India relies heavily on imported fossil fuels to meet its energy demands, threatening its energy security. India has significant renewable energy potential from sources like solar, wind and biomass that could reduce its reliance on imports. Promoting renewable energy through policy support and investments could help India enhance its long-term energy security by diversifying its energy supply and developing indigenous energy resources.

1. 0
THE ROLE OF
RENEWABLE
ENERGY IN
IMPROVING THE
FUTURE ENERGY
SECURITY IN INDIA
Exploration and exploitation of India’s fossil fuel reserves has
proven poor resulting in a shift towards alternative energy sources.
India's vast renewable energy potential could help alleviate the
country's dependence on imported fuels and possibly (although
optimistically) meet India’s energy demands. Promoting this shift
could help enhance India’s energy security in the long term
Sustainability &
Energy Systems
Ali Obaid (B224397),Mustafa Togay (B027368),
John Peter (B512414),Oliver Page (B529346),
Kazeem Adedoyin(B226731)

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Contents
1.0 Introduction ..............................................................................................................6
Project Brief................................................................................................................6
What is Energy Security?...........................................................................................6
Why Should India Invest in Energy Security? ...........................................................6
2.0 India’s Current Energy Situation..............................................................................7
Political .......................................................................................................................7
Economical.................................................................................................................7
Socio-Economic .........................................................................................................8
India’s Energy Strategy Aims to:................................................................................8
Natural Coal and Crude Oil Reserves .......................................................................8
Renewable Energy distribution in India .....................................................................9
Electricity Generation .................................................................................................9
Per Capita Energy Use ............................................................................................10
Sectorwise Consumption .........................................................................................11
Carbon Intensity .......................................................................................................12
Carbon Footprint ......................................................................................................12
India’s Primary Energy Consumption Split ..............................................................13
Total Installed Capacity............................................................................................13
Future Energy Demands by Fuel Type....................................................................14
Recent Energy Security Initiatives ...........................................................................15
Clean Coal Technologies .....................................................................................15
Biofuels and Ethanol.............................................................................................15
Biomass Plantation...............................................................................................16
Biomass Gasification............................................................................................16
Community Based Biogas ....................................................................................16
3.0 Energy Security Strategy.......................................................................................16
3.0.1 Potential role of renewable energy in attaining energy security ....................17
Analysis of Potential Energy Sources......................................................................17
3.0.2 Wind Power.....................................................................................................17
Swot Analysis ...........................................................................................................18
State-wide Resource Potential.................................................................................18
Availability of Resource............................................................................................18
Cost of Installation....................................................................................................19
Investments..............................................................................................................19
Government Incentives ............................................................................................19

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Offshore wind policy.................................................................................................21
Social factors............................................................................................................21
3.0.2 Solar ................................................................................................................22
Introduction...............................................................................................................22
Impact of weather on energy source .......................................................................22
SWOT Analysis ........................................................................................................22
Where can the resource be found and how much is available? .............................23
Retscreen 1kw Solar system Payback....................................................................23
Investment Opportunities .........................................................................................26
Price of Energy Consumption..................................................................................26
Expertise and Technical knowledge ........................................................................26
Environmental Impacts.............................................................................................26
Socio-Economic Impacts..........................................................................................26
Technical impacts.....................................................................................................27
3.0.3 Biomass...........................................................................................................27
Use of Biomass........................................................................................................28
Types of Biomass Energy & Biomass Categories...................................................28
Swot Analysis ...........................................................................................................29
Technical Factors.....................................................................................................29
Environmental Factors .............................................................................................30
Socio-Economic Factors..........................................................................................30
Impact of Weather on Production ............................................................................30
Price of Biomass Consumption vs Other Sources ..................................................30
Funding.....................................................................................................................31
Government Policies & Programs............................................................................31
Targets for Biofuels and Biogas in India..................................................................31
Potential & Installed Capacity ..................................................................................32
Thermal Conversion Power of Agricultural Waste...................................................33
Potential of Biomass in Energy security..................................................................33
Timeframe for installation.........................................................................................34
India's Expertise and technical knowledge of Biomass...........................................34
3.0.4 Hydro...................................................................................................................35
Introduction...............................................................................................................35
Resource Availability................................................................................................35
Cost of Installation....................................................................................................36
SWOT Analysis ........................................................................................................37

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Issues with Development.........................................................................................37
Opportunities ............................................................................................................38
Policies .....................................................................................................................38
Price of energy consumption compared to conventional methods .........................39
Environmental impacts.............................................................................................40
Socio-economic Impacts.......................................................................................40
3.0.5 Nuclear................................................................................................................41
Introduction ..................................................................................................................41
SWOT Analysis ........................................................................................................41
Current Nuclear Capacity.........................................................................................41
Future Considerations..............................................................................................42
Technical..................................................................................................................42
Environmental ..........................................................................................................42
Weather Impact........................................................................................................43
Socio-economic effects............................................................................................43
4.0 Renewable Strategy Breakdown ...........................................................................44
5.0 Alternative Solution................................................................................................47
6.0 Conclusion .............................................................................................................50
Appendix ......................................................................................................................52
References:..................................................................................................................53

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Table of Figures
Figure 1: Energy Security Diagram [1] ..........................................................................6
Figure 2: Natural Gas Reserves....................................................................................8
Figure 3: Crude Oil Reserves ........................................................................................8
Figure 4: Coal Reserves ................................................................................................9
Figure 5: Potential of Renewable Power [8] ..................................................................9
Figure 6: Growth Rate of Production of Energy ..........................................................10
Figure 7: Trend in Production of Energy .....................................................................10
Figure 8: Per Capita Use of Energy [9] .......................................................................11
Figure 9: Sectorwise Electricity Consumption [6]........................................................11
Figure 10: Sectorwise GDP Contribution ....................................................................11
Figure 11: Carbon Intensity [11] ..................................................................................12
Figure 12: Carbon Dioxide Emissions.........................................................................12
Figure 13: Energy Comsumption Split [6]....................................................................13
Figure 14: Fuel Types for Energy Demands [14] ........................................................14
Figure 15: Global Energy Consumption [15] ...............................................................14
Figure 16: SWOT Analysis for Wind Energy [25] [26] [27] [28]...................................18
Figure 17: Wind Potential Map [37] ............................................................................20
Figure 18: Impact of Weather on PV modules [42] .....................................................22
Figure 19: SWOT Analysis for Solar Power ................................................................22
Figure 20: Solar Potential Map [44].............................................................................23
Figure 21: Component Prices Break Down for a PV System [46] ..............................23
Figure 22: 1 kW Solar System Payback......................................................................24
Figure 23: Installed Capacity and Potential of Renewables [6] ..................................27
Figure 24: Provided Energy through Renewable Energy Sources [58]......................28
Figure 25: Potential of Biomass Power [70]................................................................33
Figure 26: Water Stress Map.......................................................................................35
Figure 27: Targets vs Achieved Capacity....................................................................39
Figure 28: Cost of Generation .....................................................................................39
Figure 29: SWOT Analysis for Nuclear Power ............................................................41
Figure 30: Renewable Energy Potential.....................................................................44
Figure 31: Advised Government Scheme...................................................................51

