This document summarizes a study examining the pollinators that visit Hawthorn trees. Over four days of collection at two sites, 25 unique organisms were identified visiting the Hawthorn trees, including 17 primary pollinators that collect pollen or nectar and 8 secondary pollinators that use the trees for other purposes like feeding. The collections were made using nets and specimens were identified with guides to determine which organisms were primary or secondary pollinators of the Hawthorn trees.

1.
Hawthorn
Pollinator
Examination
Jessica
Snow
Biol
320
Sec
001
08
VI
2015
All
photos
by
Jessica
Snow
Data
Collected
by
Anna
Wan,
Sam
Walker,
and
Jessica
Snow

2. 2
Table
of
Contents:
Introductions_______________________________________________________________________________________3
Methods_____________________________________________________________________________________________3
Results_______________________________________________________________________________________________4
Discussion___________________________________________________________________________________________6
Key
for
Basic
Identification________________________________________________________________________7
Conclusion_________________________________________________________________________________________10
References_________________________________________________________________________________________11
Appendix
A________________________________________________________________________________________12

3. 3
Introduction
Pollination,
primarily
by
insects,
is
one
of
the
most
important
ecological
services
provided
by
a
group
of
organisms.
Pollination
is
key
to
sexual
reproduction
in
many
flowering
plants,
and
allows
for
the
continued
introduction
of
variation
by
genetic
recombination
(Clancy).
This
genetic
variation
is
vital
to
stable
communities,
and
with
variation
comes
the
ability
to
survive
environmental
changes.
In
addition,
pollination
is
needed
for
the
production
of
35%
of
the
crops
used
for
food
worldwide
(Insects
&
Pollinators).
With
this
in
mine,
it
becomes
apparent
how
crucial
it
is
to
support
native
pollinator
species.
Genus
Crataegus,
or
commonly
called,
Hawthorn
trees
have
multiple
species
native
to
Michigan
(Michigan
Flora
Online).
Many
of
these
trees
are
known
to
help
support
other
species
by
providing
food
and
shelter.
In
our
study,
we
surveyed
the
individuals
visiting
Hawthorn
trees
while
in
bloom.
This
survey
shows
Hawthorn
tree’s
ability
to
support
local
pollinator
species
by
providing
them
with
a
seasonal
food
source.
Methods
To
learn
about
the
diversity
of
pollinators
that
visit
the
Hawthorn
trees
in
Jensen’s
meadow,
collections
were
made
on
four
days
from
two
sites.
Both
sites
of
collection
were
adult
Hawthorn
trees
found
in
Jensen’s
meadow
on
the
University
of
Dearborn
Campus
Natural
Area
(figure
1).
Collection
periods
were
conducted
in
late
morning
to
achieve
best
collection
condition.
Goal
conditions
were
full
sun,
calm,
and
warm.
Due
to
natural
weather
variation,
not
all
collections
could
be
made
in
these
prime
conditions
(table
1).
On
May
22,
collection
techniques
were
practiced
and
no
specimens
were
analyzed.
Specimens
were
collected
using
fine
mesh
nets,
transferred
into
plastic
transfer
containers
and
stored
in
a
shaded
region
until
the
collection
was
complete.
During
collection,
repeat
specimens
were
not
collected
if
possible.
Collection
focused
on
examining
the
diversity,
not
quantity,
of
Figure
1:
Map
of
Collection
Area

