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DB:Indexing과Hashing개념정리
1
Outline
BasicConcepts
OrderedIndices
B+TreeIndexFiles
B‑TreeIndexFiles
StaticHashing
DynamicHashing
ComparisonofOrderedIndexingandHashing
Multiple‑keyAccess
BitmapIndex
2
BasicConcepts
인덱싱메카니즘은찾는데이터Access부스트
SearchKey는파일에서레코드를찾는attribute
인덱스파일의레코드는아래와같이구성됨
인덱스파일은원본파일에비해훨씬작음
인덱스는2가지종류가있음
Ordered인덱스
searchkey가순서대로저장
Hash인덱스
searchkey가Bucket들에해시함수를이용해분산되어저장
3
OrderedIndices
인덱스entry는순차적으로저장됨
만약파일의레코드가순차적으로정렬되어있다면primaryindex는
searchkey가순차적으로저장된파일임;다른말로clusteringindex라
고부름
실제원본파일의순서와다르게searchkey가독자적인순서를가지는것
을secondaryindex라고부럼;다른말로non‑clusteringindex라고
부름
4
PrimaryIndex:DenseIndexFiles
5
PrimaryIndex:SparseIndexFiles
6
PrimaryIndex:MultilevelIndex
7
SecondaryIndex
8
B+TreeIndexFiles(1/2)
indexedsequentialfile은파일이커짐에따라성능이저하됨(블럭오버
플로우,주기적재구성)
b+트리의장점:자동으로insert/delete시reorganize함
b+트리의단점:추가적인insert/delete공간오버헤드
b+트리의장점이단점을압도함
9
B+TreeIndexFiles(2/2)
모든leaf는같은길이를가짐
루트나리프가아닌노드는n/2~n사이자식을가짐
리프노드는(n‑1)/2~n‑1개의값을가짐
루트는반드시2개이상의자식을가져야함
10
B+TreeNodeStructure
K는SearchKeyValue
P는포인터
SearchKey는순차적임
11
LeafNodesinB+Trees
리프노드구성
이름순서에따라Searchkey정렬된예제
12
Non‑LeafNodesinB+Trees
13
ExampleofaB+Tree(1/2)
아래와같이이름순으로정렬되어있음
14
ExampleofaB+Tree(2/2)
아래는n=6인b+트리(Pn이최대6이라생각하면됨)
리프노드는n‑1/2~n‑1이니까3~5의값을지님
non리프노드는n/2~n이니까3~6의자식을지님
15
QueriesOnB+‑Trees
searchkey값이k인모든레코드를찾아라
1.루트노드에서시작
2.만약위의포인터가자식노드가아니라면위의절차를반복한다.
3.자식노드에도달하면Ki=k라면Pi를따라서레코드를찾는다.Ki!=k라면
조건에맞는레코드가없다는뜻이다.
16
BTreeIndexFiles(1/3)
B+트리와유사하지만B트리는searchkey값이딱1번만등장해야함;
중복된key값은삭제
17
BTreeIndexFiles(2/3)
18
BTreeIndexFiles(3/3)
B트리의장점
b+보다더적은tree노드를가질수있음
searchkey값을leaf노드까지가지않더라도얻을수있는확률
B트리의단점
일찍발견되는SearchKey양이적음
non리프노드가커지고fan‑out이감소됨,따라서B+트리보다
depth가깊어짐
Insert/Delete가B+트리보다더복잡함
B구현이더어려움
일반적으로B트리의장점이단점을이기지못함
19
StaticHashing
버킷은하나이상의레코드의단위
해시함수에의해버킷이구해짐
서로다른searchkey가같은버킷에기록될수있음;따라서버킷안에서
순차적으로검색해야함
20
HashOrganizationofinstructorFile
21
HandlingofBucketOverflows
22
HashIndices
해싱은file구조화에도쓰고색인구조생성에도사용
23
ExampleofHashIndex
24
DeficienciesofStaticHashing
staticHashing에서는고정된버킷주소로만맵핑함
시간에따라특정버킷이너무작거나너무클수있음
반대로db가줄어들면버킷공간이낭비됨
대안으로주기적으로compaction하는것인데비용이비쌈
이러한문제는dynamichashing으로해결가능
25
DynamicHashing
db크기가늘거나줄어는데효과적인방법
해시함수가dynamic하게바꾸어줌
26
ExtendableHashStructure
27
UseofExtendableHashStructure
유튜브강의참고
각버킷j는값ij를저장
searchkeyk로버킷을지정하는방법은
computeh(k)=X
X에서의높은i비트를버킷주소테이블로사용
searchkeyk에insert하기
위와같은절차를거침
버킷에여유가있으면Insert
버킷에여유가없으면split이후insert
28
UpdatesinExtendableHashStructure(1/2)
스플릿절차에대해알아보자.
