SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 8
Expenditure breakdownonlastpage
Rainbow School Project
First of all I would just like to say a massive thank you to all those who offered support to my
project (a massive £415.00) and a special thanks to Pamela Ryan for organising the fund
raising. The money raised has made some huge changes to a small community and will give
the local children a far better chance of getting out of the village and into proper education.
As well as the building itself I will now be paying a wage to the volunteer teacher in this
school – this is part of a new project within the organisation after a fellow volunteer
organised for some of the teachers to go on a training course. It’s incredible just how far
money goes out there and the long term benefits that projects like these can provide.
Here is the short and sweet before and after of the outside:
(At this point I had already whitewashed the windows)
And the inside…
And for those who want to know more, please readon!
Background
10 years ago Tikondwe Organisation was started up by a young Malawian boy called Joshua
aged only 15. It started off very small and focused mainly on agriculture since this was a way
to bring money into the village. The charity started to grow and he managed to get some
funding to build a chicken hut for the village. This was a great step forward and the sponsors
gave enough money for the locals to build, structurally, the best building outside of any
Malawian town despite being only a simple brick building. Unfortunately, the plan was not
thought out too well since the villagers could not afford to feed and look after the chickens
and so the building became useless.
Progress with the charity was slow until 3 years ago when Joshua got in touch with a
company called Original Volunteers who then began to send out individuals to help, and put
in place a coordinator to help him run things. Over the first 2 years of these changes being
enforced the organisation had built 6 small community schools in 6 of the surrounding
villages and the chicken hut became one as well – Tikondwe School!
These community schools offer an education to the local children who cannot afford to go
to a real primary school. The teachers are locals who volunteer – they have no training and
get paid nothing – they simply want to give the kids the best opportunity to get out of the
village. The problem with this is that attendance is very low for both the students and the
volunteer teachers because each day they all face the same decision – Do I go to school or
do I earn money? Or do I look after my siblings so my mum can earn money? Or do I help
my dad with his work so we can get money? In that situation it is hard to have the foresight
to see that the only way out of this is to go to school.
Tikondwe School
The former chicken hut turned community school, having been funded and built by the
organisation, should be the school that is leading the way for progress in many aspects. It is
already used by Tikondwe Organisation and others who are trying to reach the outskirts, to
host HIV awareness clinics, Child Malnourishment clinics as well as Womens Empowerment
groups and the likes. For this reason I decided it needed a re-vamp – here is the breakdown!
I began with a whitewash; the dark cement
walls (that you can see where I haven’t
finished the windows) meant that even in
the middle of the day the school was dark.
The white wash instantly lifted the room but
took so long to do – getting into those
windows was a nightmare!!
The next stage was to paint over the
whitewash with some decent white paint
and then put the washable, oil-based blue
for the bottom half of the room.
Next, I painted each of the windows a
different colour inside and out. Colours are
not seen in the village and so this stage stirred
up quite a lot of excitement!
One of the biggest jobs was the ceiling, as you can see the corrugated iron roof, despite
being sturdy, is not very appealing to the eye. The heat would also conduct through the
metal making the room really hot – and I was there in their winter!! So I bought plain
material to cover it up and painted the beams with white as a base and then colours to
match the windows (you can see they started off very dark in some of the other pictures)!
The final of the big jobs was the outside of the
building – with the help of the local builder I
built the gutter to protect the building in the
rainy season. This involved getting river sand
delivered by ox and cart! We also made the
sign and plastered the far side of the building
that you can’t see in this picture. While this
was getting done I asked for the local Painter
to paint the doors, and the top border which
you can see here in cream.
The Finishing Touches!
After all the slogging and doing all the bits that really didn’t feel very rewarding at the time
it was so nice to get to the final stages where I got to put my own mark on the place and
finish it all off!
I painted the alphabet along one wall and 1-10 along the other along with shapes all as
resources that can be used when teaching.
The giraffe was inspired by a
ruler I found and so I made it
into a height measurer on one
of the walls.
The table and box were made by
the local carpenter and we
decorated them.
To finish off the outside we wrote
common phrases in English, Chichewa
(Malawi national Language) and another
local language.
2 Signs were painted on using the official Tikondwe Organisation font. The locals were really
proud of how the school turned out and asked that their village name be written on the side
of the building as well as the school name!
My final little decorative touches!
The finished article!
We made 4 notice boards and painted them, bought a new chalk board and got
some benches made!
And last but not least I have to give a massive thanks to my team…….
Top left: Christon – although he wasn’t really hands on in terms of his help his
translation certainly came in handy!
Top middle: Andy – he is a volunteer also who gave me loads of support throughout.
He helped me with painting and tried to keep my spirits up when things weren’t going so
smoothly. He also started his own project in conjuction with mine funding a teacher training
course for 11 of the most dedicated local volunteers!
Top right: Medson – The village builder! A great guy whose laugh you could hear
from the other side of the village. He helped me to make the signs and the gutter.
Bottom Left – Rapkin – local painter and cycle fixer! Couldn’t have done the high bits
without him and his hand-made ladder (which you can probably spot in some of the pics) – I
worked out the hard way that standing on a chair on top of 2 tables was not the greatest
idea!
Bottom right: Chiquana – The carpenter who made the sports box, notice boards and
new chalkboard.
Thank you so much for taking an interest, my trip to Malawi was absolutely incredible and
the school wouldn’t have made anywhere near as much progress if it wasn’t for all the kind
support I got so, from me and the villages that the project will affect – a massive thank you!!
For anybody interested there is a breakdown of where the money got spent below.
Item Amount (£)
Paint and brushes – including heavy duty
blue and cream paint
184.11
Cement and river sand including hire of ox
and cart
58.00
Furniture 67.65
Toilet 24.00
Ceiling Material 36.40
Labour 60.00
Sponsoring teacher 120.00
TOTAL 550.16

