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Measuring the Cost of
Living
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Slides by
Ron Cronovich
2013 UPDATE
N. Gregory Mankiw
Economics
Principles of
Sixth Edition
24
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11
En este capítulo,
buscaremos respuesta a estas preguntas:
• ¿Qué es el Indice de precios al consuidor (IPC)?
¿Cómo se calcula? ¿Para qué se usa?
• ¿Cuáles son los problemas con el IPC? ¿Qué tan
serios son esos problemas?
• ¿Cómo difiere el IPC del deflactor del PBI?
• ¿Cómo podemos utilizar el IPC para comprar sumas
de dinero en COP de diferentes años? ¿Por qué
querríamos hacer eso?
• ¿Cómo podemos corregir por inflación las tasas de
interés?
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
22
El índice de precios al consumidor (IPC)
 Mide el cósto de vida del consumidor típico
(promedio)
 the basis of cost of living adjustments (COLAs)
in many contracts and in Social Security
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
33
Cómo se calcula el IPC
1. Se fija la “canasta” de consumo
El DANE entrevista a consumidores para
determinar como es la “canasta de consumo
típica”
2. Encontrar los precios.
El DANE busca precios de cada uno de los
bienes en la cesta de consumo.
3. Calcular el costo de la canasta.
Utiliza los precios para computar el costo total
de la canasta.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
44
Cómo se calcula el IPC
4. Elegir un año base y computar el índice.
El IPC de cualquier año es
5. Computar el índice de inflación.
El cambio porcentual del IPC respecto al año
anterior es
100 x
Costo de la canasta en el año corriente
Costo de la canasta en año base
IPC este año – IPC año anterior
IPC año anterior
Tasa de
Inflación
x 100%=
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
55
EXAMPLE basket: {4 pizzas, 10 lattes}
$12 x 4 + $3 x 10 = $78
$11 x 4 + $2.5 x 10 = $69
$10 x 4 + $2 x 10 = $60
cost of basket
$3.00
$2.50
$2.00
price of
latte
$122012
$112011
$102010
price of
pizza
year
Compute CPI in each year
2010: 100 x ($60/$60) = 100
2011: 100 x ($69/$60) = 115
2012: 100 x ($78/$60) = 130
Inflation rate:
15%
115– 100
100
x 100%=
13%
130– 115
115
x 100%=
using 2010 base year:
A c t i v i d a d
Calculate the CPI
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
CPI basket:
{10 lbs beef,
20 lbs chicken}
The CPI basket cost $120
in 2010, the base year.
A. Compute the CPI in 2011.
B. What was the CPI inflation rate from 2011–2012?
price
of beef
price of
chicken
2010 $4 $4
2011 $5 $5
2012 $9 $6
A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1
Answers
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
A. Compute the CPI in 2011:
Cost of CPI basket in 2011
= ($5 x 10) + ($5 x 20) = $150
CPI in 2011 = 100 x ($150/$120) = 125
CPI basket:
{10 lbs beef,
20 lbs chicken}
The CPI basket cost $120
in 2010, the base year.
price
of beef
price of
chicken
2010 $4 $4
2011 $5 $5
2012 $9 $6
A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1
Answers
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
price
of beef
price of
chicken
2010 $4 $4
2011 $5 $5
2012 $9 $6
CPI basket:
{10 lbs beef,
20 lbs chicken}
The CPI basket cost $120
in 2010, the base year.
B. What was the inflation rate from 2011–2012?
Cost of CPI basket in 2012
= ($9 x 10) + ($6 x 20) = $210
CPI in 2012 = 100 x ($210/$120) = 175
CPI inflation rate = (175 – 125)/125 = 40%
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
9
What’s in the CPI’s Basket?
15.3%
41.0%
3.6%
16.9%
7.1%
6.0%
3.2%
3.6%
3.4%
Food and bev.
Housing
Apparel
Transportation
Medical care
Recreation
Education
Communication
Other goods
and services
A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2
Substitution bias
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
CPI basket:
{10# beef,
20# chicken}
In 2010 and 2011,
households
bought CPI basket.