ifi>ij(morethanonepointertobucketj)
새로운버킷z를할당하고ij와iz를ij+1에이어붙임
기존에j를가리키던절반을z로옮김
지우고다시bucketj에기록
k에대한버킷을다시계산하고insert
ifi=ijij(onlyonepointertobucketj)
i를증가하고bucket주소테이블을2배로만ㄷ름
각엔트리를각버킷으로양분함
버킷주소를재계산
29
UpdatesinExtendableHashStructure(2/2)
삭제시절차를알아보자.
버킷을확인하고지움
만약엔트리가비게되면버킷자체를지움
버킷병합이가능함
버킷주소테이블의감소도가능함
30
UseofExtendableHashStructure:Example(1/7)#1
각과이름이저렇게비트가구성되어있다.
여기서insert를시도하면hashprefix도0이고bucket1도0이라hash
prefix값을+1한다.
31
UseofExtendableHashStructure:Example(1/7)#2
32
UseofExtendableHashStructure:Example(2/7)
3개insert를시도함
music은최상위비트0이니위에insert
comp와finance는최상위비트1이니밑에insert
33
UseofExtendableHashStructure:Example(3/7)#1
여기서다시physicsinsert를시도하면최상위비트가1이라overflow
1번째버킷을쪼개고다시hashprefix2로늘임
관련된버킷계산을다시함(music은해당없음)
최상위10:finance,physic
최상위11:computer
34
UseofExtendableHashStructure:Example(3/7)
#2
35
UseofExtendableHashStructure:Example(4/7)#1
physicsinsert시도하면10overflow
hashprefix3으로만듦
관련된버킷재계산
100:physics
101:finance
historyinsert,11에속함
36
37
UseofExtendableHashStructure:Example(5/7)#1
compinsert시overflow
관련버킷재계산
111:computer
110:history
38
UseofExtendableHashStructure:Example(5/7)
#2
39
UseofExtendableHashStructure:Example(6/7)
11개레코드insert후결과
40
UseofExtendableHashStructure:Example(7/7)#1
elecinsert후결과
41
UseofExtendableHashStructure:Example(7/7)#2
42
ExtendableHashingvs.OtherSchemes
extendablehashing의장점
hash퍼포먼스가파일증가에영향을받지않음
최소한의공간오버헤드
extendablehashing의단점
원하는레코드를찾는데추가의level이필요
bucket주소테이블이커질수있음(메모리보다크게)
버킷주소테이블크기의변경은비싼연산임
43
OrderedIndexingvs.Hashing
44
Multiple‑KeyAccess
Usemultipleindicesforcertaintypesofqueries
SELECT ID
FROM instructor
WHERE dept_name = “Finance” and salary = 80000
Possiblestrategiesusingindicesonsingleattributes:
1.Useindexondept_nametofindallinstructorsintheFinance
department;testsalary=80000
2.Useindexonsalarytofindallinstructorswithsalaryof
$80000;testdept_name=“Finance”
3.Usedept_nameindextofindpointerstoallrecordspertainingto
theFinancedepartment.Similarlyuseindexonsalary.Take
intersectionofbothsetsofpointersobtained
45
IndicesonMultipleAttributes
46
BitmapIndices
bitmap은다중key조회를효과적으로처리하기위한타입
관계가있는레코드는순차적이라가정함
주어진숫자n은n개의레코드를손쉽게얻어야함
상대적으로작은카디널리티에쓸수있음
비트맵은비트배열임
47
UseofBitmapIndices:Example
아래와같은비트를AND/OR/NOT연산해서검색하면됨
48
BitmapIndices
bitmap은multipleattribute에유용함
and/or/not연산에유용함
아래와같은예제가가능
malesandL1(10010and10100=10000)
조건에맞는row수셀때더빠름
49

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