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Are you at risk of type diabetes I-II?
Diabetes Type I-II
What is diabetes?
Diabetes is the condition in which the body does not properly process food for use as
energy. Most of the food we eat is turned into glucose, or sugar, for our bodies to use for
energy.
The pancreas, an organ that lies near the stomach, makes a hormone called insulin to
help glucose get into the cells of our bodies. When you have diabetes, your body either
doesn't make enough insulin or can't use its own insulin as well as it should. This causes
sugars to build up in your blood.
This is why many people refer to diabetes as ―sugar‖ Diabetes can cause serious
health complications including, heart disease, blindness, kidney failure,
and lower-extremity amputations.
Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the
United States.
How prevalent is diabetes among blacks?
 Blacks are 1.7 times as likely to develop diabetes as whites.
 The prevalence of diabetes among blacks has quadrupled during the past 30
years.
 Among blacks age 20 and older, about 2.3 million have diabetes – 10.8 percent of
that age group.
 Blacks with diabetes are more likely than non-Hispanic whites to develop
diabetes and to experience greater disability from diabetes-related complications
such as amputations, adult blindness, kidney failure, and increased risk of heart
disease and stroke.
 Death rates for blacks with diabetes are 27 percent higher than for whites.
What are the symptoms of diabetes?
People who think they might have diabetes must visit a physician for diagnosis. They
might have SOME or NONE of the following symptoms:
 Frequent urination.
 Excessive thirst.
 Unexplained weight loss.
 Extreme hunger 1.
 Sudden vision changes.
 Tingling or numbness in hands or feet.
 Feeling very tired much of the time.
 Very dry skin.
 Sores that are slow to heal.
 More infections than usual.
Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains may accompany some of these symptoms in the
abrupt onset of insulin-dependent diabetes, now called Type 1 diabetes.
What are the types of diabetes?
Type 1:
Type 1 diabetes, previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
or juvenile-onset diabetes, may account for 5 percent to 10 percent of all diagnosed
cases of diabetes.
Risk factors are less well defined for Type 1 diabetes than for Type 2 diabetes, but
autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of this
type of diabetes.
Type 2:
Type 2 diabetes, was previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes. Type 2 diabetes may account for about 90
percent to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.
What causes type 1 diabetes?
Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin due to the destruction of insulin-producing
beta cells in the pancreas.
In type 1 diabetes—an autoimmune disease—the body’s immune system attacks and
destroys the beta cells.
Normally, the immune system protects the body from infection by identifying and
destroying bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful foreign substances.
But in autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body’s own cells. In type 1
diabetes, beta cell destruction may take place over several years, but symptoms of the
disease usually develop over a short period of time.
Type 1 diabetes typically occurs in children and young adults, though it can appear at
any age. In the past, type 1 diabetes was called juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent
diabetes mellitus.
Genetic Susceptibility
Heredity plays an important part in determining who is likely to develop type 1 diabetes.
Genes are passed down from biological parent to child.
Genes carry instructions for making proteins that are needed for the body’s cells to
function. Many genes, as well as interactions among genes, are thought to influence
susceptibility to and protection from type 1 diabetes.
The key genes may vary in different population groups. Variations in genes that affect
more than 1 percent of a population group are called gene variants.
Certain gene variants that carry instructions for making proteins called human
leukocyte antigens (HLAs) on white blood cells are linked to the risk of developing type 1
diabetes.
The proteins produced by HLA genes help determine whether the immune system
recognizes a cell as part of the body or as foreign material.
Some combinations of HLA gene variants predict that a person will be at higher risk for
type 1 diabetes, while other combinations are protective or have no effect on risk.
While HLA genes are the major risk genes for type 1 diabetes, many additional risk
genes or gene regions have been found.
Not only can these genes help identify people at risk for type 1 diabetes, but they also
provide important clues to help scientists better understand how the disease develops
and identify potential targets for therapy and prevention.
Genetic testing can show what types of HLA genes a person carries and can reveal other
genes linked to diabetes.
However, most genetic testing is done in a research setting and is not yet available to
individuals.
Scientists are studying how the results of genetic testing can be used to improve type 1
diabetes prevention or treatment.
Autoimmune Destruction of Beta Cells
In type 1 diabetes, white blood cells called T cells attack and destroy beta cells. The
process begins well before diabetes symptoms appear and continues after diagnosis.
Often, type 1 diabetes is not diagnosed until most beta cells have already been destroyed.
At this point, a person needs daily insulin treatment to survive.
Finding ways to modify or stop this autoimmune process and preserve beta cell function
is a major focus of current scientific research.
Recent research suggests insulin itself may be a key trigger of the immune attack on beta
cells. The immune systems of people who are susceptible to developing type 1 diabetes
respond to insulin as if it were a foreign substance, or antigen.
To combat antigens, the body makes proteins called antibodies. Antibodies to insulin
and other proteins produced by beta cells are found in people with type 1 diabetes.
Researchers test for these antibodies to help identify people at increased risk of
developing the disease.
Testing the types and levels of antibodies in the blood can help determine whether a
person has type 1 diabetes, LADA, or another type of diabetes.
Environmental Factors
Environmental factors, such as foods, viruses, and toxins, may play a role in the
development of type 1 diabetes, but the exact nature of their role has not been
determined.
Some theories suggest that environmental factors trigger the autoimmune destruction of
beta cells in people with a genetic susceptibility to diabetes.
Other theories suggest that environmental factors play an ongoing role in diabetes, even
after diagnosis.
Viruses and infections. A virus cannot cause diabetes on its own, but people are
sometimes diagnosed with type 1 diabetes during or after a viral infection, suggesting a
link between the two.
Also, the onset of type 1 diabetes occurs more frequently during the winter when viral
infections are more common. Viruses possibly associated with type 1 diabetes include
coxsackievirus B, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, rubella, and mumps.
Scientists have described several ways these viruses may damage or destroy beta cells or
possibly trigger an autoimmune response in susceptible people.
For example:
Anti-islet antibodies have been found in patients with congenital rubella syndrome, and
cytomegalovirus has been associated with significant beta cell damage and acute
pancreatitis–inflammation of the pancreas.
Scientists are trying to identify a virus that can cause type 1 diabetes so that a vaccine
might be developed to prevent the disease.
Infant feeding practices. Some studies have suggested that dietary factors may raise or
lower the risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
For example:
Breastfed infants and infants receiving vitamin D supplements may have a reduced risk
of developing type 1 diabetes, while early exposure to cow’s milk and cereal proteins may
increase risk. More research is needed to clarify how infant nutrition affects the risk for
type 1 diabetes.
Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes:
Include older age, obesity, and family history of diabetes, prior history of gestational
diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity.
African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian
Americans and Pacific Islanders are at particularly high risk for type 2 diabetes.
What is gestational diabetes?
Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops only during pregnancy. Diabetes
means your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Your body uses glucose
for energy. Too much glucose in your blood is not good for you or your baby.
Gestational diabetes is usually diagnosed during late pregnancy. If you are diagnosed
with diabetes earlier in your pregnancy, you may have had diabetes before you became
pregnant.
Treating gestational diabetes can help both you and your baby stay healthy. You can
protect your baby and yourself by taking action right away to control your blood glucose
levels.
Gestational diabetes develops in 2 percent to 5 percent of all pregnancies but usually
disappears when a pregnancy is over.
Gestational diabetes occurs more frequently in African Americans, Hispanic/Latino
Americans, American Indians, and people with a family history of diabetes than in other
groups.
Obesity is also associated with higher risk. Women who have had gestational diabetes
are at increased risk for later developing Type 2 diabetes.
In some studies, nearly 40 percent of women with a history of gestational diabetes
developed diabetes in the future 2- 3.
Other specific types of diabetes result from specific genetic syndromes, surgery, drugs,
malnutrition, infections, and other illnesses.
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Such types of diabetes may account for 1 percent to 2 percent of all diagnosed cases of
diabetes.
What causes gestational diabetes?
Gestational diabetes happens when your body can't make enough insulin during
pregnancy. Insulin is a hormone made in your pancreas, an organ located behind your
stomach. Insulin helps your body use glucose for energy and helps control your blood
glucose levels.
During pregnancy, your body makes more hormones and goes through other changes,
such as weight gain. These changes cause your body's cells to use insulin less effectively,
a condition called insulin resistance.
Insulin resistance increases your body's need for insulin. If your pancreas can't make
enough insulin, you will have gestational diabetes.
All pregnant women have some insulin resistance during late pregnancy. However,
some women have insulin resistance even before they get pregnant, usually because they
are overweight.
These women start pregnancy with an increased need for insulin and are more likely to
have gestational diabetes.
FAQS:
What are my chances of getting gestational diabetes?
Your chances of getting gestational diabetes are higher if you
 are overweight
 have had gestational diabetes before
 have given birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds
 have a parent, brother, or sister with type 2 diabetes
 have prediabetes, meaning your blood glucose levels are higher than normal yet
not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes
 are African American, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latina, or
Pacific Islander American
 have a hormonal disorder called polycystic ovary syndrome, also known as PCOS
How can I lower my chances of getting gestational diabetes?
If you are thinking about getting pregnant and are overweight, you can lower your
chances of getting gestational diabetes by
 losing extra weight.
 increasing your physical activity level before you get pregnant.
Taking these steps can improve how your body uses insulin and help your blood glucose
levels stay normal.