More Related Content

What's hot

St. Kevin's College Neat Streets
St. Kevin's College Neat StreetsSt. Kevin's College Neat Streets
St. Kevin's College Neat Streetsapurchelli
 
Linden Personal Development
Linden Personal DevelopmentLinden Personal Development
Linden Personal DevelopmentLinden Ly
 
NewarkPublicLibraryRenovationProject
NewarkPublicLibraryRenovationProjectNewarkPublicLibraryRenovationProject
NewarkPublicLibraryRenovationProjectMeg Suffling
 
Presentation on good school
Presentation on good schoolPresentation on good school
Presentation on good schoolBal Powrel
 
Koori Art Expressions exhibition walkthrough
Koori Art Expressions exhibition walkthroughKoori Art Expressions exhibition walkthrough
Koori Art Expressions exhibition walkthroughPowerhouse Museum
 
Sarus Exchange Program 2011 - Seminar 5 in Vietnam
Sarus Exchange Program 2011 - Seminar 5 in VietnamSarus Exchange Program 2011 - Seminar 5 in Vietnam
Sarus Exchange Program 2011 - Seminar 5 in Vietnamgleeoh
 
Prayas Update Sept Oct
Prayas Update Sept OctPrayas Update Sept Oct
Prayas Update Sept Octjash222
 
Pasir ris pr trash to trasure form
Pasir ris pr trash to trasure formPasir ris pr trash to trasure form
Pasir ris pr trash to trasure formdfcsingapore
 
Newsletter1 final
Newsletter1 finalNewsletter1 final
Newsletter1 finalnirmal1982
 
Grace's Netball Court, Building Malawi
Grace's Netball Court, Building MalawiGrace's Netball Court, Building Malawi
Grace's Netball Court, Building Malawijasperhadman
 
Gs illum school project presentation
Gs illum school project presentationGs illum school project presentation
Gs illum school project presentationLydia Sorflaten
 
Sharda Mandir School Goa
Sharda Mandir School GoaSharda Mandir School Goa
Sharda Mandir School GoaDFC2011
 
Role play games 2017-Latvia
Role play games 2017-LatviaRole play games 2017-Latvia
Role play games 2017-LatviaVasilica Gazdac
 