4. 4
pollinators
visiting
the
Hawthorn
trees.
After
collection
was
competed,
specimens
were
refrigerated
for
20-­‐35m
and
then
transferred
to
individual
vials
for
observation.
These
vials
were
kept
refrigerated
or
in
ice
water
when
not
being
analyzed
to
inhibit
movement
and
stress
of
specimens
collected.
They
were
then
observed
under
a
dissecting
microscope
and
photographed.
A
record
was
taken
of
each
identified
pollinator.
To
help
in
identification,
Kaufman’s
Field
Guide
of
Insects
and
BugGuide.net
were
used.
Collection
ended
with
the
end
of
the
blooming
period
for
the
Hawthorn
trees,
which
bloomed
for
just
over
one
week.
Organisms
were
identified
to
their
family,
a
few
were
identified
to
genus,
some
were
tentatively
identified
to
genus,
and
two
were
identified
to
species.
In
analysis
of
diversity,
different
specimens
in
the
same
family
were
only
considered
different
if
they
were
morphologically
unique.
In
this
case,
they
were
given
a
number
after
their
name
to
denote
this
difference
(table
2,
appendix
A).
Results
From
four
days
of
collection,
25
unique
organisms
were
identified
to
be
visiting
the
Hawthorn
trees.
Of
these
species,
not
all
are
known
to
collect
pollen
or
nectar,
instead
using
the
Hawthorn
for
other
purposes
such
as
feeding
on
plants
and
insects.
These
will
be
considered
secondary
pollinators
and
are
denoted
in
table
2
with
an
asterisk.
Kaufman’s
Filed
Guide
to
insects
was
used
to
make
this
determination
(Kaufman).
To
see
further
details
about
behaviors
that
qualified
organisms
as
primary
or
secondary
pollinators,
refer
to
Appendix
A.
In
total,
17
commonly
considered
pollinators,
which
we
will
call
primary
pollinators,
were
identified.
8
secondary
pollinators
were
collected.
Many
secondary
pollinators
accidentally
pollinate
flowers
while
performing
their
own
feeding
behavior.
Day
Test
A
B
C
D
Date
22
V
2015
23
V
2015
27
V
2015
29
V
2015
01
V1
2015
Time
(EST)
1230-­‐0130
1046-­‐1130
0905-­‐1005
0920-­‐1020
1220-­‐1250
Hawthorn
sampled
A
A
A
A
B
Temperature
(°C)
N/A
25.9
26.0
25.6
13
Humidity
(%)
N/A
32
61
78
58
Sky
cover
N/A
Clear
Clear
Full
cloud
Full
cloud
Wind
N/A
Calm
Calm
Calm
1.5mph
Analysis
Time
N/A
1130-­‐0300
1205-­‐0305
1210-­‐0310
1250-­‐0150
Bloom
Stage
Early
Middle
Middle
Fading
Late
Table
1:
Collection
Information

5. 5
This
fact
was
determined
from
the
visible
presence
of
pollen
grains
on
many
of
these
individuals.
Day
B,
May
27th
had
the
best
collecting
conditions
and
was
the
time
of
fullest
flower
blooms.
This
day
had
sunshine
and
high
temperatures,
which
seemed
to
encourage
pollination
behavior.
Day
B
was
a
diverse
collection
day,
and
the
majority
of
species
collected
were
known
pollinators.
On
day
B,
10
different
types
of
pollinators
were
collected
and
90%
were
primary
pollinators
(table
2).
On
day
C,
12
types
of
pollinators
were
collected,
but
only
50%
were
primary
pollinators.
Day
A
was
much
less
diverse
with
only
6
types
collected,
80%
of
them
being
primary
pollinators.
The
day
of
lowest
diversity
was
day
D,
with
only
two
individuals
collected,
both
being
primary
pollinators.
This
could
be
due
both
to
cold
cloudy
weather
and
the
end
of
bloom
conditions.
Mining
bees
were
23
V
2015
27
V
2015
29
V
2015
01
V1
2015
Small
Carpenter
Bee
II
Mining
Bee
IIII
III
I
Asian
Multicolored
Lady
Beetle*
I
Spotted
Lady
Beetle
I
Metallic
Sweat
Bee
II
Flesh
Fly
I
I
Muscid
Fly*
I
Bee
Fly
I
Bumble
Flower
Beetle
I
Large
Carpenter
Bee
I
Red
Admiral
Butterfly
I
I
Sweat
Bee
I
II
Honey
Bee
I
Flower
Fly
1
I
Flower
Fly
2
I
Plant
Bug*
I
Spread-­‐winged
Damselfly*
II
Rove
Beetle
1*
I
Rove
Beetle
2*
I
Assassin
Bug*
I
Yellowjacket
I
Bumble
Flower
Beetle
1
I
Thread-­‐waisted
Wasp*
I
Ichneumon
Wasp
I
Syrphid
Fly
I
Table
2:
Collection
Results
*Secondary
Pollinator