In 2012, households bought {5 lbs beef, 25 lbs chicken}.
beef chicken
cost of CPI
basket
2010 $4 $4 $120
2011 $5 $5 $150
2012 $9 $6 $210
A. Compute cost of the 2012 household basket.
B. Compute % increase in cost of household basket
over 2011–12, compare to CPI inflation rate.
A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2
Answers
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
A. Compute cost of the 2012 household basket.
($9 x 5) + ($6 x 25) = $195
CPI basket:
{10# beef,
20# chicken}
Household
basket in 2012:
{5# beef,
25# chicken}
beef chicken
cost of CPI
basket
2010 $4 $4 $120
2011 $5 $5 $150
2012 $9 $6 $210
A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2
Answers
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
B. Compute % increase in cost of household basket
over 2011–12, compare to CPI inflation rate.
Rate of increase: ($195 – $150)/$150 = 30%
CPI inflation rate from previous problem = 40%
CPI basket:
{10# beef,
20# chicken}
Household
basket in 2012:
{5# beef,
25# chicken}
beef chicken
cost of CPI
basket
2010 $4 $4 $120
2011 $5 $5 $150
2012 $9 $6 $210
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
1313
Problemas con el IPC:
Sesgo de sustitución
 A lo largo del tiempo, algunos precios aumentan más
rápido que otros.
 Los consumidores sustituyen consumo hacia
aquellos bienes que son relativamente más baratos,
mitigando el efecto de el aumento en los precios.
 EL IPC ignora esta sustitucióndado que usa una
canasta fija de bienes.
 Por lo tanto, el IPC sobreestima el incremento en el
costo de la vida.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
1414
Problemas con el IPC:
Introducción de nuevos bienes
 La introducción de nuevos bienes incrementa la
variedad, y permite a los consumidores
encontrar productos que se ajustan mejor a sus
necesidades.
 Esto reduce el costo de mantener el mismo
nivel de bienestar económico
 El IPC ignora este efecto porque utiliza una
cesta fija de bienes.
 Por lo tanto, el IPC sobreestima el incremento
en el costo de vida.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
1515
Problemas con el IPC:
Cambios de calidad no medidos
 Mejoras en la calidad de los bienes incluidos en
la canasta aumenta el valor de cada unidad
monetaria (COP).
 Si estos cambios en la calidad no se tienen en
cuenta, el IPC sobreestima los incrementos en el
costo de la vida.
 Idealmente la canasta debe ser de una calidad
constante.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
1616
Problems with the CPI
 Each of these problems causes the CPI to
overstate cost of living increases.
 The BLS has made technical adjustments,
but the CPI probably still overstates inflation
by about 0.5 percent per year.
 This is important because Social Security
payments and many contracts have COLAs tied
to the CPI.
-5
0
5
10
15
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
GDP deflator CPI
Two Measures of Inflation, 1960–2012Percentchangeperyear
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
1818
Bienes importados consumidos:
 Incluidos en el IPC
 Excluidos del deflactor
La canasta:
 IPC usa canasta fija
 Deflactor usa la canasta de bs y
servicios producidos en cada período
Esto es importante cuando los precios
cambian en diferentes proporciones.
Bienes de capital:
 Excluidos del IPC
 Incluidos en el deflactor (si se
producen domésticamente)
Comparación entre el IPC y el deflactor
del PBI
A c t i v i d a d
IPC vs. deflactor del PBI
En cada escenario, determine los efectos sobre el
IPC y el deflactor del PBI.
A. Juan Valdez aumenta el precio de los
capuchinos.
B. Caterpillar aumenta el precio de los tractores
en su empresa de Bucaramanga.
C. Zara aumenta el precio de los Jeans europeos
vendidos en Colombia.
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
A c t i v i d a d
Respuestas
A. Juan Valdez aumenta el precio de los
capuchinos.
El IPC y el deflactor del PBI aumentan
B. Caterpillar aumenta el precio de los tractores
en su empresa de Bucaramanga.
El deflactor del PBI aumenta, el IPC no.