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Table of Tables
Table 1: Carbon Dioxide Emissions [12] [13] ..............................................................12
Table 2: Energy Generation Split [97] .........................................................................13
Table 3: State-wide Resource Potential [29][30].........................................................18
Table 4: CERC Wind Power Regulations [36].............................................................20
Table 5: Cost of 1 kW PV System ...............................................................................24
Table 6: Government Support on Installed Capacity ..................................................24
Table 7: SWOT Analysis for Biomass Energy [59]......................................................29
Table 8: Price of Biomass Consumption vs Other Sources [61].................................30
Table 9: Potential & Installed Capacity of Plants [69] .................................................32
Table 10: Water Resource Availability ........................................................................36
Table 11: Typical Cost of Hydropower Systems [78]..................................................36
Table 12: SWOT Analysis for Hydropower [79] [80] ...................................................37
Table 13: Planed Growth of Hydropower in India [83][84][85] ....................................38
Table 14: Price of Energy Consumption vs Conventional Methods [86] ....................39
Table 15: Factors Determining Crude Oil Energy Security Profile [94] ......................47
Table 16: Grouped Categories for Crude Oil [92] .......................................................48

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1.0 Introduction
Project Brief
Energy is a vital part in a country's development and constant growth. Guaranteeing
a supply of energy is critical to economic development. However one quarter of
India’s population lack access to electricity. It is unwise to rely on a finite reserve of
energy from other countries. This project will critically assess India’s energy potential
and appraises renewable and alternative strategies to improving energy security.
What is Energy Security?
The International Energy Agency defines energy security as “The uninterrupted
availability of energy sources at an affordable price”. It can be subdivided into two
areas. Short term security is where the main focus lies on the system's response
when faced with sudden irregular variations in the supply & demand balance. Long
term security focuses on future economic and environmental developments, ensuring
energy supply investments are in phase with changing demand. Influences such as
price, availability, social and economic impacts can contribute to a lack of energy
security [1].
Why Should India Invest in Energy Security?
India is heavily energy deficient and has an extremely low resource to population
ratio. Although India houses 17% of the world’s population it only contains 0.4%,
0.4% and 6% of the world’s oil, gas and coal resources respectively [2].
India is largely import dependent with nearly 35% of its annual energy demand being
supplied by other countries [2]. This is a growing concern with severe economic and
environmental concerns that calls for effective and comprehensive energy
governance and legislation in India’s energy sector [3].
Figure 1: Energy Security Diagram [1]

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The country needed to deplete foreign exchange reserves in order to settle large
energy debts, while simultaneously struggling between attracting investors, delivering
uninterrupted supply and subsidising energy to the poor.
There are many other factors that threaten India’s energy security, such as supply
disruptions, exchange rates and unpredictable international price tags of oil, gas and
coal [2].
A strategy must be put in place to outline energy supply and demand. This must
include policies and regulations to secure energy resources at stable rates and avoid
market fluctuations as much as possible.
2.0 India’s Current Energy Situation
Prior to analysing the current energy structure, a vital evaluation of background
information on the country’s energy use is presented. India has the second largest
population in the world, with an estimated population of 1.27 billion in 2014. Another
crucial factor is India’s landmass, of which is the seventh largest in the world [3].
These statistics forecast that the country has high energy demand and will only
continue to rise. A brief overview of India’s political and socio-economic factors are
evaluated below.
Political
India is politically stable; in May 2014 a new Prime Minister assumed office as
previously India had been operating as a coalition government, whereas now it is a
single party government [4]. When a country operates as a coalition government
there is a possibility of instability as a party may try to overthrow the other in search
for power and control. Investments may be severely affected if a country is politically
unstable, whilst a poor economic performance could lead to an unstable government
[5].
Economical
Economic growth and political stability are closely linked. Within the last 20 years
India has sprung up to become the world’s tenth largest economy (2011) [3].
Factors that influence economic growth include:
● Land
● Human Capital
● Physical Capital
● Entrepreneurship
Economic reforms in 1990 kick started India’s economic growth, the driving forces
behind the growth were direct foreign investment, India’s expertise in information
technology and an increase in domestic consumption [7].
The growth rate of India’s population is approximately 1.25 % [6] this greatly boosts
India’s human capital as the high population increases the probability of skilful and
knowledgeable workers hence adding value to the country. India’s middle class is the

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foundation of its growing economy; by 2040 half of its population will be middle class
[7]. Advancement in technology over the years has allowed for greater physical
capital, tools are now available that can greatly enhance the quality of production and
manufacture of goods.
India’s economy is the World’s fastest growing economy and it is expected to
overtake China to become the world’s largest. Over the last two decades India had
an economic growth rate of 7% [6]. As the economy grows so does the demand for
energy hence showing the importance of achieving energy security.
Socio-Economic
The rapid economic growth has reduced the number of people living in poverty.
However there is still an unbalance in economic growth between rural and urban
areas. This has caused migration from rural to urban areas of people in search for a
better life. This in turn leaves rural areas abandoned with no one to build and
upgrade the infrastructure and therefore the chances of rural areas improving
economically are low.
India’s Energy Strategy Aims to:
● Provide clean & affordable energy
● Ensure Energy Security
● Improve efficiency of energy currently being used
● Use renewable energy on a bigger scale
Natural Coal and Crude Oil Reserves
India’s coal reserves are one of the largest in the world, despite having one of the
largest coal reserves the quality of coal is very low and needs to import higher quality
coal to sustain its infrastructure. As of 31/03/14 India’s coal reserves were
approximated to be 301.05 billion tons [8]. The estimated reserves of crude oil are
762.74 million tons. The reserves of natural gas in India as of 31/03/2014 stands at
1427.15 billion [8].
Figure 3: Crude Oil ReservesFigure 2: Natural Gas Reserves

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Renewable Energy distribution in India
Figure 6 shows the current renewable energy systems distribution and its total
output.
Electricity Generation
From 2006 to 2014 India’s installed electricity generating capacity has increased
from 145,755 MW to 284,634 MW. This is an increase of 138,879 MW over eight
years [8].
Figure 6 shows how both fossil fuels, hydro, and nuclear electricity production are
consistently increasing from 2006 - 2014. Although from 2013-2014 there was a
decrease of 0.07% in conventionally sourced electricity. Figure 7 shows the energy
demand from primary sources is beginning to level out.
Figure 4: Coal Reserves
Figure 5: Potential of Renewable Power [8]

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Demand on the net import of coal has increased steadily from 2006-2014 as a result
of the low quality of locally sourced coal. Last year 2013-2014 India imported
166.29MTs of coal. On the other hand India exports a relatively small amount of coal,
in the year 2013-2014 it exported 2.15MTs of coal [8].
Per Capita Energy Use
India’s per capita use of energy has been steadily increasing from 1972 to 2011 as
shown in figure 8. The average per capita use stands at 613.72 kg of oil equivalent.
With India’s population forecasted to increase the per capita use of energy in India
will most definitely increase. Especially if people in rural areas have access to
electricity
Figure 6: Growth Rate of Production of Energy
Figure 7: Trend in Production of Energy