Once you are pregnant, you should not try to lose weight. You need to gain some weight
for your baby to be healthy. However, gaining too much weight too quickly may increase
your chances of getting gestational diabetes.
Your doctor will tell you how much weight gain and physical activity during pregnancy
are right for you.
When will I be tested for gestational diabetes?
You will probably be tested for gestational diabetes between weeks 24 and 28 of your
pregnancy.
If you have a higher chance of getting gestational diabetes, your doctor may test for
diabetes during the first visit after you become pregnant.
If your blood glucose level is above normal at that time, you may be diagnosed with
diabetes rather than gestational diabetes.
How is gestational diabetes diagnosed?
Doctors use blood tests to diagnose gestational diabetes. All diabetes blood tests involve
drawing blood at a doctor's office or a commercial facility. Blood samples are sent to a
lab for analysis.
Treatment for Type 2 diabetes Treatment typically includes:
1. Diet control exercise.
2. Home blood glucose testing.
3. And in some cases, oral medication and/or insulin. Approximately 40 percent of
people with type 2 diabetes require insulin injections.
Screening Glucose Challenge Test
For this test, you will drink a sugary beverage and have your blood glucose level checked
an hour later. This test can be done at any time of the day. If the results are above
normal, you may need to have an oral glucose tolerance test.
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
You will need to fast for at least 8 hours before the test. Fasting means having nothing to
eat or drink except water. Your doctor will give you other instructions to follow before
the test.
Your fasting blood glucose level will be checked before the test begins. Then you will
drink a sugary beverage. Your blood glucose levels will be checked 1 hour, 2 hours, and
possibly 3 hours later. Your doctor will use your test results to find out whether you have
gestational diabetes.
How will gestational diabetes affect my baby?
If you have high blood glucose levels because your gestational diabetes is not under
control, your baby will also have high blood glucose.
Your baby's pancreas will have to make extra insulin to control the high blood glucose.
The extra glucose in your baby's blood is stored as fat.
Untreated or uncontrolled gestational diabetes can cause problems for your baby, such
as
 Being born with a larger than normal body—a condition called macrosomia—
which can make delivery difficult and more dangerous for your baby.
 having low blood glucose, also called hypoglycemia, right after birth
 having breathing problems, a condition called respiratory distress syndrome
 having a higher chance of dying before or soon after birth
Your baby also might be born with jaundice. Jaundice is more common in newborns of
mothers who had diabetes during their pregnancy. With jaundice, the skin and whites of
the eyes turn yellow.
Jaundice usually goes away, but your baby may need to be placed under special lights to
help. Making sure your baby gets plenty of milk from breastfeeding will also help the
jaundice go away.
Your baby will be more likely to become overweight and develop type 2 diabetes as he or
she grows up.
Will I need extra tests during pregnancy to check my baby's health?
If you have gestational diabetes, your doctor may recommend that you have some extra
tests to check your baby's health, such as:
 Ultrasound exams, which use sound waves to make images that show your baby's
growth and whether your baby is larger than normal.
 A nonstress test, which uses a monitor placed on your abdomen to check whether
your baby's heart rate increases as it should when your baby is active.
 Kick counts to check the time between your baby's movements.
How will gestational diabetes affect me?
Gestational diabetes may increase your chances of:
 Having high blood pressure and too much protein in the urine, a condition called
preeclampsia.
 Having surgery—called a cesarean section or c-section—to deliver your baby
because your baby may be large.
 Becoming depressed.
 Developing type 2 diabetes and the problems that can come with this disease.
Preeclampsia:
Preeclampsia occurs during the second half of pregnancy. If not treated, preeclampsia
can cause problems for you and your baby that could cause death.
The only cure for preeclampsia is to give birth. If you develop preeclampsia late in your
pregnancy, you may need to have a cesarean section to deliver your baby early.
If you develop preeclampsia earlier, you may need bed rest and medicines, or you may
have to be hospitalized to allow your baby to develop as much as possible before
delivery.
Depression:
Depression can make you too tired to manage your diabetes and care for your baby. If
during or after your pregnancy you feel anxious, sad, or unable to cope with the changes
you are facing, talk with your health care team. Depression can be treated.
Your health care team may suggest ways you can get support and help to feel better.
Remember, in order to take care of your baby, you must first take care of yourself.
Checkups:
Keep up with your checkups. ―Feeling fine‖ does not mean you should skip any
appointments. Women with gestational diabetes often have no symptoms. Your health
care team will be on the lookout for any problems from gestational diabetes.
After Giving Birth:
Your diabetes will probably go away after your baby is born. However, even if your
diabetes goes away after the birth, you:
 May have gestational diabetes if you get pregnant again.
 Will be more likely to have type 2 diabetes later in your life.
How is gestational diabetes treated?
Treating gestational diabetes means taking steps to keep your blood glucose levels in a
target range. Targets are numbers you aim for. Your doctor will help you set your
targets. You will learn how to control your blood glucose using:
 Healthy eating.
 Physical activity.
 Insulin shots, if needed.
Can diabetes be prevented?
A number of studies have shown that regular physical activity can significantly reduce
the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is also associated with obesity.
Is there a cure for diabetes?
In response to the growing health burden of diabetes mellitus (diabetes), the diabetes
community has three choices:
1. Prevent diabetes.
2. Cure diabetes.
3. And take better care of people with diabetes to prevent devastating
complications. All three approaches are actively being pursued by the US
Department of Health and Human Services.
Some of what causes diabetes type 2
Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance is a common condition in people who are overweight or obese, have
excess abdominal fat, and are not physically active. Muscle, fat, and liver cells stop
responding properly to insulin, forcing the pancreas to compensate by producing extra
insulin.
As long as beta cells are able to produce enough insulin, blood glucose levels stay in the
normal range. But when insulin production falters because of beta cell dysfunction,
glucose levels rise, leading to prediabetes or diabetes.
Abnormal Glucose Production by the Liver
In some people with diabetes, an abnormal increase in glucose production by the liver
also contributes to high blood glucose levels. Normally, the pancreas releases the
hormone glucagon when blood glucose and insulin levels are low.
Glucagon stimulates the liver to produce glucose and release it into the bloodstream.
But when blood glucose and insulin levels are high after a meal, glucagon levels drop,
and the liver stores excess glucose for later, when it is needed.
For reasons not completely understood, in many people with diabetes, glucagon levels
stay higher than needed. High glucagon levels cause the liver to produce unneeded
glucose, which contributes to high blood glucose levels. Metformin, the most commonly
used drug to treat type 2 diabetes, reduces glucose production by the liver.
The Roles of Insulin and Glucagon in Normal Blood Glucose Regulation
A healthy person’s body keeps blood glucose levels in a normal range through several
complex mechanisms. Insulin and glucagon, two hormones made in the pancreas, help
regulate blood glucose levels:
 Insulin, made by beta cells, lowers elevated blood glucose levels.
 Glucagon, made by alpha cells, raises low blood glucose levels. When blood
glucose levels rise after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin into the blood.
 Insulin helps muscle, fat, and liver cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream,
lowering blood glucose levels.
 Insulin stimulates the liver and muscle tissue to store excess glucose. The stored
form of glucose is called glycogen.
 Insulin also lowers blood glucose levels by reducing glucose production in the
liver.
When blood glucose levels drop overnight or due to a skipped meal or heavy exercise,
the pancreas releases glucagon into the blood.
 Glucagon signals the liver and muscle tissue to break down glycogen into glucose,
which enters the bloodstream and raises blood glucose levels.
 If the body needs more glucose, glucagon stimulates the liver to make glucose
from amino acids.
Insulin and glucagon help regulate blood glucose levels.
Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome, also called insulin resistance syndrome, refers to a group of
conditions common in people with insulin resistance, including
 higher than normal blood glucose levels
 increased waist size due to excess abdominal fat
 high blood pressure
 abnormal levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood
People with metabolic syndrome have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes
and CVD.
Many studies have found that lifestyle changes, such as being physically active and
losing excess weight, are the best ways to reverse metabolic syndrome, improve the
body’s response to insulin, and reduce risk for type 2 diabetes and CVD.
Cell Signaling and Regulation
Cells communicate through a complex network of molecular signaling pathways. For
example, on cell surfaces, insulin receptor molecules capture, or bind, insulin molecules
circulating in the bloodstream.
This interaction between insulin and its receptor prompts the biochemical signals that
enable the cells to absorb glucose from the blood and use it for energy.
Problems in cell signaling systems can set off a chain reaction that leads to diabetes or
other diseases. Many studies have focused on how insulin signals cells to communicate
and regulate action.
Beta Cell Dysfunction
Scientists think beta cell dysfunction is a key contributor to type 2 diabetes. Beta cell
impairment can cause inadequate or abnormal patterns of insulin release. Also, beta
cells may be damaged by high blood glucose itself, a condition called glucose toxicity.
Scientists have not determined the causes of beta cell dysfunction in most cases. Single
gene defects lead to specific forms of diabetes called maturity-onset diabetes of the
young (MODY). The genes involved regulate insulin production in the beta cells.
Although these forms of diabetes are rare, they provide clues as to how beta cell function
may be affected by key regulatory factors. Other gene variants are involved in
determining the number and function of beta cells.
But these variants account for only a small percentage of type 2 diabetes cases.