C. Armani aumenta el precio de los Jeans
italianos vendidos en Colombia.
Aumenta el IPC, el deflactor del PBI no
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
2121
Corrigiendo variables por inflación:
Comparando montos de dinero en diferentes
momentos del tiempo
 La inflación hace dificil comparar montos de dinero
de diferentes momentos del tiempo.
 Ejemplo: Salario mínimo
 $1.15 in Dic 1964
 $7.25 in Dic 2010
 ¿Tiene el mismo poder de compra el salario
mínimo de 1964 y el de 2010?
 Para comparar, usamos el IPC para convertir el
dinero de 1964 en “pesos de 2010”…
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
2222
 En nuestro ejemplo,
 “año T” es 1964, “hoy” (base) es 2010
 Salario mínimo era $1.15 en año T
 IPC = 31.3 en año T, IPC = 220.3 hoy
Corrigiendo variables por inflación:
Comparando montos de dinero en diferentes
momentos del tiempo
Monto en
$ de hoy
Monto en
$ del año
T
Nivel de precios hoy
Nivel de precios en año T
= x
$8.09 $1.15
220.3
31.3
= x
El salario mínimo en
1964 era $8.09
en $ de 2010.
$0
$2
$4
$6
$8
$10
$12
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
DolaresporhoraSalario mínimo en dólares corrientes y dólares de
2013 para U.S., 1960–2013
dolares de 2013
Dolares corrientes
A c t i v i d a d
Comparando el incremento de
matricula universitaria
Matrícula en las universidades
1990 2010
Privada sin fines de lucro 4-años $9,340 $27,293
Pública 4-años $1,908 $7,605
Públic 2-años $906 $2,713
IPC 130.7 218.1
Instrucciones: Exprese la matrícula de 1990 en
dólares de 2010, luego compute el incremento
porcentual en cada tipo de institución. ¿Qué
institución experimentó el mayor incremento?
E j e r c i c i o 4
Respuestas
1990 2010 % Cambio
IPC 130.7 218.1 66.9%
Privada sin fines de lucro 4-
años ($ corrientes)
$9,340 $27,293
Privada sin fines de lucro 4-
años (2010 $)
$15,586 $27,293 75.1%
Pública 4-años ($ corrientes) $1,908 $7,605
Pública 4-años (2010 $) $3,184 $7,605 138.9%
Públic 2-años ($ corrientes) $906 $2,713
Públic 2-años (2010 $) $1,512 $2,713 79.4%
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
2626
Corrigiendo variables por inflación: Indexación
Por ejemplo, el aumento del IPC automáticamente
aumenta el alquiler de un apartamento, por
contrato.
La cantidad de dinero está indexada por
inflación
si automáticamente se corrige por inflación
por ley o contrato.
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
2727
Corrigiendo variables por inflación:
Tasas de interés Reales vs. Nominales
La tasa de interés nominal es:
 La tasa de interés no corregida por inflación
 La tasa de crecimiento de una unidad monetaria
de un depósito o deuda
Tasa de interés real:
 Corregida por inflacón
 Tasa de crecimiento del poder de compra de una
unidad monetaria en un depósito o deuda
Tasa de interés real
= (tasa de interés nominal) – (tasa de inflación)
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permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
2828
Corrigiendo variables por inflación:
Tasas de interés Reales vs. Nominales
Ejemplo:
 Deposito de $1,000 por un año.
 Tasa de interés nominal 9%.
 Durante ese año, la inflación es 3.5%.
 Tasa de interés real
= Tasa de interés nominal – Inflación
= 9.0% – 3.5% = 5.5%
 El poder de compra de los $1000 de deposito
ha crecido un 5.5%.
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
TasadeInteres
(porcentajeporaño)
Nominal Real
Tasa de interés Real y Nominal en U.S.,
1950–2013
R e s u m e n
• El Indice de precios al consumidor mide el costo
de la vida. El IPC refleja el costo de una
canasta básica de bienes y servicios.
• El IPC se utiliza para medir cómo ajusta el costo
de vida y corregir las variables económicas por
los efectos de la inflación.