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Sector wise Consumption
The sector wise use of energy in India is shown below in figure 9; the highest fraction
of energy is used in Industry followed by domestic and transportation. Figure 10
shows how each of the sectors have contributed towards India’s GDP over the years.
The Service sector has had a 53% share in GDP contribution. The service sector
includes trade, hotels and restaurants, real estate and professional services etc.
Figure 8: Per Capita Use of Energy [9]
Figure 9: Sector wise Electricity Consumption 13/14 [6]
Figure 10: Sector wise GDP Contribution 1950-14

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Carbon Intensity
Carbon intensity shows the amount of carbon emitted for each unit of energy
consumed. As figure 11 indicates, India’s carbon intensity is very high where
approximately 30% [10] of air pollution is caused by coal. The implementation of
renewable energy sources will gradually decrease the carbon Intensity of India.
Carbon Footprint
India has the fourth highest carbon dioxide emission rate in the world as shown in
figure 12. As of 2012 the total Carbon Dioxide Emission in India was 1,830,938
(million metric tons) as shown in table 1. This is not forecasted to increase however it
isn’t forecasted to decrease either. A switch to renewable energy technologies will
aid the reduction of carbon emissions.
Figure 11: Carbon Intensity [11]
Figure 12: Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Table 1: Carbon Dioxide Emissions [12] [13]

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India’s Primary Energy Consumption Split
Coal is the dominant fuel used in India followed by petroleum. However a large
amount of these are imported from other countries. This does not aid India’s pursuit
of energy security. Reducing imports will be a crucial factor in improving India’s
energy security.
Total Installed Capacity
Table 2 below shows how the energy generation is split between different groups,
with the private sector producing the most amount of power. It also shows how coal
dominates energy production at 60.7% with hydro, nuclear, and RES lagging far
behind. Gas and oil on the other hand produce less power than RES emphasising
how heavily India relies on coal. Reducing India’s dependence on coal could be one
way to improve energy security.
Figure 13: Energy Comsumption Split [6]
Table 2: Energy Generation Split [97]

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Future Energy Demands by Fuel Type
India’s future energy demands are set to increase for each fuel type. This is largely
due to the rate of India’s population growth. If India wishes to attain energy security
they will have to focus on renewable energy sources and reduce dependence on
imports.
China and India are forecasted to have the highest rate of global energy
consumption due to their large populations. Renewable energy will have to be able to
provide sufficient energy to meet the demand.
Figure 14: Fuel Types for Energy Demands [14]
Figure 15: Global Energy Consumption [15]

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India’s Electricity Grid
India should also invest in transmission and distribution. In July 2012 India
experienced blackouts leaving 600 million people without power; this was nearly a
tenth of the world’s population at the time. India is increasing its energy capacity but
it’s struggling to complement the new installations with suitable power transmission.
Politics is one of the reasons India is struggling in this area as states are struggling to
get permission to build new more efficient transmission lines. This also stops
electricity reaching various rural locations [16].
India currently has distribution losses in the region of 30% so improving the national
grid would save huge amounts of electricity and money. Countries such as South
Korea and Japan have transmission losses of 4% and 5% where Brazil’s loses are
17%, India's losses have equated to 1.5% of the country's GDP in 2010 nearly USD
17 billion. Reducing transmission losses would decrease energy consumption
resulting in GHG reductions thus lowering the load on the country's current power
supply. From 2010-2030 it is estimated India will require USD 632 billion to upgrade
its transmission and distribution capabilities [17].
Modernising the national grid will reduce the amount of power required decreasing
the reliance on power plants increasing energy security.
Investin thorium nuclearreactors
India should invest in research and development to realise it natural reserves. This
could relieve the pressure on other energy sources from the next few centuries whilst
producing secure and GHG free electricity.
Recent Energy Security Initiatives
Clean Coal Technologies
India is currently considering investing in ultra-modern super critical coal based
thermal power technology. Since coal is the most important source of energy for
India, shifting to clean coal would be highly beneficial in order to restore development
and climate change goals. Reports indicate the possibility of adding 100,000 MW [18]
clean coal based generation by 2025.
Biofuels and Ethanol
India is currently producing biofuel mandate with 5% ethanol content in the fuel
supply (E5). The target is to increase ethanol content up to 10% (E10) and eventually
20% (E20) by 2017 [19]. The total production of fuel ethanol is 2099 million litres and
biodiesel is 135 million litres. Reports indicate the demand for biofuel will grow to 6.8
million gallons by 2022 [20].

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Biomass Plantation
India has installed 3677 MW of biomass power. The Indian Biomass Power
Association (IBPA) indicates that the biomass power plants are facing losses due to
sudden price rises of biomass. This can cause closure of biomass plants [21].
Biomass Gasification
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is supporting biomass gasifiers which
are based on production of electricity using biomass resources. Reports indicates
that about 150 MW systems have been installed for both grid and off-grid
applications [22].
Community BasedBiogas
National Biogas and Manure Management Programme (NBMMP) is responsible for
setting up community based biogas plants, mainly for rural areas. These biogas
plants generate energy from organic substances. Around 47.5 Lakh biogas plant
have been installed around the whole country. India is currently targeting to set up
110000 biogas plants by 2015 [23].
3.0 Energy Security Strategy
The proposed strategy to improve energy security in India will look at implementing
different renewable energy sources simultaneously in various regions.
Implementation of such sources strictly depends on resource rich locations that can
harness energy efficiently.
To determine the feasibility of such strategy a thorough analysis of potential energy
sources was carried out.
The analysis included:
● Identifying strengths and weaknesses of energy sources
● Current use of the energy source
● Identifying resource potential and availability
● Identifying the impact of weather
● Identifying financial Implications
● Identifying technical, economic and socio-economic factors
● Identifying which regions of India are suitable for respective energy sources

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3.0.1 Potential role of renewable energy in attaining
energy security
 Energy is said to be secure if it is adequate, affordable and reliable [24]
 As it stand India is heavily dependent on imported energy this leaves their
energy security fragile. So if diplomatic relations with other countries
deteriorated the prospects of continued consistent energy supply could
diminish.
 Renewable energy sources can reduce the dependence on energy imports.
When used to generate electricity they can help to reduce transmission
losses and costs if located close to the demand area.[24]
 Renewable energy is available in large amounts and some types of
renewable energy are close to being cost competitive.
Analysis of Potential Energy Sources
The following energy sources have been thoroughly analysed and evaluated:
3.0.2 Wind Power
Wind energy is proving to be one of the most effective solutions behind India’s
problem of depleting fossil fuels, coal imports and greenhouse gas emissions. As a
renewable it is non-polluting, affordable and a contributor to clean electricity.
The region has an installed capacity of 24088.36MW (August 2015) of wind energy,
which currently accounts for 65.09% of India’s 37000 MW of RE capacity making it
the largest source of renewable energy.
The government's has newly announced a wind energy capacity target of 60 GW by
2022. Initial wind potential at 50 m hub height was 49 GW, however according to new
studies by the National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) at 100m hub height there is
an estimated potential of 302 GW, this show the vast potential resources [25].
Investments in this power source will result in new jobs being. The new electricity in
rural areas will benefit the population. Wind energy is a major driver behind securing
India’s energy supply and self-sufficiency.