Malnutrition early in life is also being investigated as a cause of beta cell dysfunction.
The metabolic environment of the developing fetus may also create a predisposition for
diabetes later in life.
Future Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Because a woman’s hormones usually return to normal levels soon after giving birth,
gestational diabetes disappears in most women after delivery.
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any drugs or medication. To know more please click here.
However, women who have gestational diabetes are more likely to develop gestational
diabetes with future pregnancies and develop type 2 diabetes.
Women with gestational diabetes should be tested for persistent diabetes 6 to 12 weeks
after delivery and at least every 3 years thereafter.
Also, exposure to high glucose levels during gestation increases a child’s risk for
becoming overweight or obese and for developing type 2 diabetes later on. The result
may be a cycle of diabetes affecting multiple generations in a family.
For both mother and child, maintaining a healthy body weight and being physically
active may help prevent type 2 diabetes.
Other Types and Causes of Diabetes
Other types of diabetes have a variety of possible causes.
Genetic Mutations Affecting Beta Cells, Insulin, and Insulin Action
Some relatively uncommon forms of diabetes known as monogenic diabetes are caused
by mutations, or changes, in a single gene. These mutations are usually inherited, but
sometimes the gene mutation occurs spontaneously.
Most of these gene mutations cause diabetes by reducing beta cells’ ability to produce
insulin.
The most common types of monogenic diabetes are neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM)
and MODY. NDM occurs in the first 6 months of life. MODY is usually found during
adolescence or early adulthood but sometimes is not diagnosed until later in life.
Other rare genetic mutations can cause diabetes by damaging the quality of insulin the
body produces or by causing abnormalities in insulin receptors.
Other Genetic Diseases
Diabetes occurs in people with Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner
syndrome at higher rates than the general population.
Scientists are investigating whether genes that may predispose people to genetic
syndromes also predispose them to diabetes.
The genetic disorders cystic fibrosis and hemochromatosis are linked to diabetes. Cystic
fibrosis produces abnormally thick mucus, which blocks the pancreas. The risk of
diabetes increases with age in people with cystic fibrosis.
Hemochromatosis causes the body to store too much iron. If the disorder is not treated,
iron can build up in and damage the pancreas and other organs.
Damage to or Removal of the Pancreas
Pancreatitis, cancer, and trauma can all harm the pancreatic beta cells or impair insulin
production, thus causing diabetes. If the damaged pancreas is removed, diabetes will
occur due to the loss of the beta cells.
Endocrine Diseases
Endocrine diseases affect organs that produce hormones. Cushing’s syndrome and
acromegaly are examples of hormonal disorders that can cause prediabetes and diabetes
by inducing insulin resistance.
Cushing’s syndrome is marked by excessive production of cortisol—sometimes called
the “stress hormone.” Acromegaly occurs when the body produces too much growth
hormone.
Glucagonoma, a rare tumor of the pancreas, can also cause diabetes. The tumor causes
the body to produce too much glucagon. Hyperthyroidism, a disorder that occurs when
the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, can also cause elevated blood
glucose levels.
Autoimmune Disorders
Rare disorders characterized by antibodies that disrupt insulin action can lead to
diabetes.
This kind of diabetes is often associated with other autoimmune disorders such as lupus
erythematosus. Another rare autoimmune disorder called stiff-man syndrome is
associated with antibodies that attack the beta cells, similar to type1 diabetes.
Medications and Chemical Toxins
Some medications, such as nicotinic acid and certain types of diuretics, anti-seizure
drugs, psychiatric drugs, and drugs to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), can
impair beta cells or disrupt insulin action.
Pentamidine, a drug prescribed to treat a type of pneumonia, can increase the risk of
pancreatitis, beta cell damage, and diabetes.
Also, glucocorticoids—steroid hormones that are chemically similar to naturally
produced cortisol—may impair insulin action. Glucocorticoids are used to treat
inflammatory illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, lupus, and ulcerative
colitis.
Lipodystrophy
Lipodystrophy is a condition in which fat tissue is lost or redistributed in the body. The
condition is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Steps To Prevent Diabetes:
There are lots of people are suffering from the diabetes. Even some of them are don't
know about the diabetes, so here we are give you some steps that how you can delay or
prevent getting diabetes.
Did you know that nearly sixteen million US residents are on their way to getting
diabetes? Most of them don't know it either. They have a pre-person with diabetes
condition, with higher blood glucose levels than normal.
These conditions can affect daily life, and may lead to later diabetes. The good news is
that even if you're one of the millions of people with a pre-person with diabetes
condition, there are some steps you can take to delay or prevent getting it.
The biggest part of preventing diabetes is making sure you control your lifestyle.
Diabetes is a serious condition with some very worrisome complications.
Left untreated it could cause blindness, kidney failure, and the loss of a limb. People
with poorly managed diabetes might also have strokes or heart attacks. But there are
some basic changes we can make to ensure that we stay as healthy as possible.
Let's take a look.
1. Determine Your Risk:
Knowledge is extremely important, especially when it comes to health conditions. Do
some research, or talk toyour doctor about your risk for becoming person with diabetes.
People over the age of forty-five, those who are overweight, and people with a high
carbohydrate and sugar diet are more likely to get this disease than younger, less heavy
people with a more balanced diet.
Genetic factors or other health conditions can have an effect on your diabetes risk, as
well.
2. Set Exercise Goals:
Make sure that your goals for preventing diabetes are realistic ones, but be sure to set
some. Making a few small changes will be much more effective than trying to make huge
ones all at once.
Many people with pre-person with diabetes conditions don't get enough exercise. If
you're not very active, try to add just fifteen minutes of activity every day.
This can be something as simple as going up and down the stairs a few times, or taking a
stroll around the block. Add exercise time as you become comfortable with it.
3. Pay Attention To Diet:
Food choices can be a huge part of developing diabetes. Making better ones, such as
eating more fruits and veggies, increasing the amount of fiber in your diet, and eating
less refined carbohydrates and fats can make a huge difference in your health. You don't
have to do it all at once. A little bit at a time can really help.
4. Keep Track Of Progress:
It can seem pretty intimidating to make all these changes. That's why one important
step is keeping track of how you're doing. A food diary, or simply a record of your
progress can help you stick with it.
Take the time to talk to your doctor about your progress over time. You might be
surprised by how easy your lifestyle change ends up being.
5. Don't Get Discouraged
It's important to keep making those important lifestyle changes. Don't get discouraged,
and stick to adding small things. Over time, they'll add up.
Even if you backslide a little, keep at it Article Submission, and you'll be on the road to
better health. You can prevent diabetes by living a healthier lifestyle.
Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes - Catch it Early and Live a Normal
Lifespan
Will You Recognize the Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes?
If you or a loved one is at risk of developing diabetes, it is important that you learn how
to recognize the signs and symptoms of diabetes as soon as possible. Type 2 diabetes can
develop on at any age. If you catch it early, you can often prevent the many serious
complications of this disease. You need to know that diabetes is known as a "silent
killer" for good reason.
This is because the signs and symptoms of diabetes often don't manifest themselves
right away and people often don't recognize the symptoms until they get really bad.
Basically, diabetes is a disease that often sneaks up on people. Please don't let that
happen to you.
1- Complications of Diabetes:
Complications of diabetes include heart disease, high blood pressure, vascular disease,
kidney failure, nerve damage (neuropathy), eye problems (retinopathy, cataracts,
glaucoma, blindness), recurring infections, wounds that won't heal or are very slow to
heal, and stress due to the disease.
Amputations of feet and legs are more common in diabetics. Nerve damage makes
wounds in extremities go unnoticed until it is too late and reduction in blood flow can
make wounds very difficult to heal.
2- Increased Visits To the Bathroom:
This is a very common sign of diabetes. If you find you are having to get up more at
night to trot to the bathroom, you may have diabetes and you should get your blood
sugar tested. Daytime urination may become more frequent too. Frequent urination is
your body's way of diluting and eliminating the excess sugar in your blood stream.
3- Thirsty All the Time and Dry Mouth:
Diabetics often become dehydrated because they are urinating more frequently. This
causes thirst and dry mouth.
4- Hungry All the Time:
This is another very common symptom of diabetes. If you eat a big meal and then get
hungry again an hour or two later, there is a good chance you may be diabetic and you
should get tested. After you eat, there is always an increase in blood sugar which
prompts the release of insulin.
However, in diabetics there can be a huge spike in blood sugar which leads to a huge
release of insulin which in turn makes you feel hungry.
5- Unexplained Fatigue:
If you wake up in the morning after a normal night's sleep and you still feel sluggish, this
may be because you have diabetes or pre-diabetes and your cells aren't getting enough
energy. The same could be true if you begin to tire out easily during the day.
6- Wounds Are Slow To Heal:
If you notice that your body doesn't seem to heal wounds, scrapes, or cuts as quickly,
you need to get to the doctor and have your blood sugar tested.
7- Dry Itchy Skin:
This symptom can manifest itself in a variety of ways. Women may experience vaginal
itching and men may experience jock itch. General dry skin including flaking can also be
a symptom.
8- Frequent Headaches:
Headaches can be caused by a variety of factors but high blood sugar is one of them.
This is especially true if you tend to get headaches first thing in the morning or after
large meals. Dehydration which can be caused by diabetes can also cause headaches.
