Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Issues: A Survey of a Semi-Urban Settin...
Rotary_Water_Presentation_100706
1. 1
Central Asia Village Water Supply
Jay Colingham & Nargis Abduvohidova
Dushanbe, Tajikistan
John Capece
LaBelle, Florida
Michal Fidler
Plzen, Czech Republic
Sabina Dzalaeva
Moscow, Russia
Assessment of Completed Water
Projects
&
Polio Outbreak in Dushanbe, Tajikistan
8. 8
Water pipes ruptured after freezing. Village
WUA replaced these pipe sections.
The villagers are allocating money from their
monthly water fees to buy more pipe.
Lines to individual houses were added by
consumers at their own expense.
Some outlets also serve as animal troughs.
Supply is sufficient to meet demand for
drinking, cooking, cleaning, & livestock.
Purzobod Now
9. 9
Purzobod
Tap #2 and Pipe to a
house and former
soviet irrigation
Leaking headwall
at the spring
10. 10
Purzobod Now
One household built their own system, a
completely isolated water tap in their
courtyard coming from the spring.
This household had limited access before
and was cut off when a family diverted a tap
to their home.
Despite some setbacks, the benefit has
proven so great that families are very
satisfied with the water system and WUA.
12. 12
Buvak & Dashti-Miron
65 households in
Dashti-Miron and
30 in Buvak
(800 people)
Completed in 2005
4 water outlets
$5,084 project cost
13. 13
Buvak Now
Original spring failed to deliver sufficient
volume. (Flow decrease after winter freeze.)
The community used the learned skills to
build their own new supply system.
People saved some of their personal money
and bought new pipe (heavier-gauge, larger-
diameter) able to survive the cold.
The WUA failed and is no longer in existence
14. 14
Buvak & Dashti-Miron
The new PVC
water line
where the old
system failed.
This is a private
line that a
couple families
share and
privately
installed.
15. 15
Buvak Now
Vacation homes use the spring water. Some
villagers now use the river instead of taking
action to switch the spring back to the village.
Some say a new spring impoundment has
been built to supply the village.
The WUA disintegrated so it is difficult to
verify the various claims.
The lower Buvak water outlet has
disappeared completely.
14
21. 21
Installation of additional
spring impoundment &
pipeline
Assembled 64
households into a new
Water User Association
Completed in 2006
142 households
(1459 people)
Kosataroshi Bolo
22. 22
Installation of well
31 households
assembled into
Water User
Association
Completed in 2006
40 households served
21
Kosataroshi Poyon
27. 27
Installation of complete system with 7 taps
Water User Association created
Provided for 300 households (4500 people)
2221
Dahana
28. 28
Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek Project
Phase I: Build a regional pipeline & replace an
aged distribution system (2/3 completed)
Phase II: Extend the system to another village
Phase III: Brings water to another valley south
of Bishkek with a new system
This appears to be a government sponsored
project to which Rotary is contributing. Thus,
additional accounting is required.
29. 29
Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek Project
New project needs to be designed to meet
Rotary standards and larger objectives.
Intelligentsia requested Bishkek club host
intern visit, but no action by club to date.
Bishkek Rotarians are over-tasked and
political instability adds to difficulties.
Bishkek club has new leadership. We are
awaiting a response to our inquiries.
30. 30
Future Projects?
The Rotary Club of Almaty is seeking local
villages that are in need of village water
projects and have announced us at their
meeting.
Some areas of rural Kazakhstan are heavily
isolated by mountainous region.
Waiting to hear back from the interim
committee chair on opportunities and levels
of interest.
31. 31
Dr. Abror Gadaev
PhD from University for Civil
Engineering & Architecture
Associate Professor at
Samarkand State Institute of
Architecture & Civil
Engineering
Development of project in
Uzbekistan to build solar-
powered salt hydrolysis
devices for chlorine
disinfection.
32. 32
Florida Interns
Mesmin Eboki, Kotaro
Sugino, Baptiste Dubuc,
Oueal El Euchi, Pierre-Yves
Briens, Jingchao Liang,
Charlotte Cadoret, Ashley
Lavela, Alexandre Pointet,
Dominique Pittioni, Francois
Anno, Yvonnick Bozec, Harsh
Gothwal, Sylvain Foulon,
Christophe Milion
Electro salt
hydrolysis
33. 33
Jay Colingham
Masters of Public Health, Tulane
Univ.