Newsletter March 2015
Newsletter March 2015Newsletter March 2015
Newsletter March 2015Helen Gilmour
 
Occupatonal identity powerpoint-Anae Dixon
Occupatonal identity powerpoint-Anae DixonOccupatonal identity powerpoint-Anae Dixon
Occupatonal identity powerpoint-Anae Dixonanaedixon
 

What's hot (20)

St. Kevin's College Neat Streets
St. Kevin's College Neat StreetsSt. Kevin's College Neat Streets
St. Kevin's College Neat Streets
 
7th grade journals
7th grade journals7th grade journals
7th grade journals
 
Design for Change
Design for ChangeDesign for Change
Design for Change
 
Linden Personal Development
Linden Personal DevelopmentLinden Personal Development
Linden Personal Development
 
NewarkPublicLibraryRenovationProject
NewarkPublicLibraryRenovationProjectNewarkPublicLibraryRenovationProject
NewarkPublicLibraryRenovationProject
 
Presentation on good school
Presentation on good schoolPresentation on good school
Presentation on good school
 
Koori Art Expressions exhibition walkthrough
Koori Art Expressions exhibition walkthroughKoori Art Expressions exhibition walkthrough
Koori Art Expressions exhibition walkthrough
 
Sarus Exchange Program 2011 - Seminar 5 in Vietnam
Sarus Exchange Program 2011 - Seminar 5 in VietnamSarus Exchange Program 2011 - Seminar 5 in Vietnam
Sarus Exchange Program 2011 - Seminar 5 in Vietnam
 
Prayas Update Sept Oct
Prayas Update Sept OctPrayas Update Sept Oct
Prayas Update Sept Oct
 
Verbs 341-370
Verbs 341-370Verbs 341-370
Verbs 341-370
 
Pasir ris pr trash to trasure form
Pasir ris pr trash to trasure formPasir ris pr trash to trasure form
Pasir ris pr trash to trasure form
 
Newsletter1 final
Newsletter1 finalNewsletter1 final
Newsletter1 final
 
Grace's Netball Court, Building Malawi
Grace's Netball Court, Building MalawiGrace's Netball Court, Building Malawi
Grace's Netball Court, Building Malawi
 
Meeting seniors
Meeting seniorsMeeting seniors
Meeting seniors
 
Gs illum school project presentation
Gs illum school project presentationGs illum school project presentation
Gs illum school project presentation
 
Mtb3 day1 K-12
Mtb3 day1 K-12Mtb3 day1 K-12
Mtb3 day1 K-12
 
Sharda Mandir School Goa
Sharda Mandir School GoaSharda Mandir School Goa
Sharda Mandir School Goa
 
Role play games 2017-Latvia
Role play games 2017-LatviaRole play games 2017-Latvia
Role play games 2017-Latvia
 
Newsletter March 2015
Newsletter March 2015Newsletter March 2015
Newsletter March 2015
 
Occupatonal identity powerpoint-Anae Dixon
Occupatonal identity powerpoint-Anae DixonOccupatonal identity powerpoint-Anae Dixon
Occupatonal identity powerpoint-Anae Dixon
 

Viewers also liked

Lady bulldogs softball
Lady bulldogs softballLady bulldogs softball
Lady bulldogs softballballersyd35
 
Social Networking - Rahim Blak dla I ❤️ Marketing & Social Media
Social Networking - Rahim Blak dla I ❤️ Marketing & Social MediaSocial Networking - Rahim Blak dla I ❤️ Marketing & Social Media
Social Networking - Rahim Blak dla I ❤️ Marketing & Social MediaRahim Blak
 
Likovna kultura - 29
Likovna kultura - 29Likovna kultura - 29
Likovna kultura - 29aco bojic
 
Cписок сотрудников "Золотой ключик"
Cписок сотрудников "Золотой ключик"Cписок сотрудников "Золотой ключик"
Cписок сотрудников "Золотой ключик"Parusnik55
 