9- Impotence:
This may be a blessing in disguise as it often gets men to finally go to their doctor and
get their blood sugar tested. In men, blood vessel damage and nerve damage can lead to
impotence even if the desire is still there. Sexual desire can be reduced in both men and
women due to disruptions in the endocrine system.
10- Mysterious Weight Loss:
If you find you are losing weight but you haven't changed the way you eat and there
hasn't been a change in your activity level, don't jump for joy too quickly because you
may have diabetes. Diabetics often lose weight because the nutrients they are eating are
not able to get inside their cells. You may be eating plenty but your body may be
starving.
11- Numbness or a Tingly Sensation In Your Feet and/or Hands:
Diabetes causes nerve damage and circulatory problems. The symptom for this is often
numbness or a tingly sensation in your extremities.
12- Frequent Infections and Inflammation:
Urinary tract infections, candida, thrush, jock itch, vaginal infections, athlete's foot, gum
disease, and skin boils can all be signs of diabetes, especially if they chronically reoccur.
Unfortunately, people often don't recognize infection as a sign of diabetes but it is very
common.
13- Constipation:
If you don't have a bowel movement every day and/or your stool is unusually hard, you
may want to get your blood sugar checked, especially if you also have other symptoms.
14- Disruption of the Menstrual Cycle:
The hormonal system can get really out of whack if you have diabetes and this
sometimes affects the menstrual cycle in women. If you normally have regular
menstrual cycles and suddenly start have irregular cycles or you skip a period or two
entirely, this could be a sign of diabetes.
15- General Malaise:
If you just feel "yucky" and can't quite put your finger on why, please do yourself a favor
and go get tested for diabetes, especially if you are over-weight and/or have a close
family member who has diabetes.
16- What Is the Average Life Span of a Diabetic?
People with diabetes often worry about whether or not they will be able to live a normal
lifespan. This is a source of great anxiety for many people who have been diagnosed with
diabetes or pre-diabetes and for those who are at higher risk for diabetes.
The bad news is that on average diabetics do not live as long as those without diabetes.
Moreover, they often lead a lower quality of life due to health complications and often
die from these complications with heart failure being the number one cause. Depending
on the source, it is reported that life expectancy is cut by 6-17 years. Type 2 diabetics
have a shorter life expectancy on average than type 1 diabetics.
The good news is that if you learn the symptoms of diabetes, you catch it early, and you
follow natural remedies that can reverse your diabetes, you can live a normal lifespan. In
fact, some people use their diabetes diagnosis as a wakeup call to get really healthy and
their quality of life actually goes way up after the diagnosis.
You CAN reverse diabetes and prevent diabetes by eating the right foods and other
natural means.
Controlling Diabetes with Diet and Exercise
Controlling Diabetes with Diet
Controlling diabetes with diet and exercise is something that every diabetic is tasked
with, because the alternative is bleak. Medications or insulin shots can only do so
much.
Diet and exercise allow you to lessen the effects of diabetes on your body and life and
help you thrive even with this diagnosis.
In the case of type 2 diabetes, diet and exercise may even allow you to reverse this type
of diabetes. Get in the game. Fight for your life and health. Diet and exercise is the best
way to accomplish this.
The Outlook is Bleak:
Not taking a proactive approach to diabetes treatment will lead to kidney disease, heart
disease, blindness, high blood pressure, stroke, infections and wounds that are slow to
heal or never heal, limb amputation and even falling into a diabetic coma when severe.
Controlling diabetes with diet and exercise is one of the best ways to ensure that this
is not your present and future.
But you need not be afraid or feel powerless because simple changes to your lifestyle can
produce amazing results and you will be able to live a long and productive life even if
you have the more serious type 1 diabetes which is not curable or preventable.
Controlling Diabetes with Diet and Exercise:
1. Controlling Diabetes with Diet:
The word "Diet" has such negative connotations and at the mere mention of it, many
people recoil. At the mention of the word, most people think it means that you won't be
able to eat anything you like, or anything delicious, or will be starving and so forth.
But when a diet for diabetes is talked about, it simply means a well thought out plan for
eating. In some cases, you may even be able to still eat some "bad" foods on occasion as
long as you are aware of how they will impact your diabetic eating plan and what
adjustments you may need to make when you eat these "bad" foods so that your blood
sugar levels do not go crazy and cause you problems.
In addition, creating a proper diabetes eating plan will help you get a better
understanding of how various foods impact blood sugar levels which will help you make
the decision on which foods to eliminate and which to include.
A Doctor in the US has discovered a method of reversing Diabetes naturally, without
any drugs or medication. To know more please click here.
For instance, soft drinks, refined grains, etc. have been shown to increase the risk of
developing type 2 diabetes and also increasing inflammation in the body. Knowing this
will help you make the choice to eliminate soft drinks (regular and diet) and hopefully
encourage you to drink more water and to select complex carbs in placed of processed
foods made from refined grains.
It is important to remember that a healing diabetes diet will vary from one diabetic to
another. You have to find the diet that will work for you.
Some diabetics may be able to eat certain foods whereas another many have to eliminate
that food. There isn't one diet that will work in all cases.
One may need to follow a low fat, high carbohydrate diet while another may need to
follow a low carbohydrate, high vegetable diet, etc. Find what works for you.
While you may be confused about what to eat and what to avoid, you should be prepared
to experiment with various recommended foods to see which ones raise your blood
sugar levels and which ones help to normalize it.
To find which foods are best for controlling blood sugar, you need to monitor your blood
sugar levels for a period of time such as two to three weeks. Measure your blood glucose
levels first thing in the morning, after breakfast, after meals as well as snacks and also
before you go to bed. Also measure the sugar levels before and after physical activity.
Once you have an understanding of how your blood sugar levels are affected, you will
then be in a better position to create a diet plan that works for you and helps heal your
body naturally.
2. Controlling Diabetes with Exercise:
The other aspect of controlling diabetes is exercise. It is amazing how effective exercise
can be against type 2 diabetes especially.
The best thing you can do against diabetes is exercise. It is also the least expensive when
you consider how much you have to spend on diabetes medications, insulin injections,
etc. Effective exercise can be as simple as a walk or run, swimming, dancing, cycling, etc.
Moderate exercise performed consistently that leads to modest weight loss has been
shown to prevent insulin resistance that can lead to pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Those who have diabetes also benefit from regular exercise as exercise can not only help
control blood glucose levels but can also help prevent serious complications from
diabetes.
Exercising regularly is one of the best ways to improve insulin sensitivity. Insulin
resistance is one of the main issues with the development of type 2 diabetes and results
from the body not recognizing the insulin that is produced by the body which keeps
glucose in the blood and not removed from the blood and transferred to the cells where
it is needed for energy which ends up starving the cells in the body.
By improving insulin sensitivity with the help of exercise, this glucose will be removed
from the blood by insulin and transferred to the cells and used more efficiently by the
cells without any issues which will help to manage blood glucose levels.
Exercise (and diet) is also the best way to control weight. Type 2 diabetes has reached
epidemic levels and the main culprit is obesity as it has been found that at least 80
percent of type 2 diabetes patients and those with pre-diabetes have been found to be
obese.
It is believed that obesity can lead to insulin resistance which increases the risk of
developing pre-diabetes and type II diabetes.
It is also important to monitor blood sugar levels before and after exercise. If you have
type I diabetes, you will need to make sure that you do not overly exert yourself to the
point of becoming hypoglycemic which is a state of low blood sugar.
Low blood sugar can lead to fatigue, dizziness, sweating, headaches, trembling and if
severe, consciousness can be lost as well as falling into a coma.
Those with type II diabetes though they have more leeway with exercise, should still
monitor their blood sugar levels before and after exercise.
If you are on medication, you need to work with your doctor to make the necessary
adjustments to your exercise regimen.
In addition, diabetics who deal with neuropathy need to ensure that the nerve endings
in the feet are protected. High impact running or jogging may not be advised in cases of
neuropathy.
Dehydration is another area for diabetics to be concerned about when exercising since
frequent urination is one of the symptoms of diabetes.
High impact exercise can also affect the capillaries in the eyes that have been weakened
by diabetes. If you have eye problems due to diabetes, make sure that the exercise
selected will not make vision problems worse or cause rapture which can occur
especially if you use weights.
Talk to your doctor before beginning any exercise program and set realistic goals in
order to avoid too high or too low blood sugar levels as well as the other issues that
exercise may cause in people with diabetes. Start small and gradually build up.
Exercise is an important component of diabetes management and many of its other
benefits include helping to lower blood pressure, raising good cholesterol (HDL) levels,
strengthening bones, toning the heart and other muscles, eliminating stress, weight loss,
strengthening the respiratory system, etc. Do it no matter how you feel.
You will feel better and after you finish you will fill like you can conquer the world
including diabetes!
Points to Remember
 Diabetes is a complex group of diseases with a variety of causes.
 People with diabetes have high blood glucose, also called high blood sugar or
hyperglycemia. Diabetes develops when the body doesn’t make enough
insulin or is not able to use insulin effectively, or both.
 Insulin is a hormone made by beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin helps cells
throughout the body absorb and use glucose for energy.
 Prediabetes is a condition in which blood glucose levels or A1C levels are
higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. People
with prediabetes can substantially reduce their risk of developing diabetes by
losing weight and increasing physical activity.
 The two main types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Gestational diabetes is a third form of diabetes that develops only during
pregnancy.
 Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin due to the destruction of insulin-
producing beta cells. In type 1 diabetes—an autoimmune disease—the body’s
immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells.
 Type 2 diabetes—the most common form of diabetes—is caused by a
combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the
body’s muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. Type 2
diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to
compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.
 Scientists believe gestational diabetes is caused by the hormonal changes and
metabolic demands of pregnancy together with genetic and environmental
factors. Risk factors for gestational diabetes include being overweight and
having a family history of diabetes.
 Monogenic forms of diabetes are relatively uncommon and are caused by
mutations in single genes that limit insulin production, quality, or action in
the body.
 Other types of diabetes are caused by diseases and injuries that damage the
pancreas; certain chemical toxins and medications; infections; and other
conditions.
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Banish your-diabetes-forever

  • 1.
  • 2. 3 AUDIOBOOK COLLECTIONS 6 BOOK COLLECTIONS
  • 3. Are you at risk of type diabetes I-II? Diabetes Type I-II What is diabetes? Diabetes is the condition in which the body does not properly process food for use as energy. Most of the food we eat is turned into glucose, or sugar, for our bodies to use for energy. The pancreas, an organ that lies near the stomach, makes a hormone called insulin to help glucose get into the cells of our bodies. When you have diabetes, your body either doesn't make enough insulin or can't use its own insulin as well as it should. This causes sugars to build up in your blood. This is why many people refer to diabetes as ―sugar‖ Diabetes can cause serious health complications including, heart disease, blindness, kidney failure, and lower-extremity amputations. Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. How prevalent is diabetes among blacks?  Blacks are 1.7 times as likely to develop diabetes as whites.  The prevalence of diabetes among blacks has quadrupled during the past 30 years.
  • 4.  Among blacks age 20 and older, about 2.3 million have diabetes – 10.8 percent of that age group.  Blacks with diabetes are more likely than non-Hispanic whites to develop diabetes and to experience greater disability from diabetes-related complications such as amputations, adult blindness, kidney failure, and increased risk of heart disease and stroke.  Death rates for blacks with diabetes are 27 percent higher than for whites. What are the symptoms of diabetes? People who think they might have diabetes must visit a physician for diagnosis. They might have SOME or NONE of the following symptoms:  Frequent urination.  Excessive thirst.  Unexplained weight loss.  Extreme hunger 1.  Sudden vision changes.  Tingling or numbness in hands or feet.  Feeling very tired much of the time.  Very dry skin.  Sores that are slow to heal.  More infections than usual. Nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains may accompany some of these symptoms in the abrupt onset of insulin-dependent diabetes, now called Type 1 diabetes. What are the types of diabetes? Type 1: Type 1 diabetes, previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes, may account for 5 percent to 10 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors are less well defined for Type 1 diabetes than for Type 2 diabetes, but autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of this type of diabetes. Type 2: Type 2 diabetes, was previously called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes. Type 2 diabetes may account for about 90 percent to 95 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes.
  • 5. What causes type 1 diabetes? Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin due to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. In type 1 diabetes—an autoimmune disease—the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells. Normally, the immune system protects the body from infection by identifying and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful foreign substances. But in autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body’s own cells. In type 1 diabetes, beta cell destruction may take place over several years, but symptoms of the disease usually develop over a short period of time. Type 1 diabetes typically occurs in children and young adults, though it can appear at any age. In the past, type 1 diabetes was called juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Genetic Susceptibility Heredity plays an important part in determining who is likely to develop type 1 diabetes. Genes are passed down from biological parent to child. Genes carry instructions for making proteins that are needed for the body’s cells to function. Many genes, as well as interactions among genes, are thought to influence susceptibility to and protection from type 1 diabetes. The key genes may vary in different population groups. Variations in genes that affect more than 1 percent of a population group are called gene variants. Certain gene variants that carry instructions for making proteins called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) on white blood cells are linked to the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. The proteins produced by HLA genes help determine whether the immune system recognizes a cell as part of the body or as foreign material.
  • 6. Some combinations of HLA gene variants predict that a person will be at higher risk for type 1 diabetes, while other combinations are protective or have no effect on risk. While HLA genes are the major risk genes for type 1 diabetes, many additional risk genes or gene regions have been found. Not only can these genes help identify people at risk for type 1 diabetes, but they also provide important clues to help scientists better understand how the disease develops and identify potential targets for therapy and prevention. Genetic testing can show what types of HLA genes a person carries and can reveal other genes linked to diabetes. However, most genetic testing is done in a research setting and is not yet available to individuals. Scientists are studying how the results of genetic testing can be used to improve type 1 diabetes prevention or treatment. Autoimmune Destruction of Beta Cells In type 1 diabetes, white blood cells called T cells attack and destroy beta cells. The process begins well before diabetes symptoms appear and continues after diagnosis. Often, type 1 diabetes is not diagnosed until most beta cells have already been destroyed. At this point, a person needs daily insulin treatment to survive. Finding ways to modify or stop this autoimmune process and preserve beta cell function is a major focus of current scientific research. Recent research suggests insulin itself may be a key trigger of the immune attack on beta cells. The immune systems of people who are susceptible to developing type 1 diabetes respond to insulin as if it were a foreign substance, or antigen. To combat antigens, the body makes proteins called antibodies. Antibodies to insulin and other proteins produced by beta cells are found in people with type 1 diabetes. Researchers test for these antibodies to help identify people at increased risk of developing the disease.
  • 7. Testing the types and levels of antibodies in the blood can help determine whether a person has type 1 diabetes, LADA, or another type of diabetes. Environmental Factors Environmental factors, such as foods, viruses, and toxins, may play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes, but the exact nature of their role has not been determined. Some theories suggest that environmental factors trigger the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in people with a genetic susceptibility to diabetes. Other theories suggest that environmental factors play an ongoing role in diabetes, even after diagnosis. Viruses and infections. A virus cannot cause diabetes on its own, but people are sometimes diagnosed with type 1 diabetes during or after a viral infection, suggesting a link between the two. Also, the onset of type 1 diabetes occurs more frequently during the winter when viral infections are more common. Viruses possibly associated with type 1 diabetes include coxsackievirus B, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, rubella, and mumps. Scientists have described several ways these viruses may damage or destroy beta cells or possibly trigger an autoimmune response in susceptible people. For example: Anti-islet antibodies have been found in patients with congenital rubella syndrome, and cytomegalovirus has been associated with significant beta cell damage and acute pancreatitis–inflammation of the pancreas. Scientists are trying to identify a virus that can cause type 1 diabetes so that a vaccine might be developed to prevent the disease. Infant feeding practices. Some studies have suggested that dietary factors may raise or lower the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. For example:
  • 8. Breastfed infants and infants receiving vitamin D supplements may have a reduced risk of developing type 1 diabetes, while early exposure to cow’s milk and cereal proteins may increase risk. More research is needed to clarify how infant nutrition affects the risk for type 1 diabetes. Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes: Include older age, obesity, and family history of diabetes, prior history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are at particularly high risk for type 2 diabetes. What is gestational diabetes? Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that develops only during pregnancy. Diabetes means your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Your body uses glucose for energy. Too much glucose in your blood is not good for you or your baby. Gestational diabetes is usually diagnosed during late pregnancy. If you are diagnosed with diabetes earlier in your pregnancy, you may have had diabetes before you became pregnant. Treating gestational diabetes can help both you and your baby stay healthy. You can protect your baby and yourself by taking action right away to control your blood glucose levels. Gestational diabetes develops in 2 percent to 5 percent of all pregnancies but usually disappears when a pregnancy is over. Gestational diabetes occurs more frequently in African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and people with a family history of diabetes than in other groups. Obesity is also associated with higher risk. Women who have had gestational diabetes are at increased risk for later developing Type 2 diabetes. In some studies, nearly 40 percent of women with a history of gestational diabetes developed diabetes in the future 2- 3. Other specific types of diabetes result from specific genetic syndromes, surgery, drugs, malnutrition, infections, and other illnesses. A Doctor in the US has discovered a method of reversing Diabetes naturally, without any drugs or medication. To know more please click here.
  • 9. Such types of diabetes may account for 1 percent to 2 percent of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. What causes gestational diabetes? Gestational diabetes happens when your body can't make enough insulin during pregnancy. Insulin is a hormone made in your pancreas, an organ located behind your stomach. Insulin helps your body use glucose for energy and helps control your blood glucose levels. During pregnancy, your body makes more hormones and goes through other changes, such as weight gain. These changes cause your body's cells to use insulin less effectively, a condition called insulin resistance. Insulin resistance increases your body's need for insulin. If your pancreas can't make enough insulin, you will have gestational diabetes. All pregnant women have some insulin resistance during late pregnancy. However, some women have insulin resistance even before they get pregnant, usually because they are overweight. These women start pregnancy with an increased need for insulin and are more likely to have gestational diabetes. FAQS: What are my chances of getting gestational diabetes? Your chances of getting gestational diabetes are higher if you  are overweight  have had gestational diabetes before  have given birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds  have a parent, brother, or sister with type 2 diabetes
  • 10.  have prediabetes, meaning your blood glucose levels are higher than normal yet not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes  are African American, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latina, or Pacific Islander American  have a hormonal disorder called polycystic ovary syndrome, also known as PCOS How can I lower my chances of getting gestational diabetes? If you are thinking about getting pregnant and are overweight, you can lower your chances of getting gestational diabetes by  losing extra weight.  increasing your physical activity level before you get pregnant. Taking these steps can improve how your body uses insulin and help your blood glucose levels stay normal. Once you are pregnant, you should not try to lose weight. You need to gain some weight for your baby to be healthy. However, gaining too much weight too quickly may increase your chances of getting gestational diabetes. Your doctor will tell you how much weight gain and physical activity during pregnancy are right for you. When will I be tested for gestational diabetes? You will probably be tested for gestational diabetes between weeks 24 and 28 of your pregnancy. If you have a higher chance of getting gestational diabetes, your doctor may test for diabetes during the first visit after you become pregnant. If your blood glucose level is above normal at that time, you may be diagnosed with diabetes rather than gestational diabetes. How is gestational diabetes diagnosed?