6. 6
collected
on
three
of
the
four
collection
days,
making
them
a
common
pollinator
of
Hawthorns.
Flesh
flies,
Red
Admiral
butterflies,
and
Sweat
bees
were
all
collected
on
two
occasions,
meaning
that
they
may
be
somewhat
common
pollinators
for
Hawthorn
trees.
Discussion
The
taxa
richness
observed
at
the
Hawthorn
trees
during
the
4
days
of
collection
show
that
they
are
host
to
many
different
pollinators.
It
can
be
surmised
that
Hawthorn
trees
are
capable
of
helping
to
support
a
largely
diverse
population
of
pollinators.
This
allows
for
the
opportunity
to
introduce
Hawthorn
trees
to
an
area
where
the
pollinators
found
in
this
study
would
be
a
positive
addition.
In
habitat
management,
this
data
can
be
used
as
a
guide
to
look
at
benefits
and
drawbacks
of
adding
Hawthorn
trees
into
an
environment.
Methods
of
identification
were
learned
by
trial
and
error
during
the
4
days
of
collection.
The
Key
below
was
created
as
a
summary
of
the
best
techniques
acquired.
In
our
identification,
the
first
necessary
step
was
to
isolate
the
invertebrates
into
broad
categories.
After
that
was
determined
more
specific
classifications
were
made.
Key
For
Basic
Identification
1. Can
haltêres
(small
knob
structures)
be
identified
behind
the
front
wing?
a. If
yes,
you
have
a
fly.
Flies
only
have
one
set
of
wings
which
often
fold
in.
Example
of
a
fly
(left)
and
close-­‐up
of
haltêre
(right)
b. If
no,
continue
to
question
two.

7. 7
2. Can
elytra
(hardened
wing
cover)
be
observed
in
rest,
often
concealing
wings?
a. If
yes,
you
have
a
beetle.
Examples
of
two
types
of
beetles
with
hard
wing-­‐covers
(above)
b. If
no,
continue
on
to
question
three.
3. Are
there
broad
wings,
more
than
3
times
the
size
of
body?
a. If
yes,
you
have
a
butterfly,
or
moth.
Examples
of
a
Red
Admiral
Butterfly
(above)
b. If
no,
continue
on
to
question
four.

8. 8
4. Is
the
abdomen
very
narrow,
2
pairs
of
wings
long,
and
body
often
blue
or
green?
a. If
yes,
you
have
a
damselfly
or
pondhawk
Example
of
Spread-­‐winged
Damselfly
(above)
b. If
no,
continue
on
to
question
five.
5. Are
legs
much
longer
than
body,
highly
jointed,
or
body
with
highly
angular
shape?
a. If
yes,
you
may
have
a
plant
bug,
assassin
bug
or
other
secondary
pollinator.
Example
of
plant
bug
(left)
and
assassin
bug
(right)
b. If
no,
continue
on
to
question
six.

9. 9
6. Is
connection
between
thorax
and
abdomen
very
narrow
or
hourglass
shaped?
a. If
yes,
you
may
have
a
wasp
or
similar
family
Example
of
Thread-­‐Waisted
(Left)
and
Ichneumon
Wasp
(right)
b. If
no,
you
may
have
a
bee
if
it
fits
these
criterion:
hairy
or
not,
shiny
or
not,
compound
eyes
on
sides
of
head,
antennae
usually
moderately
long,
legs
thicker,
joined
and
shorter
than
body
length.
Holds
wings
to
body
when
at
rest.
Yellowjackets
have
yellow
and
black
distinct
patterning
on
abdomen.
Example
of
sweat
bee
(left)
and
yellowjacket
(right)
This
experience
showed
that
insect
identification
is
not
black
and
white,
which
is
why
identification
keys
are
tricky
to
make.
The
purpose
of
the
above
dichotomous
key
is
to
help
identify
common
pollinators
found
at
Hawthorn
trees,
and
was
the
approach

