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Cálculo de una variable
Coordenadas Polares
2
x
y
 
,
P x y
r

 
,
P r 

De rectangulares a polares
2 2
r x y
  




De polares a rectangulares
cos
x r 




arctg y
x
 
sen
y r 

3
 
1,1
P
r

2,
4
P




 
 
Ejemplo
(1,1)
P 1
arctg
1 4





 


2 2
1 1 2
r   
 
4
2, 7 
 
 
4
2,5
 
 
4
2, 3
  
4
Eje Polar
Eje
Polo
2,
4
P

 
 
 
3,
3
P

 
 
 
SISTEMA
POLAR
3,
6
P

 

 
 
5
ECUACIONES EN COORDENADAS POLARES
4

 
1. RECTAS
sen cos
sen
cos
tg tg
r m r
m
 


 



Que contienen al polo
 

y mx

Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
Ejemplo
6
Rectas que NO contienen al polo y se encuentran a una distancia "d"
del polo
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
d
r


 
,
P r 
 

 
cos
d
r
 
 
 
cos
d
r
 


7
EJEMPLO
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
 
6
2
cos
r 



Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
8
EJEMPLO
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
 
3
cos
r


 
2
3
cos
r 



 
3
r
sen 

 
3
cos
r
 


 
3
cos
r

 
 
2
3
cos 3
r 



 
3
r
sen 
 
9
SIMETRÍAS
 Al Eje Polar
   
f f
 
 
 Al Eje
2

   
f f
  
 
 Al Polo
   
f f
  
 
10
2. CIRCUNFERENCIAS
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
   
 
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
cos sen
cos sen
cos sen
r r a
r r a
r a
r a
 
 
 
 
 
 

Con centro el polo
2 2 2
x y a
 
r a

Ejemplo:
2
r 
11
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
Circunferencias que
contienen al polo y
tienen centro el
punto  
,
a 
 
,
a 
a

 
,
P r 
r

 

a
a
r
 

a
 
 
2 2 2
2
2 cos
2 cos
a r a ar
r ar
 
 
   
 
 
2 cos
r a  
 
12
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
 
3
4cos
r 

 
Ejemplo
 
3
2, 
13
     






3cos
r 

     






 r
0 3
6
 3
3 2,59
2

4
 2
3 2,12
2

3
 1
3 1,5
2

2

0
2
3
 1
3 1,5
2
 
  
 
 
3
4
 2
3 2,12
2
  
5
6

3
3 2,59
2
  
 3

Eje Polar
Eje
14
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
 
2
4cos
r 

 
Ejemplo
 
4
r sen 

15
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
CÓNICAS tales que
el foco es el polo y
su recta directriz
está a una distancia
"d" del polo
F
Directríz
d
 
,
P r 
r


 

   
, ,
d P F e d P l

l
r e

 
cos
r  

 
 
 
cos
cos
1 cos
r ed er
r er ed
r e ed
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
cos
d r  
 
 
 
 
1 cos
ed
r
e  

 
1
e  Parábola
0 1
e
  Elipse
1
e  Hipérbola
16
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
EJEMPLO
4
1 cos
r



 r
0 
2
 4
 2
2
3 4
2 
17
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
EJEMPLO
 r
0 4
3
2
 4
5
 4
3
2
3
4
4
3 2
r
sen


18
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
EJEMPLO
 r
0 1
2

3
 3

2
3 3
3
1 2cos
r



3
2 

3
4  
2 1
19
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
CARACOLES
 r
0 4
2

2
 0
3
2

2
2 2cos
r 
 
cos
r a b 
 
sen
r a b 
 
a b
 CARDIOIDES
20
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
 r
0 2
2

0
 2
3
2

4
2 2
r sen
 
CARDIOIDES
21
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
 r
0 5
2

3
 1
3
2

3
3 2cos
r 
 
LIMACON
O
CARACOL SIN RIZO
a b

22
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
 r
0 3
2

1
 1

3
4 
0
1 2cos
r 
 
LIMACON
O
CARACOL CON RIZO
a b

3
2 
0
2
3 1
23
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
 r
0 0
4

4
ROSAS
2

0
 
cos
r a n

 
sen
r a n

𝒏 par - rosa 2𝒏 pétalos
 
4sen 2
r 

4
3 4

 0
4
5
4
2
3
0
4
7  4

𝒏 > 𝟏 ∧ 𝒏 ∈ ℕ
24
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
 r
0 4
6

0
ROSAS
3

4

𝒏 impar - rosa 𝒏 pétalos
 
4cos 3
r 

2

0
3
2 
4
6
5
0
 4

25
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
 r
0 3

4

0
LEMNISCATAS
4
3
0

2
cos2
r a 

2
sen 2
r a 

2
9cos2
r 

3

26
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
 r
0 0
4
 1
2
ESPIRALES
2

1

r a 

2
r 


2
ESPIRAL DE ARQUÍMEDES
Eje Polar
Polo
Eje
2

15
30
45
60
75
105
120
135
150
165
180
195
210
225
240
255 270 285
300
315
330
345
 r
0 1
2

2
e

ESPIRALES
 e
2
b
r a e 

r e

2
e 
ESPIRAL LOGARÍTMICA

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COORDENADAS POLARES.pptx