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Swot Analysis
Figure 16: SWOT Analysis for Wind Energy [25] [26] [27] [28]
State-wide Resource Potential
Availability of Resource
Wind availability in India is induced by the strong southwestern summer monsoon
around May-June by the movement of cool and humid air towards the land. Weaker
winds are seen during the northeastern winter monsoon around October where dry
and cool air moves towards the ocean.
Table 3: State-wide Resource Potential [29][30]

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Between March and August a strong and uniform wind distribution is seen over the
whole peninsula excluding the eastern coast. From November to March wind levels
are low, although this excludes the Tamil Nadu coastline where higher winds are
recorded which justifies it being one of the highest generating cities in wind energy
on the peninsula [31].
Cost of Installation
Small residential wind turbines rated between 1-5kW cost around 1.5Lakhs (£2275)
per kW [32]. In general onshore wind turbines cost between Rs 85250-95088 per kW
with capacity factors between 20-30%. Operation and maintenance costs can
account for between 11-30% of the levelised cost of electricity. Further improvement
in the supply chain can allow for reductions in capital costs up to 30% [33].
India’s manufacturing industry houses twenty wind turbine manufacturers producing
over 50 different models and a manufacturing capacity of 9500 MW per year with
turbine rating from 250kW-2.5MW.
Cost of generating Wind Vs Coal
Wind = $0.08 - 0.20/ kW-hr
Coal = $0.10-0.14/kW-hr
Investments
India is particularly favoured for such an industry with almost 95% of the 24GW wind
power provided by the private sector. Recent developments have shown that India's
wind energy sector will attract $15 Billion of investments in the next 5 years adding
4GW capacity every year [34].
Solid foundations back the industry from the Electricity Act (2003), CERC regulatory
procedures and other state policies around the region. The shift from the retail
market to the Independent Power Producer IPP has attracted interest from large
private sector firms. India’s fast growing supply chain has proved that the capital
costs induced are one of the lowest in the world, this has led many industries in the
direction of locally manufactured parts such as towers, generators, blades and
converters. The industry is backed by financial and banking institutions as well as
MNRE and IREDA and is shown to be stable with no marketing challenges [34].
Government Incentives
The Indian government has a target to achieve 175 GW Renewable Energy by 2022
of which 60GW will be from wind [34]. Incentives available are as follows:
● Tax incentives - A 10 year tax exemption & 80% accelerated asset
depreciation
● Generation based Incentives - Federal incentive of 50 Paisa per unit
generated. Installed capacity of maximum 4000MW
● Preferential Tariffs - Tariffs from 3.75-5.63 Rs./kWh depending on zone

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● Renewable Purchase Obligation -The states obligation to purchase a fixed
amount of renewable generated electricity [35].
The peninsula is fortunate to have 7517 km of coastline with water territory spread
over 12 miles into the sea. The resources that are yet to be exploited have the
potential to allow sustainable growth for years to come in the wind energy sector.
The wind resource map below outlines potential areas and their corresponding wind
density
Table 4: CERC Wind Power Regulations [36]
Figure 17: Wind Potential Map [37]

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Offshore wind policy
A national offshore wind policy was recently approved to promote offshore projects.
The MNRE will be taking this role and will begin by assessing the potential in a zone
extending 200 nautical miles along the coast line. The policy outlines all necessary
approvals needed prior to setting up a project. Suzlon energy has completed a study
on a 600 MW system and will soon need to acquire government approvals [38].
Social factors
Recent analysis has shown that achieving India's wind energy target would generate
an estimated 180,000 [39] jobs resulting in socio-economic growth. The negatives
include noise pollution to the population close to the turbines as well as the aesthetic
aspect on the local area [40].

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3.0.2 Solar
Introduction
Solar energy is one of the renewable resources that can be found in all most all
areas of the world. Solar energy gathers the same amount of solar power each day.
It is a non-polluting energy source that does not produce any greenhouse gasses
when it is generating power from the sun. This is important due to India being one of
the most polluted countries in the world [41].
Impact of weather on energy source
The table below shows the sunlight levels available to solar cells in different weather
conditions for a 100W monocrystalline PV panel. The sunlight levels can exceed
100% due to the reflection from nearby clouds.
SWOT Analysis
Figure 18: Impact of Weather on PV modules [42]
Figure 19: SWOT Analysis for Solar Power

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Where can the resource be found and how much is
available?
India has a tropical monsoonal climate with 300 days of sunshine and an average
hourly radiation of 200 MW/sq km. India has 750 GW of solar power potential that
can be installed in every state [44]. The states that have highest solar power
potentials follow as Rajasthan, Jammu & Kashmir and Maharashtra.
Targets and installed capacity:
The current solar power installed capacity for India is around 4 GW [45]. The Indian
government is targeting to install 22 GW of solar power capacity by 2020. As India
has a substantial opportunities for solar power, the government has changed the
initial target to add more solar power capacity up to 100 GW.
Cost of installation?
The cost of a rooftop solar PV system is approximately Rs. 100,000 (£1,008) per
kWp which does not include batteries. This varies by the manufactures [46].
Figure 20: Solar Potential Map [44]
Figure 21: Component Prices Break Down for a PV System [46]

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Analysis of 1kw Solar system Payback
Rescreen software was used to analyse the payback for a 1kW photovoltaic solar
system comprising of 4 250W PV panels with a battery in India. The input data used
included those shown in tables 5 and 6 as shown above and figures 1,2,3 and 4 in
the appendix. The base system chosen and compared to was a 1kW diesel
generator at a generating cost of 16 Rs./kWh. Assuming a 1 kWh daily load for a
police station for example, as opposed to 400-500W load for a single dwelling in the
rural community. The PV system would deliver 450MWh yearly compared to a
demand of 365 kWh and would save Rs.5840 annually (the cost of diesel
generation). If a government subsidy of 30% was used at 5% annual interest the
payback (breakeven) can be achieved after 13 years as shown in figure 22 below.
This can vary depending on inflation costs and cost of traditional generation. The
government must increase the subsidy and/or push for international investments as
high poverty levels in rural areas hinder such developments as people are unable to
handle long debts or handle them at all.
Table 6: Cost of 1 kW PV System Table 5: Government Support on Installed Capacity
Figure 22: 1 kW Solar System Payback