  • 11. Doctors use blood tests to diagnose gestational diabetes. All diabetes blood tests involve drawing blood at a doctor's office or a commercial facility. Blood samples are sent to a lab for analysis. Treatment for Type 2 diabetes Treatment typically includes: 1. Diet control exercise. 2. Home blood glucose testing. 3. And in some cases, oral medication and/or insulin. Approximately 40 percent of people with type 2 diabetes require insulin injections. Screening Glucose Challenge Test For this test, you will drink a sugary beverage and have your blood glucose level checked an hour later. This test can be done at any time of the day. If the results are above normal, you may need to have an oral glucose tolerance test. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test You will need to fast for at least 8 hours before the test. Fasting means having nothing to eat or drink except water. Your doctor will give you other instructions to follow before the test. Your fasting blood glucose level will be checked before the test begins. Then you will drink a sugary beverage. Your blood glucose levels will be checked 1 hour, 2 hours, and possibly 3 hours later. Your doctor will use your test results to find out whether you have gestational diabetes. How will gestational diabetes affect my baby? If you have high blood glucose levels because your gestational diabetes is not under control, your baby will also have high blood glucose. Your baby's pancreas will have to make extra insulin to control the high blood glucose. The extra glucose in your baby's blood is stored as fat.
  • 12. Untreated or uncontrolled gestational diabetes can cause problems for your baby, such as  Being born with a larger than normal body—a condition called macrosomia— which can make delivery difficult and more dangerous for your baby.  having low blood glucose, also called hypoglycemia, right after birth  having breathing problems, a condition called respiratory distress syndrome  having a higher chance of dying before or soon after birth Your baby also might be born with jaundice. Jaundice is more common in newborns of mothers who had diabetes during their pregnancy. With jaundice, the skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow. Jaundice usually goes away, but your baby may need to be placed under special lights to help. Making sure your baby gets plenty of milk from breastfeeding will also help the jaundice go away. Your baby will be more likely to become overweight and develop type 2 diabetes as he or she grows up. Will I need extra tests during pregnancy to check my baby's health? If you have gestational diabetes, your doctor may recommend that you have some extra tests to check your baby's health, such as:  Ultrasound exams, which use sound waves to make images that show your baby's growth and whether your baby is larger than normal.  A nonstress test, which uses a monitor placed on your abdomen to check whether your baby's heart rate increases as it should when your baby is active.  Kick counts to check the time between your baby's movements. How will gestational diabetes affect me? Gestational diabetes may increase your chances of:
  • 13.  Having high blood pressure and too much protein in the urine, a condition called preeclampsia.  Having surgery—called a cesarean section or c-section—to deliver your baby because your baby may be large.  Becoming depressed.  Developing type 2 diabetes and the problems that can come with this disease. Preeclampsia: Preeclampsia occurs during the second half of pregnancy. If not treated, preeclampsia can cause problems for you and your baby that could cause death. The only cure for preeclampsia is to give birth. If you develop preeclampsia late in your pregnancy, you may need to have a cesarean section to deliver your baby early. If you develop preeclampsia earlier, you may need bed rest and medicines, or you may have to be hospitalized to allow your baby to develop as much as possible before delivery. Depression: Depression can make you too tired to manage your diabetes and care for your baby. If during or after your pregnancy you feel anxious, sad, or unable to cope with the changes you are facing, talk with your health care team. Depression can be treated. Your health care team may suggest ways you can get support and help to feel better. Remember, in order to take care of your baby, you must first take care of yourself. Checkups: Keep up with your checkups. ―Feeling fine‖ does not mean you should skip any appointments. Women with gestational diabetes often have no symptoms. Your health care team will be on the lookout for any problems from gestational diabetes. After Giving Birth:
  • 14. Your diabetes will probably go away after your baby is born. However, even if your diabetes goes away after the birth, you:  May have gestational diabetes if you get pregnant again.  Will be more likely to have type 2 diabetes later in your life. How is gestational diabetes treated? Treating gestational diabetes means taking steps to keep your blood glucose levels in a target range. Targets are numbers you aim for. Your doctor will help you set your targets. You will learn how to control your blood glucose using:  Healthy eating.  Physical activity.  Insulin shots, if needed. Can diabetes be prevented? A number of studies have shown that regular physical activity can significantly reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is also associated with obesity. Is there a cure for diabetes? In response to the growing health burden of diabetes mellitus (diabetes), the diabetes community has three choices: 1. Prevent diabetes. 2. Cure diabetes. 3. And take better care of people with diabetes to prevent devastating complications. All three approaches are actively being pursued by the US Department of Health and Human Services. Some of what causes diabetes type 2 Insulin Resistance
  • 15. Insulin resistance is a common condition in people who are overweight or obese, have excess abdominal fat, and are not physically active. Muscle, fat, and liver cells stop responding properly to insulin, forcing the pancreas to compensate by producing extra insulin. As long as beta cells are able to produce enough insulin, blood glucose levels stay in the normal range. But when insulin production falters because of beta cell dysfunction, glucose levels rise, leading to prediabetes or diabetes. Abnormal Glucose Production by the Liver In some people with diabetes, an abnormal increase in glucose production by the liver also contributes to high blood glucose levels. Normally, the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon when blood glucose and insulin levels are low. Glucagon stimulates the liver to produce glucose and release it into the bloodstream. But when blood glucose and insulin levels are high after a meal, glucagon levels drop, and the liver stores excess glucose for later, when it is needed. For reasons not completely understood, in many people with diabetes, glucagon levels stay higher than needed. High glucagon levels cause the liver to produce unneeded glucose, which contributes to high blood glucose levels. Metformin, the most commonly used drug to treat type 2 diabetes, reduces glucose production by the liver. The Roles of Insulin and Glucagon in Normal Blood Glucose Regulation A healthy person’s body keeps blood glucose levels in a normal range through several complex mechanisms. Insulin and glucagon, two hormones made in the pancreas, help regulate blood glucose levels:  Insulin, made by beta cells, lowers elevated blood glucose levels.  Glucagon, made by alpha cells, raises low blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels rise after a meal, the pancreas releases insulin into the blood.  Insulin helps muscle, fat, and liver cells absorb glucose from the bloodstream, lowering blood glucose levels.  Insulin stimulates the liver and muscle tissue to store excess glucose. The stored form of glucose is called glycogen.  Insulin also lowers blood glucose levels by reducing glucose production in the liver.
  • 16. When blood glucose levels drop overnight or due to a skipped meal or heavy exercise, the pancreas releases glucagon into the blood.  Glucagon signals the liver and muscle tissue to break down glycogen into glucose, which enters the bloodstream and raises blood glucose levels.  If the body needs more glucose, glucagon stimulates the liver to make glucose from amino acids. Insulin and glucagon help regulate blood glucose levels. Metabolic Syndrome Metabolic syndrome, also called insulin resistance syndrome, refers to a group of conditions common in people with insulin resistance, including  higher than normal blood glucose levels  increased waist size due to excess abdominal fat  high blood pressure  abnormal levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood People with metabolic syndrome have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and CVD.
  • 17. Many studies have found that lifestyle changes, such as being physically active and losing excess weight, are the best ways to reverse metabolic syndrome, improve the body’s response to insulin, and reduce risk for type 2 diabetes and CVD. Cell Signaling and Regulation Cells communicate through a complex network of molecular signaling pathways. For example, on cell surfaces, insulin receptor molecules capture, or bind, insulin molecules circulating in the bloodstream. This interaction between insulin and its receptor prompts the biochemical signals that enable the cells to absorb glucose from the blood and use it for energy. Problems in cell signaling systems can set off a chain reaction that leads to diabetes or other diseases. Many studies have focused on how insulin signals cells to communicate and regulate action. Beta Cell Dysfunction Scientists think beta cell dysfunction is a key contributor to type 2 diabetes. Beta cell impairment can cause inadequate or abnormal patterns of insulin release. Also, beta cells may be damaged by high blood glucose itself, a condition called glucose toxicity. Scientists have not determined the causes of beta cell dysfunction in most cases. Single gene defects lead to specific forms of diabetes called maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). The genes involved regulate insulin production in the beta cells. Although these forms of diabetes are rare, they provide clues as to how beta cell function may be affected by key regulatory factors. Other gene variants are involved in determining the number and function of beta cells. But these variants account for only a small percentage of type 2 diabetes cases. Malnutrition early in life is also being investigated as a cause of beta cell dysfunction. The metabolic environment of the developing fetus may also create a predisposition for diabetes later in life. Future Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Because a woman’s hormones usually return to normal levels soon after giving birth, gestational diabetes disappears in most women after delivery. A Doctor in the US has discovered a method of reversing Diabetes naturally, without any drugs or medication. To know more please click here.