10. 10
developed
during
identification.
The
key
can
be
used
as
a
good
way
to
start
figuring
out
what
type
of
arthropod
you
are
dealing
with.
The
rules
above
will
have
exceptions
and
won’t
be
accurate
in
all
cases.
It
is
hoped
that
with
resources
for
easier
identification,
important
pollinators
will
be
recognized
and
appreciated
for
their
high
ecological
value
as
well
as
for
intrinsic
value.
This
study
was
completed
in
hopes
that
further
research
will
be
conducted
on
the
same
and
other
local
species
that
support
diverse
and
beneficial
pollinator
populations.
This
study
should
be
followed
up
with
the
following
considerations.
The
collection
may
have
been
biased
to
attractive,
moving,
loud
pollinators
and
therefore
a
representative
sample
may
not
have
been
collected.
Repeat
observations
need
to
be
conducted
to
see
if
the
recorded
pollinator
population
is
consistent
on
a
yearly
basis.
Further
analysis
of
identified
pollinators
should
occur
to
further
classify
and
understand
the
diversity
of
pollinators
supported
by
Hawthorn
trees.
Conclusion
The
survey
of
pollinators
at
Hawthorn
trees
shows
signs
of
high
diversity,
suggesting
that
Hawthorns
are
important
members
of
a
community
that
is
able
to
support
pollinators.
By
supporting
many
pollinating
organisms,
addition
of
Hawthorn
trees
into
meadow
environments
is
recommended
when
other
flower
plants
exist
to
support
the
pollinator
population
for
the
355
days
of
the
year
when
Hawthorn’s
are
not
in
bloom.
In
this
way,
Hawthorns
can
contribute
to
a
healthy
community
and
provide
a
stable
food
source
for
these
pollinators.
This
study
can
help
initiate
further
research
into
local
pollinator
populations
and
the
plant
species
that
support
them,
helping
us
understand
the
biotic
relationships
that
support
the
communities
and
populations
we
live
in.
This
will
allow
us
to
make
educated
and
responsible
decisions
about
habitat
management.

11. 11
References
Kaufman,
Kenn,
and
Eric
R.
Eaton.
Kaufman
Field
Guide
to
Insects
of
North
America.
New
York,
NY:
Houghton
Mifflin,
2007.
Print.
BugGuide.
Iowa
State
University,
Department
of
Entomology,
2015.
Web.
08
June
2015.
<http://bugguide.net/>.
Michigan
Flora
Online.
A.
A.
Reznicek,
E.
G.
Voss,
&
B.
S.
Walters.
February
2011.
University
of
Michigan.
Web.
June
8,
2015.
http://michiganflora.net/genus.aspx?id=Crataegus.
Clancy,
S.
(2008)
Genetic
recombination.
Nature
Education
1(1):40
<
http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetic-­‐recombination-­‐514>.
"Insects
&
Pollinators."
Natural
Resources
Conservation
Service.
United
States
Department
of
Agriculture,
2015.
Web.
08
June
2015.
<http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/
nrcs/main/national/plantsanimals/pollinate/>.

12. 12
Appendix
A:
Behavior
Information
used
to
Determine
Primary
vs.
Secondary
Pollinators
Diet
or
Behavioral
Trail
Small
Carpenter
Bee
Thistles
and
other
flowers
Mining
Bee
Pollen
and
nectar
from
specific
flowers
Asian
Multicolored
Lady
Beetle*
Aphids
Spotted
Lady
Beetle
Eats
aphids
and
pollen
Metallic
Sweat
Bee
Known
to
pollinate
flowers
Flesh
Fly
Adults
eat
flower
nectar
Muscid
Fly*
Adults
feed
on
living
plant
or
animal
tissue
Bee
Fly
Eats
nectar
of
lilac,
plum
and
other
flowers
Bumble
Flower
Beetle
Feed
on
pollen,
nectar,
fruit
and
plant
juices
Large
Carpenter
Bee
Pollinate
apples,
pears
and
other
fruit
Red
Admiral
Butterfly
Adults
eat
fruit,
sap,
bird
droppings
and
nectar
Sweat
Bee
Known
to
pollinate
flowers
Honey
Bee
Pollinate
flowers
Flower
Fly
1
Feed
on
many
flower
parts
Flower
Fly
2
Feed
on
many
flower
parts
Plant
Bug*
Feed
on
plants,
some
are
predatory
Spread-­‐winged
Damselfly*
Feed
on
insects
Rove
Beetle
1*
Mostly
insect
eaters
Rove
Beetle
2*
Mostly
insect
eaters
Assassin
Bug*
Eat
insects
Yellowjacket
Adults
collect
flower
nectar
Bumble
Flower
Beetle
2
Feed
on
pollen,
nectar,
fruit
and
plant
juices
Thread-­‐waisted
Wasp*
Eat
flies
Ichneumon
Wasp
Some
are
parasites,
others
visit
flowers
Syrphid
Fly
Feed
on
flower
parts
*Gray
and
asterisks
means
the
organism
has
been
determined
to
be
a
secondary
pollinator.