• La tasa de interés real se corrige por inflación y
se computa sustrayendo la inflación a la tasa de
interés nominal.
© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.

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Cap 24 indices de precios

  • 1. Measuring the Cost of Living © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 2013 UPDATE N. Gregory Mankiw Economics Principles of Sixth Edition 24
  • 2. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 11 En este capítulo, buscaremos respuesta a estas preguntas: • ¿Qué es el Indice de precios al consuidor (IPC)? ¿Cómo se calcula? ¿Para qué se usa? • ¿Cuáles son los problemas con el IPC? ¿Qué tan serios son esos problemas? • ¿Cómo difiere el IPC del deflactor del PBI? • ¿Cómo podemos utilizar el IPC para comprar sumas de dinero en COP de diferentes años? ¿Por qué querríamos hacer eso? • ¿Cómo podemos corregir por inflación las tasas de interés?
  • 3. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 22 El índice de precios al consumidor (IPC)  Mide el cósto de vida del consumidor típico (promedio)  the basis of cost of living adjustments (COLAs) in many contracts and in Social Security
  • 4. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 33 Cómo se calcula el IPC 1. Se fija la “canasta” de consumo El DANE entrevista a consumidores para determinar como es la “canasta de consumo típica” 2. Encontrar los precios. El DANE busca precios de cada uno de los bienes en la cesta de consumo. 3. Calcular el costo de la canasta. Utiliza los precios para computar el costo total de la canasta.
  • 5. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 44 Cómo se calcula el IPC 4. Elegir un año base y computar el índice. El IPC de cualquier año es 5. Computar el índice de inflación. El cambio porcentual del IPC respecto al año anterior es 100 x Costo de la canasta en el año corriente Costo de la canasta en año base IPC este año – IPC año anterior IPC año anterior Tasa de Inflación x 100%=
  • 6. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 55 EXAMPLE basket: {4 pizzas, 10 lattes} $12 x 4 + $3 x 10 = $78 $11 x 4 + $2.5 x 10 = $69 $10 x 4 + $2 x 10 = $60 cost of basket $3.00 $2.50 $2.00 price of latte $122012 $112011 $102010 price of pizza year Compute CPI in each year 2010: 100 x ($60/$60) = 100 2011: 100 x ($69/$60) = 115 2012: 100 x ($78/$60) = 130 Inflation rate: 15% 115– 100 100 x 100%= 13% 130– 115 115 x 100%= using 2010 base year:
  • 7. A c t i v i d a d Calculate the CPI © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. CPI basket: {10 lbs beef, 20 lbs chicken} The CPI basket cost $120 in 2010, the base year. A. Compute the CPI in 2011. B. What was the CPI inflation rate from 2011–2012? price of beef price of chicken 2010 $4 $4 2011 $5 $5 2012 $9 $6
  • 8. A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 Answers © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. A. Compute the CPI in 2011: Cost of CPI basket in 2011 = ($5 x 10) + ($5 x 20) = $150 CPI in 2011 = 100 x ($150/$120) = 125 CPI basket: {10 lbs beef, 20 lbs chicken} The CPI basket cost $120 in 2010, the base year. price of beef price of chicken 2010 $4 $4 2011 $5 $5 2012 $9 $6
  • 9. A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 Answers © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. price of beef price of chicken 2010 $4 $4 2011 $5 $5 2012 $9 $6 CPI basket: {10 lbs beef, 20 lbs chicken} The CPI basket cost $120 in 2010, the base year. B. What was the inflation rate from 2011–2012? Cost of CPI basket in 2012 = ($9 x 10) + ($6 x 20) = $210 CPI in 2012 = 100 x ($210/$120) = 175 CPI inflation rate = (175 – 125)/125 = 40%
  • 10. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 9 What’s in the CPI’s Basket? 15.3% 41.0% 3.6% 16.9% 7.1% 6.0% 3.2% 3.6% 3.4% Food and bev. Housing Apparel Transportation Medical care Recreation Education Communication Other goods and services
  • 11. A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Substitution bias © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. CPI basket: {10# beef, 20# chicken} In 2010 and 2011, households bought CPI basket. In 2012, households bought {5 lbs beef, 25 lbs chicken}. beef chicken cost of CPI basket 2010 $4 $4 $120 2011 $5 $5 $150 2012 $9 $6 $210 A. Compute cost of the 2012 household basket. B. Compute % increase in cost of household basket over 2011–12, compare to CPI inflation rate.
