteroid therapy- to decrease inflammation (eg, prednisone 1 mg/kg/day for 10 to 14
Acyclovir combined with prednisone is possibly effective in improving facial function
Eye care to maintain lubrication and moisture if unable to close. May need to be patched during sleep.
Physical therapy, electrical stimulation to maintain muscle tone.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics to relieve pain
Heat application
Massage
Electrical stimulation
Surgical management
Tarsorrhaphy
Complication
Corneal ulceration
Impairment of vision
Body image disturbance related to facial nerve paralysis
Nursing management
Test motor components of facial nerve (VII) by assessing patient's smile, ability to whistle, purse lips, wrinkle forehead, and close eyes. Observe for facial asymmetry.
Observe patient's ability to handle secretions, food, fluids; observe for drooling.
Assess patient's ability to blink and speak clearly.
Assess effect of altered appearance on body image.
Administer or teach patient to administer artificial tears and ophthalmic ointment as prescribed
2. DEFINITION
Bell’s palsy (facial paralysis) is
caused by unilateral
inflammation of the seventh
cranial nerve, which results in
weakness or paralysis of the
facial muscles on the affected
side
4. CAUSES
Although the cause is unknown,
Theories about causes include
Vascular ischemia,
Viral disease (herpes simplex, herpes
zoster),
Autoimmune disease, a combination of all
of these factors.
NERVE TRAUMA
5. Risk factor
The third trimester of pregnancy
In individuals with immune disorders such as HIV
infection,
Individuals with diabetes.
Viral upper respiratory infection
6. Pathophysiology
Etiology
Inflammation of facial nerve
The inflamed, oedematous nerve becomes compressed to the point of
damage, or its blood supply is occluded,
Producing ischemic
Necrosis of facial nerve
Paralysis of facial nerve
7. Clinical manifestation
Onset of symptoms may be sudden or may progress over a 2- to 5-day
period
Pain behind the ear may precede the onset of facial paralysis
dry eye or tingling around the lips
While lifting, moving or carrying an object keep it close to the body to
prevent unnecessary strain
Avoid unnecessary bending or reaching to an object. Flex knees to
come close to the object
Keep work close to the body
8. Unable to Close The Eyelid,
Wrinkle The Forehead,
Dysarthria & dysphagia
The mouth is pulled toward the unaffected side
Drooling of saliva occurs,
the affected eye has constant tearing or lacrimation.
Sense of taste is lost over the anterior two-thirds of the
tongue
9. Diagnostic evaluation
History of the onset of symptoms is used to
diagnose Bell’s palsy.
Observation of the patient confirms the
diagnosis.
An EMG may be done. The possibility of a
stroke must be ruled out.
10. Management
Corticosteroid therapy- to decrease inflammation (eg, prednisone 1 mg/kg/day
for 10 to 14
Acyclovir combined with prednisone is possibly effective in improving facial
function
Eye care to maintain lubrication and moisture if unable to close. May need to be
patched during sleep.
Physical therapy, electrical stimulation to maintain muscle tone.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics to relieve pain
Heat application
Massage
Electrical stimulation
13. Nursing management
Test motor components of facial nerve (VII) by assessing patient's smile,
ability to whistle, purse lips, wrinkle forehead, and close eyes. Observe for
facial asymmetry.
Observe patient's ability to handle secretions, food, fluids; observe for
drooling.
Assess patient's ability to blink and speak clearly.
Assess effect of altered appearance on body image.
Administer or teach patient to administer artificial tears and ophthalmic
ointment as prescribed