Likovna kultura 1
Likovna kultura 1Likovna kultura 1
Likovna kultura 1aco bojic
 
IDEOLOGÍA Y POLÍTICA II
IDEOLOGÍA Y POLÍTICA IIIDEOLOGÍA Y POLÍTICA II
IDEOLOGÍA Y POLÍTICA IINicoleAricaLuna
 
Componentes de sistema operativo
Componentes de sistema operativo Componentes de sistema operativo
Componentes de sistema operativo Made Hernández
 
Tipos de educación
Tipos de educaciónTipos de educación
Tipos de educaciónROGR650820
 

Viewers also liked (12)

Examen final cesar guerin ppt
Examen final cesar guerin pptExamen final cesar guerin ppt
Examen final cesar guerin ppt
 
Video juegos
Video juegosVideo juegos
Video juegos
 
Lady bulldogs softball
Lady bulldogs softballLady bulldogs softball
Lady bulldogs softball
 
Social Networking - Rahim Blak dla I ❤️ Marketing & Social Media
Social Networking - Rahim Blak dla I ❤️ Marketing & Social MediaSocial Networking - Rahim Blak dla I ❤️ Marketing & Social Media
Social Networking - Rahim Blak dla I ❤️ Marketing & Social Media
 
Likovna kultura - 29
Likovna kultura - 29Likovna kultura - 29
Likovna kultura - 29
 
Cписок сотрудников "Золотой ключик"
Cписок сотрудников "Золотой ключик"Cписок сотрудников "Золотой ключик"
Cписок сотрудников "Золотой ключик"
 
Likovna kultura 1
Likovna kultura 1Likovna kultura 1
Likovna kultura 1
 
IDEOLOGÍA Y POLÍTICA II
IDEOLOGÍA Y POLÍTICA IIIDEOLOGÍA Y POLÍTICA II
IDEOLOGÍA Y POLÍTICA II
 
COLONIA SIMAPE 2015
COLONIA SIMAPE 2015COLONIA SIMAPE 2015
COLONIA SIMAPE 2015
 
Componentes de sistema operativo
Componentes de sistema operativo Componentes de sistema operativo
Componentes de sistema operativo
 
El rss
El rssEl rss
El rss
 
Tipos de educación
Tipos de educaciónTipos de educación
Tipos de educación
 

Similar to Rainbow School Project

Dfc indus
Dfc indusDfc indus
Dfc indusDFC2011
 
Dfc indus indore
Dfc indus indoreDfc indus indore
Dfc indus indoreDFC2011
 
Robert's School and Orphanage
Robert's School and OrphanageRobert's School and Orphanage
Robert's School and OrphanageBrittany Mosher
 
Robert's Orphanage- Phase 1 (completed)
Robert's Orphanage- Phase 1 (completed)Robert's Orphanage- Phase 1 (completed)
Robert's Orphanage- Phase 1 (completed)Laura Schreck
 
Clean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-Kiya
Clean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-Kiya Clean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-Kiya
Clean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-Kiya Kanykey
 
Clean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-Kiya
Clean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-KiyaClean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-Kiya
Clean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-KiyaKanykey
 
Water Deficits Presentation
Water Deficits PresentationWater Deficits Presentation
Water Deficits PresentationAndy Dorn
 
Fundraising Campaign in support of Street child Nepal
Fundraising Campaign in support of Street child NepalFundraising Campaign in support of Street child Nepal
Fundraising Campaign in support of Street child NepalAlice Lunardelli
 
DG's September Newsletter 2014
DG's September Newsletter 2014DG's September Newsletter 2014
DG's September Newsletter 2014rotaryeclubsa9400
 
Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)
Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)
Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)iManySusu
 
ESD My community my commitment
ESD My community my commitmentESD My community my commitment
ESD My community my commitmentWenjian Woo
 
My Community My Commitment Report
My Community My Commitment ReportMy Community My Commitment Report
My Community My Commitment ReportJoyeeLee0131
 
Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)
Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)
Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)iManySusu
 
Table of Plenty
Table of Plenty Table of Plenty
Table of Plenty OCLRE
 
Senior project speech
Senior project speechSenior project speech
Senior project speechlindsaywynett
 