  • 12. A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Answers © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. A. Compute cost of the 2012 household basket. ($9 x 5) + ($6 x 25) = $195 CPI basket: {10# beef, 20# chicken} Household basket in 2012: {5# beef, 25# chicken} beef chicken cost of CPI basket 2010 $4 $4 $120 2011 $5 $5 $150 2012 $9 $6 $210
  • 13. A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Answers © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. B. Compute % increase in cost of household basket over 2011–12, compare to CPI inflation rate. Rate of increase: ($195 – $150)/$150 = 30% CPI inflation rate from previous problem = 40% CPI basket: {10# beef, 20# chicken} Household basket in 2012: {5# beef, 25# chicken} beef chicken cost of CPI basket 2010 $4 $4 $120 2011 $5 $5 $150 2012 $9 $6 $210
  • 14. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1313 Problemas con el IPC: Sesgo de sustitución  A lo largo del tiempo, algunos precios aumentan más rápido que otros.  Los consumidores sustituyen consumo hacia aquellos bienes que son relativamente más baratos, mitigando el efecto de el aumento en los precios.  EL IPC ignora esta sustitucióndado que usa una canasta fija de bienes.  Por lo tanto, el IPC sobreestima el incremento en el costo de la vida.
  • 15. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1414 Problemas con el IPC: Introducción de nuevos bienes  La introducción de nuevos bienes incrementa la variedad, y permite a los consumidores encontrar productos que se ajustan mejor a sus necesidades.  Esto reduce el costo de mantener el mismo nivel de bienestar económico  El IPC ignora este efecto porque utiliza una cesta fija de bienes.  Por lo tanto, el IPC sobreestima el incremento en el costo de vida.
  • 16. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1515 Problemas con el IPC: Cambios de calidad no medidos  Mejoras en la calidad de los bienes incluidos en la canasta aumenta el valor de cada unidad monetaria (COP).  Si estos cambios en la calidad no se tienen en cuenta, el IPC sobreestima los incrementos en el costo de la vida.  Idealmente la canasta debe ser de una calidad constante.
  • 17. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1616 Problems with the CPI  Each of these problems causes the CPI to overstate cost of living increases.  The BLS has made technical adjustments, but the CPI probably still overstates inflation by about 0.5 percent per year.  This is important because Social Security payments and many contracts have COLAs tied to the CPI.
  • 18. -5 0 5 10 15 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 GDP deflator CPI Two Measures of Inflation, 1960–2012Percentchangeperyear
  • 19. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 1818 Bienes importados consumidos:  Incluidos en el IPC  Excluidos del deflactor La canasta:  IPC usa canasta fija  Deflactor usa la canasta de bs y servicios producidos en cada período Esto es importante cuando los precios cambian en diferentes proporciones. Bienes de capital:  Excluidos del IPC  Incluidos en el deflactor (si se producen domésticamente) Comparación entre el IPC y el deflactor del PBI
  • 20. A c t i v i d a d IPC vs. deflactor del PBI En cada escenario, determine los efectos sobre el IPC y el deflactor del PBI. A. Juan Valdez aumenta el precio de los capuchinos. B. Caterpillar aumenta el precio de los tractores en su empresa de Bucaramanga. C. Zara aumenta el precio de los Jeans europeos vendidos en Colombia. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
  • 21. A c t i v i d a d Respuestas A. Juan Valdez aumenta el precio de los capuchinos. El IPC y el deflactor del PBI aumentan B. Caterpillar aumenta el precio de los tractores en su empresa de Bucaramanga. El deflactor del PBI aumenta, el IPC no. C. Armani aumenta el precio de los Jeans italianos vendidos en Colombia. Aumenta el IPC, el deflactor del PBI no © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
  • 22. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 2121 Corrigiendo variables por inflación: Comparando montos de dinero en diferentes momentos del tiempo  La inflación hace dificil comparar montos de dinero de diferentes momentos del tiempo.  Ejemplo: Salario mínimo  $1.15 in Dic 1964  $7.25 in Dic 2010  ¿Tiene el mismo poder de compra el salario mínimo de 1964 y el de 2010?  Para comparar, usamos el IPC para convertir el dinero de 1964 en “pesos de 2010”…
  • 23. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 2222  En nuestro ejemplo,  “año T” es 1964, “hoy” (base) es 2010  Salario mínimo era $1.15 en año T  IPC = 31.3 en año T, IPC = 220.3 hoy Corrigiendo variables por inflación: Comparando montos de dinero en diferentes momentos del tiempo Monto en $ de hoy Monto en $ del año T Nivel de precios hoy Nivel de precios en año T = x $8.09 $1.15 220.3 31.3 = x El salario mínimo en 1964 era $8.09 en $ de 2010.