  • 18. However, women who have gestational diabetes are more likely to develop gestational diabetes with future pregnancies and develop type 2 diabetes. Women with gestational diabetes should be tested for persistent diabetes 6 to 12 weeks after delivery and at least every 3 years thereafter. Also, exposure to high glucose levels during gestation increases a child’s risk for becoming overweight or obese and for developing type 2 diabetes later on. The result may be a cycle of diabetes affecting multiple generations in a family. For both mother and child, maintaining a healthy body weight and being physically active may help prevent type 2 diabetes. Other Types and Causes of Diabetes Other types of diabetes have a variety of possible causes. Genetic Mutations Affecting Beta Cells, Insulin, and Insulin Action Some relatively uncommon forms of diabetes known as monogenic diabetes are caused by mutations, or changes, in a single gene. These mutations are usually inherited, but sometimes the gene mutation occurs spontaneously. Most of these gene mutations cause diabetes by reducing beta cells’ ability to produce insulin. The most common types of monogenic diabetes are neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) and MODY. NDM occurs in the first 6 months of life. MODY is usually found during adolescence or early adulthood but sometimes is not diagnosed until later in life. Other rare genetic mutations can cause diabetes by damaging the quality of insulin the body produces or by causing abnormalities in insulin receptors. Other Genetic Diseases Diabetes occurs in people with Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome at higher rates than the general population. Scientists are investigating whether genes that may predispose people to genetic syndromes also predispose them to diabetes.
  • 19. The genetic disorders cystic fibrosis and hemochromatosis are linked to diabetes. Cystic fibrosis produces abnormally thick mucus, which blocks the pancreas. The risk of diabetes increases with age in people with cystic fibrosis. Hemochromatosis causes the body to store too much iron. If the disorder is not treated, iron can build up in and damage the pancreas and other organs. Damage to or Removal of the Pancreas Pancreatitis, cancer, and trauma can all harm the pancreatic beta cells or impair insulin production, thus causing diabetes. If the damaged pancreas is removed, diabetes will occur due to the loss of the beta cells. Endocrine Diseases Endocrine diseases affect organs that produce hormones. Cushing’s syndrome and acromegaly are examples of hormonal disorders that can cause prediabetes and diabetes by inducing insulin resistance. Cushing’s syndrome is marked by excessive production of cortisol—sometimes called the “stress hormone.” Acromegaly occurs when the body produces too much growth hormone. Glucagonoma, a rare tumor of the pancreas, can also cause diabetes. The tumor causes the body to produce too much glucagon. Hyperthyroidism, a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone, can also cause elevated blood glucose levels. Autoimmune Disorders Rare disorders characterized by antibodies that disrupt insulin action can lead to diabetes. This kind of diabetes is often associated with other autoimmune disorders such as lupus erythematosus. Another rare autoimmune disorder called stiff-man syndrome is associated with antibodies that attack the beta cells, similar to type1 diabetes. Medications and Chemical Toxins Some medications, such as nicotinic acid and certain types of diuretics, anti-seizure drugs, psychiatric drugs, and drugs to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), can impair beta cells or disrupt insulin action.
  • 20. Pentamidine, a drug prescribed to treat a type of pneumonia, can increase the risk of pancreatitis, beta cell damage, and diabetes. Also, glucocorticoids—steroid hormones that are chemically similar to naturally produced cortisol—may impair insulin action. Glucocorticoids are used to treat inflammatory illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, lupus, and ulcerative colitis. Lipodystrophy Lipodystrophy is a condition in which fat tissue is lost or redistributed in the body. The condition is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Steps To Prevent Diabetes: There are lots of people are suffering from the diabetes. Even some of them are don't know about the diabetes, so here we are give you some steps that how you can delay or prevent getting diabetes. Did you know that nearly sixteen million US residents are on their way to getting diabetes? Most of them don't know it either. They have a pre-person with diabetes condition, with higher blood glucose levels than normal. These conditions can affect daily life, and may lead to later diabetes. The good news is that even if you're one of the millions of people with a pre-person with diabetes condition, there are some steps you can take to delay or prevent getting it. The biggest part of preventing diabetes is making sure you control your lifestyle. Diabetes is a serious condition with some very worrisome complications. Left untreated it could cause blindness, kidney failure, and the loss of a limb. People with poorly managed diabetes might also have strokes or heart attacks. But there are some basic changes we can make to ensure that we stay as healthy as possible. Let's take a look. 1. Determine Your Risk: Knowledge is extremely important, especially when it comes to health conditions. Do some research, or talk toyour doctor about your risk for becoming person with diabetes.
  • 21. People over the age of forty-five, those who are overweight, and people with a high carbohydrate and sugar diet are more likely to get this disease than younger, less heavy people with a more balanced diet. Genetic factors or other health conditions can have an effect on your diabetes risk, as well. 2. Set Exercise Goals: Make sure that your goals for preventing diabetes are realistic ones, but be sure to set some. Making a few small changes will be much more effective than trying to make huge ones all at once. Many people with pre-person with diabetes conditions don't get enough exercise. If you're not very active, try to add just fifteen minutes of activity every day. This can be something as simple as going up and down the stairs a few times, or taking a stroll around the block. Add exercise time as you become comfortable with it. 3. Pay Attention To Diet: Food choices can be a huge part of developing diabetes. Making better ones, such as eating more fruits and veggies, increasing the amount of fiber in your diet, and eating less refined carbohydrates and fats can make a huge difference in your health. You don't have to do it all at once. A little bit at a time can really help. 4. Keep Track Of Progress: It can seem pretty intimidating to make all these changes. That's why one important step is keeping track of how you're doing. A food diary, or simply a record of your progress can help you stick with it. Take the time to talk to your doctor about your progress over time. You might be surprised by how easy your lifestyle change ends up being. 5. Don't Get Discouraged It's important to keep making those important lifestyle changes. Don't get discouraged, and stick to adding small things. Over time, they'll add up. Even if you backslide a little, keep at it Article Submission, and you'll be on the road to better health. You can prevent diabetes by living a healthier lifestyle.
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  • 23. Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes - Catch it Early and Live a Normal Lifespan Will You Recognize the Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes? If you or a loved one is at risk of developing diabetes, it is important that you learn how to recognize the signs and symptoms of diabetes as soon as possible. Type 2 diabetes can develop on at any age. If you catch it early, you can often prevent the many serious complications of this disease. You need to know that diabetes is known as a "silent killer" for good reason. This is because the signs and symptoms of diabetes often don't manifest themselves right away and people often don't recognize the symptoms until they get really bad. Basically, diabetes is a disease that often sneaks up on people. Please don't let that happen to you. 1- Complications of Diabetes: Complications of diabetes include heart disease, high blood pressure, vascular disease, kidney failure, nerve damage (neuropathy), eye problems (retinopathy, cataracts, glaucoma, blindness), recurring infections, wounds that won't heal or are very slow to heal, and stress due to the disease. Amputations of feet and legs are more common in diabetics. Nerve damage makes wounds in extremities go unnoticed until it is too late and reduction in blood flow can make wounds very difficult to heal. 2- Increased Visits To the Bathroom: This is a very common sign of diabetes. If you find you are having to get up more at night to trot to the bathroom, you may have diabetes and you should get your blood sugar tested. Daytime urination may become more frequent too. Frequent urination is your body's way of diluting and eliminating the excess sugar in your blood stream. 3- Thirsty All the Time and Dry Mouth: Diabetics often become dehydrated because they are urinating more frequently. This causes thirst and dry mouth.
  • 24. 4- Hungry All the Time: This is another very common symptom of diabetes. If you eat a big meal and then get hungry again an hour or two later, there is a good chance you may be diabetic and you should get tested. After you eat, there is always an increase in blood sugar which prompts the release of insulin. However, in diabetics there can be a huge spike in blood sugar which leads to a huge release of insulin which in turn makes you feel hungry. 5- Unexplained Fatigue: If you wake up in the morning after a normal night's sleep and you still feel sluggish, this may be because you have diabetes or pre-diabetes and your cells aren't getting enough energy. The same could be true if you begin to tire out easily during the day. 6- Wounds Are Slow To Heal: If you notice that your body doesn't seem to heal wounds, scrapes, or cuts as quickly, you need to get to the doctor and have your blood sugar tested. 7- Dry Itchy Skin: This symptom can manifest itself in a variety of ways. Women may experience vaginal itching and men may experience jock itch. General dry skin including flaking can also be a symptom. 8- Frequent Headaches: Headaches can be caused by a variety of factors but high blood sugar is one of them. This is especially true if you tend to get headaches first thing in the morning or after large meals. Dehydration which can be caused by diabetes can also cause headaches. 9- Impotence:
  • 25. This may be a blessing in disguise as it often gets men to finally go to their doctor and get their blood sugar tested. In men, blood vessel damage and nerve damage can lead to impotence even if the desire is still there. Sexual desire can be reduced in both men and women due to disruptions in the endocrine system. 10- Mysterious Weight Loss: If you find you are losing weight but you haven't changed the way you eat and there hasn't been a change in your activity level, don't jump for joy too quickly because you may have diabetes. Diabetics often lose weight because the nutrients they are eating are not able to get inside their cells. You may be eating plenty but your body may be starving. 11- Numbness or a Tingly Sensation In Your Feet and/or Hands: Diabetes causes nerve damage and circulatory problems. The symptom for this is often numbness or a tingly sensation in your extremities. 12- Frequent Infections and Inflammation: Urinary tract infections, candida, thrush, jock itch, vaginal infections, athlete's foot, gum disease, and skin boils can all be signs of diabetes, especially if they chronically reoccur. Unfortunately, people often don't recognize infection as a sign of diabetes but it is very common. 13- Constipation: If you don't have a bowel movement every day and/or your stool is unusually hard, you may want to get your blood sugar checked, especially if you also have other symptoms. 14- Disruption of the Menstrual Cycle: The hormonal system can get really out of whack if you have diabetes and this sometimes affects the menstrual cycle in women. If you normally have regular menstrual cycles and suddenly start have irregular cycles or you skip a period or two entirely, this could be a sign of diabetes.
