1. N A V A L E N G I N E E R S J O U R N A L December 2016 | Vol. 128 | No. 4
www.navalengineers.org
Analyzing and Forecasting Overhead Costs in U.S. Naval Shipbuilding 45
In Denmark, Flexibility is the Cornerstone of Naval Strategy 25
Modularity and Open Systems Architecture Applied to the Flexible Modular Warship 37
Evaluation of Current and Future Crew Sizes and Compositions: Two RCN Case Studies 53
A Detailed Analysis of Ideal Rankine Steam Cycle 59
Modification of Ship Air Wakes with Passive Flow Control 69

2. 2 | December 2016 | No. 128-4 NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL
FEATURES NEWS
9 Rebranding ASNE’s Annual Meeting
Captain Rick White, USN (Ret.) discusses the new format and
program highlights for Technology, Systems Ships 2017,
formerly ASNE Day.
25 In Denmark, Flexibility is the Cornerstone of Naval
Strategy
Experts gathered in Baltimore in November to learn about the
challenges and opportunities made possible by naval ships built
with flexibility as a major design driver.
TECHNICAL ARTICLES
29 “We are going to cut our teeth on DDG-1000!”
The ZUMWALT-Class Destroyer
Edward Feege and Scott C. Truver
37 Modularity and Open Systems Architecture Applied to
the Flexible Modular Warship
Nickolas H. Guertin, PE,
CAPT Paul Van Benthem, USN (Ret.)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEPARTMENTS
5 President’s Page
7 Secretary’s Notes
12 New Members
14 Contributors
16 Committee Directory
18 Section Directory
20 Upcoming Events
23 Corporate Supporters
52 Code of Ethics
112 Advertising Rates
137 Membership Application

3. NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL December 2016 | No. 128-4 | 3
TECHNICAL PAPERS
45 Analyzing and Forecasting Overhead Costs in
U.S. Naval Shipbuilding
James E. Rogal, Abhay Tase, Raphael D. Lockett,
Philip C. Koenig
53 Evaluation of Current and Future Crew Sizes
and Compositions: Two RCN Case Studies
Dr. Renee Chow, Matthew Lamb, CPO1 Ghislain
Charest, CPO1 Daniel Labbé
59 A Detailed Analysis of
Ideal Rankine Steam Cycle
Mehmet Turgay Pamuk
69 Modification of Ship Air Wakes with Passive
Flow Control
Nicholas R. LaSalle, Murray R. Snyder,
Hyung S. Kang, Chen Friedman
81 Human Factors Evaluation in Ship Design:
A Case Study on Offshore Supply Vessels
in the Norwegian Sea, Part 1: Theoretical
Background and Technical Constructs
Vincentius Rumawas, Bjørn Egil Asbjørnslett,
Christian A. Klöckner
97 Diesel (ULSD, LSD, and HSD), Biodiesel,
Kerosene, and Military Jet Propellants (JP-5
and JP-8) Applications and Their Combustion
Visualization in a Single Cylinder Diesel
Engine
LCDR. Hyungmin Lee, ROKN,
CDR. Yeonhwan Jeong, ROKN
107 Small Access Machine (SAM): High Quality,
Safe, and Environmentally Friendly
Submarine Hull Cuts
Benjamin M. Blasen, Nicholas R. Lane
113 Mine Clearing Line Charge (Miclic)
Grounding and Bonding
William Barnes
125 Real-Time Non-Stationary Pattern
Classification Based on Covariance Analysis in
the Seaway Estimation Problem
Jonghyuk Lee, Miloš I. Doroslovački
ON THE COVER
Analyzing and Forecasting Overhead Costs
in U.S. Naval Shipbuilding
The nuclear powered attack submarine
Virginia while under construction.
Electric Boat Corporation of
Connecticut is the lead design authority
for the New Attack Submarine. The
building of the first Virginia-class
submarine started in 1998, four of
this class are currently scheduled for
construction, USS Virginia (SSN 774),
USS Texas (SSN 775), USS Hawaii (SSN
776) and USS North Carolina (SSN 777).
Virginia is scheduled to be commissioned in June 2004.
U.S. NAVY PHOTO. (RELEASED)
December 2016 | Vol. 128 | No. 4
N A V A L E N G I N E E R S J O U R N A L December 2016 | Vol. 128 | No. 4
www.navalengineers.org
Analyzing and Forecasting Overhead Costs in U.S. Naval Shipbuilding 45
In Denmark, Flexibility is the Cornerstone of Naval Strategy 25
Modularity and Open Systems Architecture Applied to the Flexible Modular Warship 37
Evaluation of Current and Future Crew Sizes and Compositions: Two RCN Case Studies 53
A Detailed Analysis of Ideal Rankine Steam Cycle 59
Modification of Ship Air Wakes with Passive Flow Control 69
Correction: “Distributed Lethality, Command and Control
Software Engineering, and Navy Laboratories” by Kurt
Rothenhaus, Bill Bonwit, George Galdorisi and Anna Stang,
originally published in the June 2016 Naval Engineers Journal,
has been revised to include missing figures. The updated version
is available online through Ingenta Connect.

4. NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL December 2016 | No. 128-4 | 27
FEATURE
NSWCPD Experimenting with Augmented
Reality Technology to Improve Shipboard
Damage Control
By Joseph Battista, NSWCPD Public Affairs
T
he future of Sailors maneuvering through smoke-
filled compartments during damage control
scenarios aboard Navy ships could become a
lot clearer thanks to engineers at Naval Surface
Warfare Center, Philadelphia Division (NSWCPD). They are
experimenting with creating a heads-up display (HUD) in
helmets using augmented reality (AR) technology—the inte-
gration of digital information within a user’s environment in
real time.
Sailors could someday don a helmet with a visor utilizing
AR technology allowing them to see clearly through smoke-
filled compartments, instantly access information about
potential hazards in the space, and find different routes to
traverse around dangerous situations.
Patrick Violante, electrical engineer, and James Case, me-
chanical engineer, both with Advanced Machinery Systems
Integration Branch, are working in their lab with Microsoft’s
HoloLens, augmented reality head-mounted smart glasses, to
figure it out. Ideally, they want a Sailor to walk into a smoky
compartment and have their HUD overlay a virtual 3-D mod-
el of the space on top of what they are actually seeing. The
technology allows the Sailor to clearly see what equipment
and obstacles are in the area, as well as see the smoke or fire
they are combatting.
“There is a real shipboard application for this technology,”
said Violante, who is part of the Navy Augmented Reality
Collaboration (NARC) Working Group—representatives from
all the Navy’s systems commands—who share research and
ideas on implementing augmented reality technologies. “We
were able to procure an early development kit of the Micro-
soft HoloLens here to learn its capabilities and try to develop
ideas on how it can be incorporated into our work.”
Violante and Case’s idea of a damage control HUD comes
from work NSWC Panama City is doing to create a HUD for
diving helmets.
“We are definitely talking to them and getting ideas on
how we can incorporate the technology successfully,” Violan-
te said.
The first stage of the project uses the current Advanced
Damage Control System (ADCS) to investigate creating
automated routes based on different events. They are
attempting to build an algorithm for finding safe routes to
Naval Surface Warfare Center Philadelphia
Division purchased Microsoft’s HoloLens to test
integrating augmented reality technology with
their current endeavors in laser metrology, 3-D
printing modeling and printing, and virtual reality.

5. 28 | December 2016 | No. 128-4 NAVAL ENGINEERS JOURNAL
damage events and linking it with a 3-D representation of
the environment.
Violante and Case are in the early stages of their research.
They purchased the HoloLens in May and are in the midst of
setting up their research lab, which will combine the aug-
mented reality equipment, with their current endeavors in
laser metrology, 3-D modeling and printing, and virtual reality.
Case said their AR research also focuses on shipboard
maintenance. He demonstrated how a Sailor could use the
AR glasses. He held up a piece of paper with the word “test”
on it. When the viewer looks through the glasses at the pa-
per, other items such as an engine part and technical manual
appear.
He described how a Sailor working on a ship engine
could look at a specific component to get a technical manual
to display in the lens. A virtual 3-D scan of the item could
also appear showing the inner workings of the part.
“As long as there is digitized version of the tech manual
or a 3-D scan for that part we could upload it into the system
and it would be available to the Sailor,” said Case.
Communication between two HoloLenses is another
capability they recently tested. Violante said this ability
should allow an engineer in Philadelphia to see what a
Sailor is looking at on a ship and help walk them through
repairs by instructing them what to do or sending instruc-
tions, technical manuals or drawings directly to their AR
glasses.
“There are still a lot of hurdles to get through with cre-
ating a secure way to communicate between headsets,” said
Violante. “But I envision engineers no longer having to fly to
Japan to fix things on a ship.”
Violante admits he only had rudimentary knowledge of
AR technology a year ago, but feels NSWCPD is up to par
with most other Warfare Centers and moving fast toward
accomplishing their goals of integrating AR with the com-
mand’s engineering work.
Research funds come from a Naval Innovative Science
and Engineering (NISE)/Section 219 program.
NSWCPD provides research, development, test and evalu-
ation, acquisition support, engineering, systems integration,
in-service engineering and fleet support with cyber security,
comprehensive logistics, and life-cycle savings through com-
monality for surface and undersea vehicle machinery, ship
systems, equipment and material.
A Naval Surface Warfare Center Philadelphia Division employee looks at a 3-D printed ship part through Microsoft’s
HoloLens, their augmented reality head-mounted smart glasses, to test the capability of integrating digital information
with a user’s environment in real time. (U.S. Navy photo/Released)
NSWCPD Experimenting with Augmented Reality Technology to Improve Shipboard Damage Control