26. Page | 25
Timeframe
● Depending upon size and type of installation
● Average residential systems take two and a half days to install [47]
● More complex systems with batteries and ground mounted systems
may take longer [48]
Government policies/financing:
In 2010 solar energy became a key mission for the Government of India (Gol). Under
the National Action Plan on Climate Change it launched the Jawaharlal Nehru
National Solar Mission (JNNSM). This mission consists of three phases. Phase I was
to install 100 MW rooftop grid connections and 200 MW of off-grid solar systems by
2013. Phase II is to install 4000 MW grid connected and 1000 MW off-grid connected
solar systems by 2017 and Phase III is to install 20000 MW grid connected and 2000
MW off-grid connected solar systems by 2022 [49]. Other policies include, Foreign
Direct Investment (FDI) Policy which provides 100% investment under the Electricity
act 2003 [49].
Financial Support
The INR has been granted a total of $5 billion for Solar Power Projects in the
following places, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Ladakh in Jammu & Kashmir.
INR $4 billion will be designated to a project proposed to provide driven solar power
to energize 100,000 pumps; which include solar powered agricultural pump sets and
water pumping stations. The last INR $1 Billion will be funding solar parks based on
the banks of canals in the countries listed above in the near future.
The following machinery, materials and systems for solar powered energy are
granted Exemption from Excise Duties. This meaning all materials, systems and
machinery are export friendly and are allowed to be sold internationally. This is
because of the financial grants providing solar power to several and specific states
across India [50].
● EVA and back sheets that are used in the production of PV
cells/modules, as well as specific materials used in their production
● Copper wires used in PV ribbons which are timed copper interconnect.
They are used in the manufacture of the solar modules and cells.
● Small solar projects that are grid connected with energy below 33KV
will be part of a GBI scheme
● 30% will be subsidised off the solar project cost for the off grid PV and
the thermal projects
● Loans can be taken out at concessional rates, this is for any off-grid
connected applications

27. Page | 26
Investment Opportunities
India has seen good investment due to the success of the Gujarat Solar Park and
due to the Solar Policy implemented in Rajasthan. They provide a guarantee of
making a better and more efficient economy through solar power industry. These
Projects are being granted by the FDI and NSM. Gujarat Solar Park encourages
on-site manufacturing facilities that provide up and coming solar projects
carried out in the park with the correct and efficient maintenance and skilled
workers to repair and service needs in the Gujarat Park. Private sector
investments include major firms such as Suzlon, Applied Materials [50].
Price of Energy Consumption
Cost of solar power from a rooftop system is around Rs.4-5 per kWh where diesel
powered projects are around Rs.16 per kWh [51]. According to India Ratings and
Research (Ind-Ra) solar energy will become cheaper than the conventional thermal
methods over the next three years around Rs.4-4.5 per unit by FY18 [52].
Expertise and Technical knowledge
● Home-grown equipment and expertise
● Requirement to develop home-grown capabilities
● Difficulties in design and development of components
● Technological knowledge on numerous types of heat exchangers,
waste heat recovery boilers, power cycle [53]
Environmental Impacts
● Use of land – requires large areas to gather the solar radiation
● Ecological impact – loss of habitat
● Manufacturing progress – 0.07 and 0.18 pounds of carbon dioxide
emission equivalent per kilowatt-hour
● Use of water – some of water is used during manufacturing process
[54]
Socio-Economic Impacts
● Work opportunities
● Power in rural areas – increase of electrification of rural and remote
areas
● Funding for deregulation of energy markets
● Rise of the national energy independency
[54]

28. Page | 27
Technical impacts
● Low maintenance
● No moving parts
● Losses during long distance power transmission
3.0.3 Biomass
Biomass – The Renewable EnergySource for India?
One of the renewable energy sources being considered to ensure India’s Energy
security is Biomass. Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently
living organisms [55]. Biomass energy is organic matter which has stored energy
through the process of photosynthesis [56].
Availability of Energy Source
India is blessed with a vast resource of biomass. The current availability of Biomass
stands at 500 million tons per year which when converted to energy is equivalent to
50 GW of installed capacity [6].
Biomass is approximated to provide 32% of all primary energy use in the country
[57].
How much of India’s Energy Comes from Biomass
The diagram below represents the renewable energy sources used in India and the
quantity in which they are used. Wind is the dominant type of renewable energy
source used in India followed by Biomass.
In terms of future potential solar has the most potential to grow although biomass
also has good potential growth.
Figure 23: Installed Capacity and Potential of Renewables [6]

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The pie chart below shows how much of India’s energy is provided through
renewable energy sources in comparison with primary energy sources.
Renewable energy sources provide a mere 11% of energy used in India. Of the
renewable energy sources used biomass stands at 13.3%
Use of Biomass
Most of the biomass energy produced is used for domestic and fuel applications.
Only approximately 2700 MW of electricity produced in India stems from biomass [6].
Types of Biomass Energy & Biomass Categories
There are different categories of materials that provide biomass energy. These are
as follows:
● Forest Residue - forest and wood wastes, wood energy crops
● Agricultural residue- residues from agriculture harvesting or
processing
● Dedicated energy crops – high yield crops grown specifically for
energy applications
● Municipal solid waste - rubbish generated by households
Resources needed to produce biomass energy can never run out as long as there
are crops, plants and waste.
Figure 24: Provided Energy through Renewable Energy Sources [58]

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Swot Analysis
Table 7: SWOT Analysis for Biomass Energy [59]
Technical Factors
Biomass heat, electricity/CHP combustion technologies are available at both small
and large scales. They are able to provide the required temperature/pressure
characteristics for hot gas and steam production.
A key technical challenge with biomass is the infrastructure. There are a lot of old
wood fuel boilers in rural areas, if these were to be replaced by more modern
biomass boilers the efficiency of energy being produced would increase.
Technologies used to produce biomass energy tend to have slower response
systems compare to gas and coal fired systems. To deal with this technical
deficiency, buffer vessels are integrated into the biomass system [60].
Biomass boilers require a large amount of space for its infrastructure. They require a
larger amount of room than fossil fuels. Space is required for growing crops, a large
boiler site is also required, storage, and delivery vehicles all take up space.

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Environmental Factors
Energy produced from Biomass Plants is Carbon Neutral, meaning there is no net
release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Biomass Plants have a low sulphur
dioxide emission rate. Introducing biomass can have both a negative and positive
impact on degraded land. Harvesting trees for the purpose of producing energy
degrades the forest. On the other hand non-invasive energy crops can be grown on
land that is degraded.
Socio-Economic Factors
● Biomass is available across the whole of India; therefore biomass can
be used in rural areas as isolated renewable energy installations.
● Biomass energy can also lead to a new means of income for people in
rural areas which in turn reduce the need for people to migrate to more
urban areas.
Impact of Weather on Production
Weather can impact on the infrastructure used to produce the biomass energy, but
unlike with sun and wind power the generation of energy is not dependent on the
weather.
Price of Biomass Consumption vs Other Sources
Biomass consumption costs $0.10 per kWh as compared to coal which fluctuates
between $0.10-0.14 per kWh depending on the market value.
Table 8: Price of Biomass
Consumption vs Other Sources [61]