Nabuur International Volunteer Day Thank You
Nabuur International Volunteer Day Thank YouNabuur International Volunteer Day Thank You
Nabuur International Volunteer Day Thank YouWakitaka
 

Similar to Rainbow School Project (20)

Dfc indus
Dfc indusDfc indus
Dfc indus
 
Dfc indus
Dfc indusDfc indus
Dfc indus
 
Dfc indus indore
Dfc indus indoreDfc indus indore
Dfc indus indore
 
Robert's School and Orphanage
Robert's School and OrphanageRobert's School and Orphanage
Robert's School and Orphanage
 
Robert's Orphanage- Phase 1 (completed)
Robert's Orphanage- Phase 1 (completed)Robert's Orphanage- Phase 1 (completed)
Robert's Orphanage- Phase 1 (completed)
 
Clean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-Kiya
Clean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-Kiya Clean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-Kiya
Clean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-Kiya
 
Clean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-Kiya
Clean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-KiyaClean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-Kiya
Clean enviroment in my home school.Kanykey TAG, Kyzyl-Kiya
 
Water Deficits Presentation
Water Deficits PresentationWater Deficits Presentation
Water Deficits Presentation
 
Fundraising Campaign in support of Street child Nepal
Fundraising Campaign in support of Street child NepalFundraising Campaign in support of Street child Nepal
Fundraising Campaign in support of Street child Nepal
 
ESD
ESDESD
ESD
 
CSI Journal
CSI JournalCSI Journal
CSI Journal
 
DG's September Newsletter 2014
DG's September Newsletter 2014DG's September Newsletter 2014
DG's September Newsletter 2014
 
Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)
Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)
Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)
 
ESD My community my commitment
ESD My community my commitmentESD My community my commitment
ESD My community my commitment
 
My Community My Commitment Report
My Community My Commitment ReportMy Community My Commitment Report
My Community My Commitment Report
 
Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)
Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)
Macibai joyee (2) (1) (2)
 
Table of Plenty
Table of Plenty Table of Plenty
Table of Plenty
 
Senior project speech
Senior project speechSenior project speech
Senior project speech
 
MOROCCO PORTFOLIO
MOROCCO PORTFOLIOMOROCCO PORTFOLIO
MOROCCO PORTFOLIO
 
Nabuur International Volunteer Day Thank You
Nabuur International Volunteer Day Thank YouNabuur International Volunteer Day Thank You
Nabuur International Volunteer Day Thank You
 