  • 26. 15- General Malaise: If you just feel "yucky" and can't quite put your finger on why, please do yourself a favor and go get tested for diabetes, especially if you are over-weight and/or have a close family member who has diabetes. 16- What Is the Average Life Span of a Diabetic? People with diabetes often worry about whether or not they will be able to live a normal lifespan. This is a source of great anxiety for many people who have been diagnosed with diabetes or pre-diabetes and for those who are at higher risk for diabetes. The bad news is that on average diabetics do not live as long as those without diabetes. Moreover, they often lead a lower quality of life due to health complications and often die from these complications with heart failure being the number one cause. Depending on the source, it is reported that life expectancy is cut by 6-17 years. Type 2 diabetics have a shorter life expectancy on average than type 1 diabetics. The good news is that if you learn the symptoms of diabetes, you catch it early, and you follow natural remedies that can reverse your diabetes, you can live a normal lifespan. In fact, some people use their diabetes diagnosis as a wakeup call to get really healthy and their quality of life actually goes way up after the diagnosis. You CAN reverse diabetes and prevent diabetes by eating the right foods and other natural means.
  • 27. Controlling Diabetes with Diet and Exercise Controlling Diabetes with Diet Controlling diabetes with diet and exercise is something that every diabetic is tasked with, because the alternative is bleak. Medications or insulin shots can only do so much. Diet and exercise allow you to lessen the effects of diabetes on your body and life and help you thrive even with this diagnosis. In the case of type 2 diabetes, diet and exercise may even allow you to reverse this type of diabetes. Get in the game. Fight for your life and health. Diet and exercise is the best way to accomplish this. The Outlook is Bleak: Not taking a proactive approach to diabetes treatment will lead to kidney disease, heart disease, blindness, high blood pressure, stroke, infections and wounds that are slow to heal or never heal, limb amputation and even falling into a diabetic coma when severe. Controlling diabetes with diet and exercise is one of the best ways to ensure that this is not your present and future. But you need not be afraid or feel powerless because simple changes to your lifestyle can produce amazing results and you will be able to live a long and productive life even if you have the more serious type 1 diabetes which is not curable or preventable. Controlling Diabetes with Diet and Exercise: 1. Controlling Diabetes with Diet: The word "Diet" has such negative connotations and at the mere mention of it, many people recoil. At the mention of the word, most people think it means that you won't be able to eat anything you like, or anything delicious, or will be starving and so forth. But when a diet for diabetes is talked about, it simply means a well thought out plan for eating. In some cases, you may even be able to still eat some "bad" foods on occasion as long as you are aware of how they will impact your diabetic eating plan and what adjustments you may need to make when you eat these "bad" foods so that your blood sugar levels do not go crazy and cause you problems. In addition, creating a proper diabetes eating plan will help you get a better understanding of how various foods impact blood sugar levels which will help you make the decision on which foods to eliminate and which to include. A Doctor in the US has discovered a method of reversing Diabetes naturally, without any drugs or medication. To know more please click here.
  • 28. For instance, soft drinks, refined grains, etc. have been shown to increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and also increasing inflammation in the body. Knowing this will help you make the choice to eliminate soft drinks (regular and diet) and hopefully encourage you to drink more water and to select complex carbs in placed of processed foods made from refined grains. It is important to remember that a healing diabetes diet will vary from one diabetic to another. You have to find the diet that will work for you. Some diabetics may be able to eat certain foods whereas another many have to eliminate that food. There isn't one diet that will work in all cases. One may need to follow a low fat, high carbohydrate diet while another may need to follow a low carbohydrate, high vegetable diet, etc. Find what works for you. While you may be confused about what to eat and what to avoid, you should be prepared to experiment with various recommended foods to see which ones raise your blood sugar levels and which ones help to normalize it. To find which foods are best for controlling blood sugar, you need to monitor your blood sugar levels for a period of time such as two to three weeks. Measure your blood glucose levels first thing in the morning, after breakfast, after meals as well as snacks and also before you go to bed. Also measure the sugar levels before and after physical activity. Once you have an understanding of how your blood sugar levels are affected, you will then be in a better position to create a diet plan that works for you and helps heal your body naturally. 2. Controlling Diabetes with Exercise: The other aspect of controlling diabetes is exercise. It is amazing how effective exercise can be against type 2 diabetes especially. The best thing you can do against diabetes is exercise. It is also the least expensive when you consider how much you have to spend on diabetes medications, insulin injections, etc. Effective exercise can be as simple as a walk or run, swimming, dancing, cycling, etc. Moderate exercise performed consistently that leads to modest weight loss has been shown to prevent insulin resistance that can lead to pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Those who have diabetes also benefit from regular exercise as exercise can not only help control blood glucose levels but can also help prevent serious complications from diabetes.
  • 29. Exercising regularly is one of the best ways to improve insulin sensitivity. Insulin resistance is one of the main issues with the development of type 2 diabetes and results from the body not recognizing the insulin that is produced by the body which keeps glucose in the blood and not removed from the blood and transferred to the cells where it is needed for energy which ends up starving the cells in the body. By improving insulin sensitivity with the help of exercise, this glucose will be removed from the blood by insulin and transferred to the cells and used more efficiently by the cells without any issues which will help to manage blood glucose levels. Exercise (and diet) is also the best way to control weight. Type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic levels and the main culprit is obesity as it has been found that at least 80 percent of type 2 diabetes patients and those with pre-diabetes have been found to be obese. It is believed that obesity can lead to insulin resistance which increases the risk of developing pre-diabetes and type II diabetes. It is also important to monitor blood sugar levels before and after exercise. If you have type I diabetes, you will need to make sure that you do not overly exert yourself to the point of becoming hypoglycemic which is a state of low blood sugar. Low blood sugar can lead to fatigue, dizziness, sweating, headaches, trembling and if severe, consciousness can be lost as well as falling into a coma. Those with type II diabetes though they have more leeway with exercise, should still monitor their blood sugar levels before and after exercise. If you are on medication, you need to work with your doctor to make the necessary adjustments to your exercise regimen. In addition, diabetics who deal with neuropathy need to ensure that the nerve endings in the feet are protected. High impact running or jogging may not be advised in cases of neuropathy. Dehydration is another area for diabetics to be concerned about when exercising since frequent urination is one of the symptoms of diabetes. High impact exercise can also affect the capillaries in the eyes that have been weakened by diabetes. If you have eye problems due to diabetes, make sure that the exercise selected will not make vision problems worse or cause rapture which can occur especially if you use weights.
  • 30. Talk to your doctor before beginning any exercise program and set realistic goals in order to avoid too high or too low blood sugar levels as well as the other issues that exercise may cause in people with diabetes. Start small and gradually build up. Exercise is an important component of diabetes management and many of its other benefits include helping to lower blood pressure, raising good cholesterol (HDL) levels, strengthening bones, toning the heart and other muscles, eliminating stress, weight loss, strengthening the respiratory system, etc. Do it no matter how you feel. You will feel better and after you finish you will fill like you can conquer the world including diabetes! Points to Remember  Diabetes is a complex group of diseases with a variety of causes.  People with diabetes have high blood glucose, also called high blood sugar or hyperglycemia. Diabetes develops when the body doesn’t make enough insulin or is not able to use insulin effectively, or both.  Insulin is a hormone made by beta cells in the pancreas. Insulin helps cells throughout the body absorb and use glucose for energy.  Prediabetes is a condition in which blood glucose levels or A1C levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. People with prediabetes can substantially reduce their risk of developing diabetes by losing weight and increasing physical activity.  The two main types of diabetes are type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Gestational diabetes is a third form of diabetes that develops only during pregnancy.  Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin due to the destruction of insulin- producing beta cells. In type 1 diabetes—an autoimmune disease—the body’s immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells.
  • 31.  Type 2 diabetes—the most common form of diabetes—is caused by a combination of factors, including insulin resistance, a condition in which the body’s muscle, fat, and liver cells do not use insulin effectively. Type 2 diabetes develops when the body can no longer produce enough insulin to compensate for the impaired ability to use insulin.  Scientists believe gestational diabetes is caused by the hormonal changes and metabolic demands of pregnancy together with genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors for gestational diabetes include being overweight and having a family history of diabetes.  Monogenic forms of diabetes are relatively uncommon and are caused by mutations in single genes that limit insulin production, quality, or action in the body.  Other types of diabetes are caused by diseases and injuries that damage the pancreas; certain chemical toxins and medications; infections; and other conditions.
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