  • 24. $0 $2 $4 $6 $8 $10 $12 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 DolaresporhoraSalario mínimo en dólares corrientes y dólares de 2013 para U.S., 1960–2013 dolares de 2013 Dolares corrientes
  • 25. A c t i v i d a d Comparando el incremento de matricula universitaria Matrícula en las universidades 1990 2010 Privada sin fines de lucro 4-años $9,340 $27,293 Pública 4-años $1,908 $7,605 Públic 2-años $906 $2,713 IPC 130.7 218.1 Instrucciones: Exprese la matrícula de 1990 en dólares de 2010, luego compute el incremento porcentual en cada tipo de institución. ¿Qué institución experimentó el mayor incremento?
  • 26. E j e r c i c i o 4 Respuestas 1990 2010 % Cambio IPC 130.7 218.1 66.9% Privada sin fines de lucro 4- años ($ corrientes) $9,340 $27,293 Privada sin fines de lucro 4- años (2010 $) $15,586 $27,293 75.1% Pública 4-años ($ corrientes) $1,908 $7,605 Pública 4-años (2010 $) $3,184 $7,605 138.9% Públic 2-años ($ corrientes) $906 $2,713 Públic 2-años (2010 $) $1,512 $2,713 79.4%
  • 27. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 2626 Corrigiendo variables por inflación: Indexación Por ejemplo, el aumento del IPC automáticamente aumenta el alquiler de un apartamento, por contrato. La cantidad de dinero está indexada por inflación si automáticamente se corrige por inflación por ley o contrato.
  • 28. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 2727 Corrigiendo variables por inflación: Tasas de interés Reales vs. Nominales La tasa de interés nominal es:  La tasa de interés no corregida por inflación  La tasa de crecimiento de una unidad monetaria de un depósito o deuda Tasa de interés real:  Corregida por inflacón  Tasa de crecimiento del poder de compra de una unidad monetaria en un depósito o deuda Tasa de interés real = (tasa de interés nominal) – (tasa de inflación)
  • 29. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 2828 Corrigiendo variables por inflación: Tasas de interés Reales vs. Nominales Ejemplo:  Deposito de $1,000 por un año.  Tasa de interés nominal 9%.  Durante ese año, la inflación es 3.5%.  Tasa de interés real = Tasa de interés nominal – Inflación = 9.0% – 3.5% = 5.5%  El poder de compra de los $1000 de deposito ha crecido un 5.5%.
  • 30. -10 -5 0 5 10 15 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 TasadeInteres (porcentajeporaño) Nominal Real Tasa de interés Real y Nominal en U.S., 1950–2013
  • 31. R e s u m e n • El Indice de precios al consumidor mide el costo de la vida. El IPC refleja el costo de una canasta básica de bienes y servicios. • El IPC se utiliza para medir cómo ajusta el costo de vida y corregir las variables económicas por los efectos de la inflación. • La tasa de interés real se corrige por inflación y se computa sustrayendo la inflación a la tasa de interés nominal. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.