3. Classification on the Financial Statement
• Expired - income statement
• Unexpired -balance sheet
• Product Cost - Inventory
Prime Cost -
Conversion cost –
• Period cost - Expensed
4. • Prime costs = Direct materials +
Direct labor
• Conversion costs = Direct labor +
Manufacturing overhead
(fixed & variable)
Composition of
Manufacturing Costs
5. Reaction in the Changes in Activity
• Variable – fluctuates in total
• Fixed - remains constant in total
• Mixed - part fixed, part variable
• Step - increases at certain activity levels
6. Total variable costs increase in proportion
to increases in unit level cost drivers.
Total
variable
costs (Y)
Total activity (X)
0
0
Basic Cost Behavior Patterns
7. Cost Concepts - 7
Total fixed costs do not respond to
changes in unit level cost drivers within
a period.
Total
fixed
costs (Y)
Total activity (X)
0
0
Basic Cost Behavior Patterns
8. Cost Concepts - 8
Total mixed costs contain fixed and variable
cost elements. They increase, but not in direct
proportion to increases in unit level cost drivers.
Total
mixed
costs (Y)
Total activity (X)
0
0
Sometimes
called
semivariable
costs
Basic Cost Behavior Patterns
9. Cost Concepts - 9
Total step costs are constant over a range of
activity for a unit level cost driver but moves to
a different amount at different ranges.
Total
step
costs (Y)
Total activity (X)
0
0
Basic Cost Behavior Patterns
10. Fixed Cost
Variable Cost
Cost Reaction to Changes in Activity
Unit Total
P
Units
P
P
P
Units
Units Units
Within the relevant range
11. Step Cost
Mixed Cost
Cost Reaction to Changes in Activity
P
P
Units
Units
fixed
Within the relevant range
variable
12. Product Cost Behavior
• Direct Material Variable
• Direct Labor Variable
• Overhead Variable, fixed, mixed
13. Cost Concepts - 13
• Variable costs--The cost of the ingredients used to
make the pizzas
• Fixed costs--Depreciation, property taxes, and
property insurance
• Mixed costs--Cost of electricity
• Step costs--Employee wages
Basic Cost Behavior Patterns
Pizza Hut
14. Methods for Separating Mixed Cost Into
Fixed and Variable Components
• The High-Low Method
• Scatterplot Method
• Specific quantitative methods
• The Method of Least Squares
a = (∑Y - b(∑X)) / N
15. Separating Mixed Costs
y = a + bX
y = total cost
a = fixed portion of total cost
b = variable cost
X = activity base to which y is
related
Use formula for a straight line
16. Cost Concepts - 16
Total
costs
(Y)
Value of independent variable (X)
0
0
Fixed costs (a)
Variable costs (b)
Total costs
Y = a + bX
Variable costs are
layered on top of fixed
costs.
Slope,
b =
Δ
Y
Δ
X
Total Cost Behavior With A Single
Unit Level Cost Driver
17. Separating Mixed Costs
• High-Low Method
• Actual cost observations
• Considers only two data points
• highest and lowest levels of activity
• Outliers should be disregarded when analyzing mixed
costs
19. Month Utility Costs Unit Produced
January $2,000 200
February 2,500 400
March 4,500 600
April 5,000 800
May 7,500 1,000
Mixed Costs: An Example
20. High activity period
Low activity period
Number of Packaging
Shipments Costs
January 6,000 $17,000
February 9,000 26,000
March 12,000 32,000
April l0,000 20,000
Variable cost
per unit (b) =
Difference in total costs
Difference in activity
b = $32,000 - $17,000
12,000 - 6,000
Continued on next slide
High-Low Cost Estimation
21. Variable cost
per unit (b) = $2.50
January
a = Total costs - Variable costs
$17,000 = a + ($2.50 x 6,000 shipments)
a = $2,000
March
$32,000 = a + ($2.50 x 12,000 shipments)
a = $2,000
Same answer!
High-Low Cost Estimation
22. Y = P2,000 x P2.50X
Total packing
department costs
Number of
shipments
High-Low Cost Estimation
23. Scatterplot method
• Is a method of determining the equation of the line by
plotting the data on a graph. The first step is to plot the
data points so that the relationship between maintenance
costs and activity level can be seen. One purpose of a
scattergraph is to see whether or not an assumed linear
relationship is reasonable. Inspecting the graph may reveal
some points that do not seem to fit the general pattern of
behavior, which upon further investigation, may reveal that
these outliers were die to some unusual occurrences,
thereby justifying their elimination and perhaps lead to a
better estimate of the underlying cost function.
25. Determining Cost Behavior
• Cost Predictor
• Activity accompanied by
consistent, observable
changes in a cost item
• Predicts but may not cause
the cost to change
• Cost Driver
• Activity that has a direct
cause-effect relationship on
cost
• Directly causes the cost to
change
26. Overhead Cost Allocation
Assign indirect costs to one
or more cost objects
• To determine full cost (GAAP)
• To motivate management
• To compare alternative courses of action for
planning, controlling, and decision making
Allocation process should be
rational and systematic