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Funding
Entities that provide funding include:
● Equity investors
● Government
● Foreign Investors
Banks are willing to give loans to finance projects; one of the most common types of
funding is via debt financing where money is borrowed but ownership is retained.
Alternatively equity investors keep a keen eye on good projects to invest in.
Funding can also come via foreign investors an example of this was when between
2009-10 , Indeen Bio Power Ltd co-founded a project to install a biomass power
generation plant in India [62].
Government Policies & Programs
Several programs have been initiated with the aim of producing technologies to allow
for efficient use of biomass energy.
It has been identified that the biomass power generation industry attracts a large
amount of investments this leads to employment of more than 10 million man days in
rural areas [63].
Indian government aims to make use of the large amount of surplus energy produced
by biomass energy. Approximately 18,000 MW of surplus energy is produced [64].
Bagasse based cogeneration in the country’s sugar mills, extract power from the
bagasse produced by them. Leading to approximately 5000MW additional power
[64].Biomass power/cogeneration are programmes being pushed through.
Cogeneration is the production of two forms of energy from a single source. The two
types of energy tend to be thermal and electric energy.
Targets for Biofuels and Biogas in India
Biofuels
In 2012 India’s biofuel production accounted to only 1 percent of global production
[6]. There is huge potential for second generation biofuels in India, second
generation feedstock can help overcome the problem of feedstock availability.
These biofuels originate from agricultural residues, by products and organic waste
[65]. India’s biofuel policy has a set target of 20% blending of bioethanol by 2017
[66]. Biofuels can be used as an alternative or as a supplement to diesel and petrol
for several applications such as transportation [67].
Biogas
Biogas can be used for multiple applications such as cooking, lighting fuel, heating
and refrigeration. Biogas benefits the rural areas as it provides clean and accessible
cooking fuel. This in turn reduces the dependence on other fuels. The introduction of
biogas leads to the reduction of fossil fuels and conventional biomass.
If fossil fuels are replaced by biogas, greenhouse gas emissions reduce and this
should lead to improved air quality. India’s government have set a target to set up 6.5
lakh biogas plants across the nation. This is part of the twelfth five year plan which is
for the period between 2012-2017 [68].

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Potential & Installed Capacity
The table 9 above shows the potential for family type biogas plants for each state in
India.
Table 9: Potential & Installed Capacity of Plants [69]

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The map above contains information about the potential of biomass in India by
states.
Thermal Conversion Power of Agricultural Waste
Thermal Conversion of agricultural waste allows for power and electricity generation.
It has been estimated that if all of India’s agricultural wastes were used they could
potentially generate over 50,000MW of power [71]. Agricultural waste although
widely available is the most wasted type of energy source. India has high biomass
potential, agricultural wastes such as paddy straw, cane trash and other farm wastes
are not utilised efficiently. India is the second largest producer of paddy in the world.
Below are some stats on the availability of agricultural waste available for India to
utilise.
India produces:
~ 350,000 tonnes of cane → ~ 50 million tonnes of cane trash
~98 million tonnes of paddy → ~130 million tonnes of paddy straw
The 350,000 tonnes of cane will produce approximately 50 million tonnes of cane
trash which is a good fuel for biomass. The same applies for the paddy straw with
half of it being available for combustion; the other half is used for fodder.
Potential of Biomass in Energy security
● Biomass Energy is able to provide India with 50 GW of installed capacity
● By making use of waste produced within the industrial and agricultural
sectors, India will be able to grow sustainable energy.
● India produces an estimated 350 million tons of agricultural waste annually,
residual biomass can be used to generate clean and renewable energy for
India [72]
Figure 25: Potential of Biomass Power [70]

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● India’s total biomass potential 18,000-23,000MW [72] Agro-residues can
provide India with a local source of sustainable energy.
Timeframe for installation
For most biomass plant installations takes approximately 18 months. They tend to
have an operational lifetime of 20 years. Space wise, 10 acres of land is required for
biomass plant that generates 7.5 to 12MW. Capital Cost for a plant ranges from 4.5
to 5 million Rs./MW [73].
India's Expertise and technical knowledge of Biomass
India has around a decade’s worth of experience with modern biomass technologies.
Over that period of time gasifier technology has come on leap and bounds and has
been able to deal with applications such as village electrification, captive power
generation and process heat generation.[74] Bagasse based cogeneration and large
scale gasification and combustion have also been introduced.
Large gasifier based power technologies are at R&D and pilot demonstration stage
[74].
Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources (MNES) are supporting Biomass
research centres with the aim being to produce technology which will increase
biomass productivity.
Finland is one of the countries at the forefront when it comes to making use of locally
available resources for energy generation. India are open to receiving foreign direct
investments for projects involving energy generation [75]. Emphasis is put on
reciprocal technology and knowledge transfer. They are looking at transferring
biomass CHP technology used in Finland to India.

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3.0.4 Hydropower
Introduction
The force of falling water produces hydroelectric energy. The amount of water and
height of the waterfall determines the capacity of power production. The potential
energy is accumulated in the dams.
Resource Availability
From the total potential for hydropower in India more than 50 percent of its potential
is found to be in north-eastern regions (Brahmaputra river basin) and it has yet to be
tapped. Water stress is also very low in the north-eastern part of India which is
shown in the figure 26 below.
Figure 26: Water Stress Map

37. Page | 36
The Brahmaputra drainage area is approximately 550,000sq km and it is one of the
major international rivers, 35% of the Brahmaputra lies in India. The annual rainfall in
that area is around 100 cm to 400cm and the rainfall mostly occurs during the
months of May to September. In Pandu the average annual runoff (yield) of
Brahmaputra river is 50 m (i.e. 400 m ac ft.) more than 80 percent of its flow occurs
during monsoon [75][77].
Cost of Installation
The table 11 below consists of the relevant details for the cost of installation of the
varying scales of Hydropower.
Note: calculations assume a 10% cost of capital for the electricity cost
Table 10: Water Resource Availability
Table 11: Typical Cost of Hydropower Systems [78]

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SWOT Analysis
Issues with Development
Seismicity and Tectonic Factors
The Region lies in the north of the Himalayan arc and is one of the most seismically
active regions in the world which is one of the major problem for building Hydro
plants in that area [81].
Problems related to transmission
The Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd has researched that to transmit the
power from North-eastern region to other regions a long distance high-capacity
transmission lines has to be developed at reasonable cost. One has to spend Rs.
11,000 million to accomplishing this transmission [82].
Table 12: SWOT Analysis for Hydropower [79] [80]

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Required Investment
To use the potential of the North-East, the Government of India needs to invest a
large amount of money. The costs include the site development, resettlement, and
rehabilitation measures. In the 12th (2012-2017) plan period the total energy
expenditure will be 829,720 million rupees. So 30.17% of the total government
budget for hydro energy will be required in the North-East. This is a huge expenditure
and unrealistic for the Indian economy.
Opportunities
A high number of job opportunities are created for the local inhabitants. The
government also provides various forms of financial support for the hydro projects to
enhance the renewable energy sector and to reduce the emission of carbon-dioxide.
Policies
Purchasing Power Parity PPP where the objectives are to develop the state’s water
resources in an environment friendly manner by attracting investors for the
development of Hydro resources which will also boost the state's revenue. PPP
policies are for long term developments of Hydropower plants. Hydropower plants
require huge cost and take a long period to be implemented [83].
Table 13: Planed Growth of Hydropower in India [83][84][85]
Excluding Hydro power <25MW

40. Page | 39
Figure 27: Targets vs Achieved Capacity
Price of energy consumption compared to conventional
methods
Table 14: Price of Energy Consumption vs Conventional Methods [86]
Figure 28: Cost of Generation

41. Page | 40
Environmental impacts
● For the construction of hydro plants a large area is needed, larger areas are
required for flat terrain than mountainous terrain for construction reasons.
● Emissions during the construction of hydro plants leads to global warming
although they are significantly less than traditional sources.
● The Hydro plants affects the lifespan of aquatic vertebrates and also the
evaporation of water from the stored reservoir is more comparing to the
flowing water [87]
Socio-economic Impacts
As the workers travel from different parts of India to carry out constructions the need
for commodities increases. This enriches the local economy with cash and
investment [88].