MPH International Health &
Development
Graduating in Fall 2010
BS in Molecular and Cellular Biology
Applying for PhD studies in
Environmental Health for Water &
Sanitation Systems
Rotarian, participating at clubs in
Sammamish, WA & New Orleans, LA
Intern with
Intelligentsia
34. 34
Polio: Basics
Polio is a virus that can only be spread from
human-to-human.
The route of travel is through Fecal-Oral
contamination.
The disease is spread through not washing
hands, ingesting contaminated toilet water,
or any number of sanitation breakdowns.
This is also how the live vaccine in
Tajikistan is spread.
35. 35
Polio: Exposed
10% of those infected with Polio are
affected by the disease.
1% of infected people experience
asymmetrical paralysis.
0.1% (1 in 1000) die from Polio.
Expensive laboratory tests are required to
verify the disease.
“Herd Immunity” stops Polio transmission.
37. 37
Polio Immunization
Herd immunity is when enough people are
immunized that a disease cannot readily
pass between hosts.
80-86% vaccination can provide herd
immuminity, depending on environment
(CDC-P and WHO)
Environmental factors play a large role in
immunity, especially using Oral Polio
Vaccine
38. 38
Polio Outbreak in Tajikistan
Polio was not a concern in Tajikistan in the
last 5 years and was not heavily surveyed by
the CDCP or WHO.
In response to the outbreak, Tajikistan acted
& has now reached herd immunity with 78%
vaccinated (up to 85%).
Over 50% of water pipes in Dushanbe leak
and can potentially come into contact with
with sewage then re-enter water supply
pipes.
40. 40
Impact of Polio
239 cases recorded in Tajikistan in 2010.
More than twice as many as all other
countries combined
359 cases are pending lab results
In the first week of June, there were
56 confirmed cases of Polio
21 of 66 of Tajik provinces are affected
Visit www.PolioEradication.org
41. 41
Under Reporting Polio
Locals claim some relatives paid bribes to
exclude registered deaths (save family
reputations).
Speculation that some cases were
misdiagnosed as non-Polio Acute Flacid
Paralysis and other lesser diseases.
60% of Tajiks live in rural villages and do not
have access to the health care system so
may be missed in statistics.
42. 42
Environment for Disease
Collapse of the USSR has resulted in failing
sanitation and infrastructure
Extreme weather, mudslides, and floods
created huge sanitation problems
(fecal content mixing with drinking water and food)
Herd immunity was lost due to
environmental conditions
Polio spread quickly to unvaccinated
(Nargis was not vaccinated until Florida)
44. 44
Preventing Polio
Repair broken sanitation systems
Build clean water supply systems for places
that do not have them
Maintain high levels of immunization
Isolate waste systems (toilets) better and
halt practice of open defecation
Support hand washing education in schools
(Save the Children program)
45. 45
Why are We Safe?
Mandatory immunization with a less
effective Inactivated Polio Vaccine and
better immunization records
Highly regulated and controlled water
treatment
Waste water management and treatment
Stronger physician ethics and lower stigma
to disabling diseases (and other life issues).
Editor's Notes
The First place we went to monitor this summer was “pierzabod” and “Bu-vak”.
it is visible in 10%, that means 90% are silent carriers!
Only 1-2% experience the most visible symptom and many of the other 8-9% do not get diagnosed with Polio
1 in 1000 DIE from Polio
If a case is not lab confirmed, it is NOT counted.
Use the tables as an example, have one person raise their hand from each table. Show that the odds of any of these people coming in contact with another person raising their hand is: low (if tables are greater than 4 people) or High (if tables consist of 4 or less people)
If in rows, pick 20% to raise their hands and show how unlikely contact is.
Environmental Factors that affect immunity, geographic distance between people, heat and humidity, water systems and defecation practices. Also here, Water source. If you drink toilet water from someone with polio, it is much more likely to be contracted.
WHO and CDC-P stopped surveylance of Polio indicators in Tajikistan almost a decade ago as there was great indication the disease had been ELIMINATED (meaning they still immunized)
point out the HUGE concentration of Polio in Tajikistan. note that 40% of the country (Pamirs) only has (5-10%) of the people.
Wild Virus type-1: Western Africa, Pakistan, and very FEW cases in India, but it came from India by RNA tracing.
More than twice as many cases in Tajikistan than ALL other countries combined this year.
We are doing out job in Endemic Countries but not keeping on top of the conditions in other countries. Water and Sanitation is KEY! Hand washing with clean water, drinking and washing food with clean water, and no open defecation.