13. 13
Appendix
B:
Species
List
Methods
of
Collection
1. Collected
specimens
only
that
landed
on
Hawthorn
tree
near
flower
or
hover
nearby
2. Moths
and
caterpillars
released
3. Smallest
insects
could
not
be
captured
using
our
methods
4. Repeat
specimen
collections
for
a
day
were
avoided
when
detected
5. Stored
in
plastic
containers
in
shade
during
collection
6. Collections
limited
to
one
hour
7. Specimen
were
stored
in
refrigerator
20min
or
more
before
analysis
8. Identified
used
dissecting
microscopes
and
a
camera
9. Identified
specimens
were
released
S.
of
EIC
A1
Small
Carpenter
Bee
Family:
Apidae
Genus:
Ceratina
ID:
7cm
long,
ID:
head
and
thorax
iridescent
dark
green,
almost
black
ID:
very
few
hairs
on
head,
abdomen
and
thorax
ID:
Distinguished
from
small
sweat
bees
because
less
hair
and
lobed
back
wing
Pollen
hairs
on
3rd
pair
of
legs
only
Slender
body
Small
mouthparts
Long
slender
wings
(Kaufman
p.348)

14. 14
A2
Mining
Bee
Family:
Andrenidae
Genus:
Andrena
ID:
hairs
between
compound
eyes
and
antennal
base
ID:
very
long
hairs
on
3rd
pair
of
legs
(Kaufman
p.340)
A3
Mining
Bee
Family:
Andrenidae
Genus:
Andrena
ID:
hairs
between
compound
eyes
and
antennal
base
Long,
slender
wings
Yellow
hairs
on
full
body
and
legs
10mm
long
(Kaufman
p.340)

15. 15
A4
Mining
Bee
Family:
Andrenidae
Genus:
Andrena
ID:
hairs
between
compound
eyes
and
antennal
base
(Kaufman
p.340)
A5
Small
Carpenter
Bee
Family:
Apidae
Genus:
Ceratina
ID:
slender
full
iridescent
green
body
ID:
very
few
hairs
on
head,
abdomen
and
thorax
Pollen
in
long
hairs
on
3rd
leg
pair
8.5mm
long
(Kaufman
p.348)

16. 16
A6
Mining
Bee
Family:
Andrenidae
Genus:
Andrena
ID:
hairs
between
compound
eyes
and
antennal
base
(Kaufman
p.340)
A7
Asian
Multicolored
Lady
Beetle
Family:
Coccinellidae
Species:
Harmonia
axyridis
ID:
Black
M-­‐shaped
pattern
on
white
pronotum
ID:
Elytra
orange,
shiny
with
black
spots
ID:
a
beetle
due
to
hardened
elytra
(Kaufman
p.156)

17. 17
A8
Spotted
Lady
Beetle
Family:
Coccinellidae
Species:
coleomegilla
maculata
ID:
Elytra
orange
with
12
large
black
spots,
pronotum
orange
with
two
black
spots
ID:
flattened
back,
long
abdomen,
black
legs
ID:
a
beetle
due
to
hardened
elytra
(Kaufman
p.154)
A9
Metallic
Sweat
Bee
Family:
Halictidae
Genus:
probably
Augochlora
or
Augochlorella
ID:
Entire
body
metallic
green
and
hairy
Fine
yellow
hairs
on
all
legs
Abdomen
slender,
curved
down
9.5mm
long
(Kaufman
p.340)
A10
Released,
Not
a
Pollinator

18. 18
A11
Flesh
Fly
Family:
Sarcophagidae
ID:
one
pair
wings,
white
large
haltêres
ID:
short
antennae
Red-­‐brown
eyes,
thorax
with
black
and
silver
vertical
stripes,
hairy
Feet
with
two
pads,
wings
lay
flat
(Kaufman
p.306)
A12
Metallic
Sweat
Bee
Family:
Halictidae
ID:
Entire
body
metallic
green
and
hairy,
two
sets
of
wings
Abdomen
eaten
by
other
insect
(Kaufman
p.340)

19. 19
B1
Mining
Bee
Family:
Andrenidae
Genus:
Andrena
ID:
hairs
between
compound
eyes
and
antennal
base
(Kaufman
p.340)
B2
Muscid
Fly
Family:
Muscidae
ID:
three
segmented
antennae
with
a
hair
protruding
from
end
(aristate)
ID:
brown
calypters
(reduced
hind
wing)
just
in
front
of
small
light
haltêres
Other:
long
proboscis,
red
large
compound
eyes,
small
clubbed
antennae
with
red
tip
Other:
White
and
black
abdomen
curled
downward
Other
9mm
long
(Kaufman
p.306)