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3.0.5 Nuclear
Introduction
Along with evaluating India’s renewable energy potential alternatives such as nuclear
energy need to be discussed. Nuclear energy has considerable advantages and
disadvantages over renewables when it comes to energy security. High risk high
reward could be used to describe nuclear energy. It could offer vast quantities of
emission free electricity for a long period of time.
SWOT Analysis
Current Nuclear Capacity
In the year 2013-2014 India generated approximately 2.9% [8] of its electricity from
nuclear sources. This is a relatively small amount compared to fossil fuels and
renewable energy sources. India has a largely domestic nuclear program due to it
being excluded from Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. This treaty excluded India
from importing nuclear energy components and fuel thus forcing India to develop its
own nuclear technology. In 2009 India was granted a waiver allow the importation of
Figure 29: SWOT Analysis for Nuclear Power

43. Page | 42
nuclear fuel and components increasing its nuclear capabilities. India’s government
now aim to produce 25% of its electricity from nuclear sources by 2050(3).
Currently a nuclear power plant in India coast approximately 1200-1700$/kW and this
makes it competitive with fossil fuels [89]. When you take into account all the cost
associated with generating electricity such as environmental, social, and health
factors, nuclear power plants could be exceptional. On the other hand there could be
unknown environmental, health and cost damages in the future. The cost involved
with critical environmental damage could be significantly high.
Future Considerations
Nuclear energy can meet a large percentage of India’s energy requirement. It could
also reduce India’s dependence on imported energy sources and increase energy
security due to Thorium being a readily available energy resource in India. In the
near future India aims to exploit its large reserves of Thorium, approximately 13% of
the world’s supply to increase energy security. This has led to India becoming a
world leader in fast reactors and thorium fuel cycles [89].
India has a largely domestic nuclear power program although it has recently been
searching for foreign investment. Recently a firm called Atomstroyexport has agreed
to build 16 nuclear plants to cost around $40 billion. A second company AREVA NP
has agreed to build six 1650 MW reactors from the earlier cost estimates this deal
could cost around $15-$20 billion. (3)
Technical
India’s large domestic nuclear program has allowed them to develop a high level of
expertise and technical knowledge in the field. They have an almost unique level of
expertise in thorium reactors [89]. Even with this expertise they have foreign
companies building nuclear power plants due to the massive investment cost.
Environmental
Nuclear energy production is consistent and environmental conditions have no effect
on the plant’s output. Once the plant has been constructed the cost of generating
electricity is very low compared to fossil fuels where the cost of fuel for a nuclear
power plant is 14% of the total cost as opposed to 78% and 89% for coal fired and
gas combined cycle plants respectively [90].
Nuclear energy produces very small amounts of carbon and is comparable to
hydroelectric and wind energy in terms of greenhouse gasses emissions [91].
Mistakes could result in substantial damage to the environment and threaten energy
security and would also lead to high clean-up costs, sanctions and loss of life. The
main environmental issue is the nuclear waste that is produced. Long term
environmental damage is unknown and is currently one of the main arguments
against nuclear energy.

44. Page | 43
Weather Impact
Large scale weather events such as earthquakes need to be considered. There have
been accidents in the past involving earthquakes and nuclear power plants. India will
need to evaluate the best possible locations to place nuclear power plants to mitigate
the risk. Wind and rain levels won’t impact the output of a nuclear power plant.
Socio-economic effects
Nuclear energy provides well paid job opportunities to qualified people such as
engineers, physicists, chemist, IT specialists and security. Offering employability in
rural locations can enhance the community and develop surroundings. The
advancement of India’s technical knowledge and expertise will allow India the
opportunity to export nuclear science and technology. Although if thorium becomes a
usable large scale fuel source there will be an increase in mining and this could lead
to rural communities being relocated or displeased with the damage to the
environment near their homes.

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4.0 Renewable Strategy Breakdown
Biomass, Wind, Solar and Hydro power were analysed. The role of each source and
its contribution to energy security were identified. Strengths and weaknesses
recognised, practical implications acknowledged and technical, socio-economic and
environmental factors were determined.
It is clear that it will be difficult to implement the simultaneous increase of the four
renewable energy sources analysed. A gradual process over a long period of time is
required.
The government’s limited budget does not allow for large scale simultaneous
implementation of renewable energy sources. These economic constraints have led
to the derivation of a short term, midterm and long term strategy.
Figure 30 below shows the areas with the highest potential for the renewable energy
sources which we analysed:
Figure 30: Renewable Energy Potential

46. Page | 45
Short TermStrategy - Due to the cost of wind power already being competitive with
the cost of imported coal, the short term focus for India should be wind power. India
should look at further utilizing wind to generate energy. The cost of wind power is
around the same mark as that of fossil fuels which means there is no extra financial
support required from the government .The government should concentrate on quick
deployment of capacity in the near term [92].
Biomass - Biogas plants can be implemented in rural areas to solve the issue
revolving around the lack of energy supplies. Biogas are efficient and can be used
for majority if not all domestic applications, they also have a low running cost.
Hydro - Hydropower is at a similar price rate with fossil fuels. Therefore it can be
made use of, for short term purposes small hydro power projects should be looked
at. 50% of the potential for small hydro power projects lie in the Himalayan states.
Mid TermStrategy - By 2019 the cost of solar power will be cheaper than that of
fossil fuels. This is an ideal period for India to drive the push for solar power in India
and with the drive for wind power already underway, this will aid India’s push of using
Renewable Energy Sources.
Solar capacity deployment should be scheduled so that majority of the deployment
coincides with the time period when solar becomes competitive with fossil fuels [92].
The regions in which solar power is at its most efficient in India are:
 Rajasthan
 Jammu & Kashmir
 Maharashtra
Biomass - Over a period of time India’s Biomass conversion technologies will
improve, therefore they will be able to produce energy at a higher efficiency rate.
Once the efficiency rate is at a reasonably high mark, biomass plantation should be
pushed all across India due to the great availability of biomass.
Hydro - Hydro may be a risky strategy with the frequency of earthquakes being so
high in hydro energy abundant areas. More research into safety may be advisable
before large scale hydro power plants can be installed effectively.
Wind - Advances in technology will lead to more efficient turbines, which can be
used at much lower installation costs. Wind Energy is predicted to become even
cheaper in the future. The increase in technology will also lead to the development of
cheaper offshore wind. India should increase its offshore wind capabilities in the
midterm.
Long TermStrategy
In the long term the aim is to have Solar, Wind, Biomass and Hydropower generating
energy for the whole of India’s population. This process will take many years to
materialise and it is clear that fossil fuels will still play a vital role in the meantime.
Eventually the dependence on fossil fuels will be significantly reduced which is
important and in line with the International communities aim of reaching a general
consensus that will aid the World’s climate.