Rainbow School Project

  • 1. Expenditure breakdownonlastpage Rainbow School Project First of all I would just like to say a massive thank you to all those who offered support to my project (a massive £415.00) and a special thanks to Pamela Ryan for organising the fund raising. The money raised has made some huge changes to a small community and will give the local children a far better chance of getting out of the village and into proper education. As well as the building itself I will now be paying a wage to the volunteer teacher in this school – this is part of a new project within the organisation after a fellow volunteer organised for some of the teachers to go on a training course. It’s incredible just how far money goes out there and the long term benefits that projects like these can provide. Here is the short and sweet before and after of the outside: (At this point I had already whitewashed the windows) And the inside… And for those who want to know more, please readon!
  • 2. Background 10 years ago Tikondwe Organisation was started up by a young Malawian boy called Joshua aged only 15. It started off very small and focused mainly on agriculture since this was a way to bring money into the village. The charity started to grow and he managed to get some funding to build a chicken hut for the village. This was a great step forward and the sponsors gave enough money for the locals to build, structurally, the best building outside of any Malawian town despite being only a simple brick building. Unfortunately, the plan was not thought out too well since the villagers could not afford to feed and look after the chickens and so the building became useless. Progress with the charity was slow until 3 years ago when Joshua got in touch with a company called Original Volunteers who then began to send out individuals to help, and put in place a coordinator to help him run things. Over the first 2 years of these changes being enforced the organisation had built 6 small community schools in 6 of the surrounding villages and the chicken hut became one as well – Tikondwe School! These community schools offer an education to the local children who cannot afford to go to a real primary school. The teachers are locals who volunteer – they have no training and get paid nothing – they simply want to give the kids the best opportunity to get out of the village. The problem with this is that attendance is very low for both the students and the volunteer teachers because each day they all face the same decision – Do I go to school or do I earn money? Or do I look after my siblings so my mum can earn money? Or do I help my dad with his work so we can get money? In that situation it is hard to have the foresight to see that the only way out of this is to go to school. Tikondwe School The former chicken hut turned community school, having been funded and built by the organisation, should be the school that is leading the way for progress in many aspects. It is already used by Tikondwe Organisation and others who are trying to reach the outskirts, to host HIV awareness clinics, Child Malnourishment clinics as well as Womens Empowerment groups and the likes. For this reason I decided it needed a re-vamp – here is the breakdown! I began with a whitewash; the dark cement walls (that you can see where I haven’t finished the windows) meant that even in the middle of the day the school was dark. The white wash instantly lifted the room but took so long to do – getting into those windows was a nightmare!!
  • 3. The next stage was to paint over the whitewash with some decent white paint and then put the washable, oil-based blue for the bottom half of the room. Next, I painted each of the windows a different colour inside and out. Colours are not seen in the village and so this stage stirred up quite a lot of excitement! One of the biggest jobs was the ceiling, as you can see the corrugated iron roof, despite being sturdy, is not very appealing to the eye. The heat would also conduct through the metal making the room really hot – and I was there in their winter!! So I bought plain material to cover it up and painted the beams with white as a base and then colours to match the windows (you can see they started off very dark in some of the other pictures)!
  • 4. The final of the big jobs was the outside of the building – with the help of the local builder I built the gutter to protect the building in the rainy season. This involved getting river sand delivered by ox and cart! We also made the sign and plastered the far side of the building that you can’t see in this picture. While this was getting done I asked for the local Painter to paint the doors, and the top border which you can see here in cream. The Finishing Touches! After all the slogging and doing all the bits that really didn’t feel very rewarding at the time it was so nice to get to the final stages where I got to put my own mark on the place and finish it all off! I painted the alphabet along one wall and 1-10 along the other along with shapes all as resources that can be used when teaching. The giraffe was inspired by a ruler I found and so I made it into a height measurer on one of the walls. The table and box were made by the local carpenter and we decorated them.
  • 5. To finish off the outside we wrote common phrases in English, Chichewa (Malawi national Language) and another local language. 2 Signs were painted on using the official Tikondwe Organisation font. The locals were really proud of how the school turned out and asked that their village name be written on the side of the building as well as the school name! My final little decorative touches!
  • 6. The finished article! We made 4 notice boards and painted them, bought a new chalk board and got some benches made! And last but not least I have to give a massive thanks to my team…….
  • 7. Top left: Christon – although he wasn’t really hands on in terms of his help his translation certainly came in handy! Top middle: Andy – he is a volunteer also who gave me loads of support throughout. He helped me with painting and tried to keep my spirits up when things weren’t going so smoothly. He also started his own project in conjuction with mine funding a teacher training course for 11 of the most dedicated local volunteers! Top right: Medson – The village builder! A great guy whose laugh you could hear from the other side of the village. He helped me to make the signs and the gutter. Bottom Left – Rapkin – local painter and cycle fixer! Couldn’t have done the high bits without him and his hand-made ladder (which you can probably spot in some of the pics) – I worked out the hard way that standing on a chair on top of 2 tables was not the greatest idea! Bottom right: Chiquana – The carpenter who made the sports box, notice boards and new chalkboard. Thank you so much for taking an interest, my trip to Malawi was absolutely incredible and the school wouldn’t have made anywhere near as much progress if it wasn’t for all the kind support I got so, from me and the villages that the project will affect – a massive thank you!! For anybody interested there is a breakdown of where the money got spent below.
  • 8. Item Amount (£) Paint and brushes – including heavy duty blue and cream paint 184.11 Cement and river sand including hire of ox and cart 58.00 Furniture 67.65 Toilet 24.00 Ceiling Material 36.40 Labour 60.00 Sponsoring teacher 120.00 TOTAL 550.16