20. 20
B3
Bee
Fly
Family:
Bombyliinae
Genus:
Bombylius
ID:
Clearly
a
bee
mimic,
thick
yellow
fur
on
thorax
and
abdomen
ID:
long,
stiff
proboscis
like
a
hummingbird’s
bill
ID:
long,
thin,
delicate
legs
Other:
Large
brown
club-­‐shaped
haltêres,
10mm
long,
17mm
wingspan
Other:
dark
on
top
of
wings
and
translucent
below
(Kaufman
p.294)
B4
Bumble
Flower
Beetle
Family:
Scarabaeidae
Genus:
Euphoria
ID:
broadly
oval,
yellow
hairs
covering
body,
dark
pattern,
loud
buzz
in
flight
ID:
Antennae
end
with
three
fingerlike
projections
Other:
8-­‐8mm
long
Known
pollinators,
feed
at
flowers
(Kaufman
p.138)

21. 21
B5
Large
Carpenter
Bee
Family:
Apidae
Genus:
Xylocopa
ID:
large
size
and
hair
placement,
black
dot
on
center
of
thorax
Other:
20mm
long
Other:
Furry
yellow
thorax
w/
black
spot
in
center,
furry
black
legs
Other:
Hairless,
shiny
black
abdomen,
black
head,
segmented
antennae
Other:
Quickly
agitated,
buzzes
loudly,
shakes
abdomen
(Kaufman
p.344)
B6
Mining
Bee
Family:
Andrenidae
Genus:
Andrena
ID:
hairs
between
compound
eyes
and
antennal
base
Other:
flattened
black
hairless
abdomen,
hair
on
thorax
and
back
legs
(Kaufman
p.340)

22. 22
B7
Red
Admiral
Butterfly
Family:
Nymphalidae
Genus:
Vanessa
Species:
Vanessa
atalanta
ID:
Wing
coloration,
dark
with
orange
streaks
and
white
dots
at
tips
of
top
pair
Bottom
wings
brown,
top
has
orange,
black
and
white,
long
antennae
20mm
body
length,
1
wing
is
30mm
head
to
tail
(Kaufman
p.
234)
B8
Sweat
Bee
Family:
Halictus
Genus:
Halictidae
ID:
Thickened
yellow
back
legs,
yellow
hairs
on
part
of
thorax,
mostly
hairless
Fuzzy
yellow
hind
legs,
yellow
fuzz
between
eye
and
antennae
12mm
long,
body
black
and
shiny
Wings
same
length
as
body,
long
thin
antennae
(Kaufman
p.340)

23. 23
B9
Honey
Bee
Family:
Apidae
Species:
Apis
mellifera
ID:
body
is
the
color
of
honey
with
black
stripes
on
abdomen
Other:
hair
on
thorax,
pollen
packets
on
hind
legs
(Kaufman
p.347)
B10
Mining
Bee
Family:
Andrenidae
Genus:
Andrena
ID:
hairs
between
compound
eyes
and
antennal
base
Other:
shaking
abdomen,
rubbing
hind
legs
together
(Kaufman
p.340)

24. 24
B11
Flower
Fly
1
Family:
Syrphidae
Genus:
Unknown,
possibly
Mallota
ID:
spurious
vein
which
is
found
parallel
to
fourth
longitudinal
wing
vein
Bee
mimic,
15mm
long,
2
short
antennae
with
terminal
black
hair
Other:
Lower
mandible
protrudes,
slight
downward
carve
to
abdomen
(Kaufman
p.300)
B12
Flower
Fly
2
Family:
Syrphidae
Genus:
Unknown,
somewhat
like
Platycherius
&
Xylota
but
wider
abdomen
ID:
:
spurious
vein
which
is
found
parallel
to
fourth
longitudinal
wing
vein
9mm
long
body,
short
antennae
ending
in
a
hair,
black
eyes,
white
face
Rubbing
front
legs,
very
flat
abdomen
slightly
curved
down
Thorax
has
fine
hairs,
two
light
spots
on
both
abdomen
sides
(Kaufman
p.302)

25. 25
C1
Plant
Bug
Family:
Miridae
ID:
distinct
membrane
and
corium,
cuneus
present
Other:
5mm
long,
not
a
pollinator
(Kaufman
p.
113)
C2
Spread-­‐winged
Damselfly
Family:
Lestidae
ID:
arculus
is
broader
than
narrow-­‐winged
damselfly
Other:
33mm
long,
black
and
pale
blue
vertical
stripes,
wings
slightly
spread
while
resting
(Kaufman
p.52)