47. Page | 46
Solar - Solar energy will be significantly cheaper than fossil fuel power. India should
continue to increase it solar capabilities by building large scale plants. India should
also have solar panels on domestic houses and industrial building to really maximise
it solar capacity.
Hydro - If the advancement of hydro power allows the manufacturing of large scale
power plants that can withstand the frequent earthquakes. Large scale hydro could
become usable. The transmission line would also need to be improved to transport
large amount of electricity from the rural areas of production to the rest of India and
possibly neighbouring countries.
Wind - India should utilise its large on and offshore wind capacity by increasing the
size of its solar farms and utilising high potential sites. As technology increases
turbines will be built further and further out to sea increasing India’s maximum wind
capacity.
Biomass - As India’s technical knowledge and expertise of biomass conversion
technologies improve, their capability of efficiently producing energy increases.
Biofuels and Biogas plants will be installed in rural areas, large scale biomass which
is currently in Research and Development Stage will have reached completion and
this will allow for energy to be produced on a larger scale.
Measuring Impact of Strategy
The changes implemented will be measured by:
● Emission rate - the level of emissions produced annually since strategy has
been implemented
● Energy capacity
● Job opportunities/employment rate - the number of jobs the new strategy has
proposed for people all over India especially in rural areas
● Regions without electricity- previously a high number of inhabitants in India
were left with no electricity, has this changed since the new strategy has been
implemented?
Consequences of Non-Implementation
● No energy security
● No access to basic electricity in rural areas
● High dependency on energy imports and international market fluctuations
● Stunt India's economic growth & strength
● Increase hazardous pollution levels

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5.0 Alternative Solution
The proposed strategy revolves around India achieving energy security by
implementing different renewable energy technologies. However realistically it will be
difficult to do this as the efficiency and reliability of renewable energy sources is at
present inferior to that of fossil fuels. Therefore an alternative solution to renewable
energy sources was considered:
The alternative strategy will consider the following points:
● How conventional energy sources can be used more efficiently
● The introduction of nuclear energy to help meet demand
● Regional co-operation
● Increase coal production
● Fully maximise the potential of oil & gas
● Create stronger & secure supply partnerships with oil and gas
supplying countries in the middle east & Africa [14]
Short TermEnergy Security Risks
Short-term energy security focuses on the capability of the energy system to deal
with sudden changes in the supply-demand balance.
The IEA have developed a model known as MOSES (Model of Short-term Energy
Security) to evaluate short term energy security risks in different regions of the world.
Below in table are the factors used to determine the energy security profile for crude
oil.
Table 15: Factors Determining Crude Oil Energy Security Profile [94]

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The criterion shown below is used to determine the group within which the country
falls regarding crude oil.
Table 16: Grouped Categories for Crude Oil [92]
These are the results from a MOSES Assessment carried out on India’s Crude Oil
Security.
● India are in Group C due to the following
● Import > 80%
● 9 Crude Oil Ports
● High supplier diversity (HHI=0.101)
● 51 days of crude oil storage
Limitations of MOSES model
● Economic issues excluded
● Environmental impact not considered
● Growth demand not taken into consideration
● Depletion of natural resources not considered [95]
This shows that India needs to decrease the amount of fuel it imports and rely on its
local resources to produce energy
Long TermEnergy Security
To ensure long term energy security India should consider building on regional
cooperation. If India is able to collaborate with their neighbours there is a great
opportunity for trading energy between each other.
For example trading:
● Hydroelectric with Nepal
● Natural gas and coal-generated electricity with Bangladesh
● Natural gas with Iran and Turkmenistan through Pakistan. [93]

50. Page | 49
These potential collaborations bring with them other geopolitical issues, but
nonetheless the potential of establishing these links must be examined
[93].
Increasing Coal Production
● Will reduce the number of outages as there will be coal available in
surplus amounts for power plants
● Transportation links have to be improved to enable smooth transport of
coal
● Clearance has been received for 41 coal mining projects this will
further aid production of coal [96]
● Reduces the reliance on imports
● Socio-economic benefits as jobs are created
Create stronger & secure supply partnerships with oil and gas supplying
countries in the Middle East & Africa
Shale oil production in the US is predicted to exceed levels higher than the current
US imports from abroad. The effect this will have is that global crude oil flow will be
shifted [14].
Therefore the Middle East and Africa will turn from being exporters to western
countries to seekers of stable markets in the East. This is how India can benefit from
forming a partnership with the Middle East and Africa. This partnership could lead to
a shared energy infrastructure between India and the Middle East. India should also
work towards attaining a key position in the sustainable development of East Africa
as an integrated gas supply hub [14].

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6.0 Conclusion
India is a growing nation and the rise in GDP is resulting in increased energy
demand across all sectors. The potential of renewable energy in the region is large
and vast and exceeds the current installed capacity. The statewide strategy is highly
ambitious yet viable on a long term basis. Technology is widely available with many
sectors having locally produced energy systems leading to lower setup costs. Wind
power is a highly viable potential due to 95% of investments being obtained from the
private sector which alleviates pressure on the government and allows more leeway
in funding other sources such as solar, hydro and biomass.
India must take into consideration the maturity level of all energy sources and
evaluate the necessary actions to be taken. A push for international aid can help
physically develop and financially support projects. This can be achieved through
help from the Ministry of National Renewable Energy whose sole mission is to
address energy security in the region.
Advantages of utilising India’s renewable potential include elimination of import
dependency which is currently seen as a financial burden. This would in turn allow
for more financial aid towards renewable sources. Such implementation would allow
energy distribution to underserved rural areas. Overall, as a result of introducing
clean energy emissions would be largely reduced and therefore decreasing negative
health impacts on population. Socio-economic factors such as jobs are also
introduced on wide scale with an approximated 1,000,000 jobs to be added over the
next 7 years given India achieves the renewable energy goal. Such opportunities
result in development in those areas and help in reducing poverty levels overall.
With India’s increasing population fossil fuels and nuclear energy are still going to
play a part in increasing India’s energy production and security. India has large
Thorium reserves and with researching into Thorium nuclear reactors they could
support the country's growing energy needs without relying on importing fuel. If
nuclear energy is produced safely it can play a part increasing India’s energy
security. Implementation of suitable power lines are crucial for state-wide distribution
and to allow renewable energy systems to be utilised efficiently.
British Petroleum predicts that India will remain dependant on imports regardless of
rise in non-fossil fuel productions. However a rise in renewable energy generation
would greatly improve energy security, slow down GHG emissions and provide
energy to rural areas.

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Figure 31: Advised Government
Scheme

53. Page | 52
Appendix

54. Page | 53
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