26. 26
C3
Sweat
Bee
Family:
Halictidae
ID:
ID:
Entire
body
metallic
green
and
slightly
hairy
Other:
three
caught,
only
one
recorded
Other:
Fuzzy
legs,
short
hairs,
10mm
long
1
sub-­‐antennal
suture
under
each
antennal
socket,
basal
vein
arched
(Kaufman
p.340)
C4
Mining
Bee
Family:
Andrenidae
ID:
fellow
hairy
patch
between
eye
and
antenna
Other:
hairy
yellow
thorax,
shiny
black
abdomen,
12
mm
long
(Kaufman
p.340)

27. 27
C5
Rove
Beetle
1
Family:
Staphylinidae
ID:
Antennae
longer
than
body,
filamentous,
slender
body,
shortened
elytra
ID:
antennae
not
clubbed,
narrow
waist,
noticeable
claws
Other:
6mm
long
(Kaufman
p.200)
C6
Rove
Beetle
2
Family:
Staphylinidae
Genus:
ID:
very
small
elytra,
no
projections
on
antennae,
narrow
waist,
distinctive
claws
ID
yellow
legs
with
thick
knees,
black
body
Other
8.5mm
long
(Kaufman
p.200)

28. 28
C7
Assassin
Bug
Family:
Reduviidae
ID:
black
wings,
green
body,
long
antennae,
6
legs,
black
spot
on
joints
Other
red
eyes,
some
white
on
belly,
13mm
long
(Kaufman
p.
116)
C8
Yellowjacket
Family:
Vespidae
Genus:
Vespula
ID:
Dark
wings,
thorax
has
2
yellow
bars
and
2
yellow
spots
on
bottom
ID:
antennae
are
black
with
2
segments,
smoothed
stinger
(female?)
ID:
body
is
smooth
no
fuzz
Most
likely
Eastern
Yellowjacket,
Vespula
maculifrons,
due
to
pattern
and
range
(Kaufman
p.357)

29. 29
C10
Bumble
Flower
Beetle
2
Family:
Scarabaeidae
Genus:
Trichiotinus
ID:
end
of
antennae
are
a
club
with
3
parts,
pronged
ID:
elytra
very
short,
does
not
cover
body
Other:
7.5mm
(Kaufman
p.139)
C11
Sweat
Bee
Family:
Halictidae
Genus:
Lasioglossum
ID:
Body
is
slightly
metallic
green,
hairy
yellow
legs,
slender,
flat
abdomen,
glossy
Other:
7mm
long
(Kaufman
p.
341)

30. 30
C12-­‐
Spread-­‐winged
Damselfly,
released
without
further
documentation
C13-­‐
Red
Admiral,
released
without
further
documentation
C14
Flesh
Fly
Family:
Sarcophagidae
ID:
one
pair
wings,
hairy
thorax
with
black
and
silver
vertical
stripes
Other:
large
brown
eyes,
pale
face,
10mm
long
(Kaufman
p.306)
C15
Thread-­‐Waisted
Wasp
Family:
Sphecidae
Genus:
Crabro
ID:
small,
slender
ID:
yellow
stripes
on
black
abdomen,
yellow
shapes
on
black
thorax,
hourglass
shape
body
ID:
yellow
neck
ring,
yellow
hairs
on
forehead,
dark
patch
on
outer
wing
Other:
9mm
long
(Kaufman
p.338)

31. 31
D1
Ichneumon
Wasp,
Scorpion
Wasp
Family:
Ichneumonidae
ID:
antennae>10mm,
body<10mm,
back
leg
pair>10mm
ID:
yellow
back
legs
with
black
joints,
honey
brown
abdomen
thinly
connected
to
thorax
ID:
many
antennal
segments,
all
black
(Kaufman
p.
326)
D2
Syrphid
Fly
Family:
Syrphidae
Genus:
Toxomerus
Species:
Toxomerus
germinatus
ID:
Very
distinctive
arrow
pattern
on
back
matches
Toxomerus
germinatus,
within
range
ID:
White,
small
club
haltêres
ID:
Wing
pattern
exactly
matches
this
species
ID:
extremely
short
antennae
with
hair
Other:
pale
underside,
large
eyes
fill
face
(Kaufman
p.298,
303)