Assessment of awareness, knowledge, readiness, prevalence and determinants of covid-19 vaccination among adults in mvomero district- Morogoro, Tanzania

1. GROUP 14 PRESENTATION
2022
RESEARCH PROPORSAL

2. RESEARCH TITLE:
ASSESSMENT OF AWARENESS, KNOWLEDGE,
READINESS, PREVELENCE AND DETERMINANTS
OF COVID-19 VACCINATION AMONG ADULTS IN
MVOMERO DISTRICT, MOROGORO.

3. INTRODUCTION

4. BACKGROUND
 COVID-19 is caused by the new SARS-cov-2. Coronaviruses are large,
enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses found in humans and other
mammals. Coronaviruses cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and
neurological disease. SARS-cov-2 is the third corona virus that has caused
severe disease in humans to spread globally in the past 2 decades. The
first coronavirus that caused SARS, which was thought to originate in
Foshan, China, and resulted in the 2002-2003. The second was the
coronavirus-caused MERS, which originated from the Arabian peninsula in
2012. Through genetic recombination and variation, coronaviruses can
adapt to and infect new hosts. Bats are the natural reservoir for SARS-cov-
2, but it has been suggested that humans became infected via an
intermediate host, such as the pangolin(1,2).
 Droplets expelled during face-to-face exposure during talking, coughing, or
sneezing is the most common mode of transmission. Contact surface
spread (touching a surface with virus on it) is another possible mode of
transmission.

5. Background cont…
 The disease may be asymptomatic or cause a wide spectrum of
symptoms including fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, fatigue,
nausea/vomiting or diarrhea, and myalgia. Anosmia or ageusia may
also be the sole presenting symptom.
 Diagnosis of COVID-19 is typically made using polymerase chain
reaction testing via nasal swab. However, because of false negative
test result rates of SARS-cov-2 PCR testing of nasal swabs, clinical,
laboratory, and imaging findings may also be used to make a
presumptive diagnosis(1).

6. Background cont…
 COVID-19 first emerged in December 2019, when a cluster of
patients with pneumonia of unknown cause was recognized in
Wuhan, China. As of 10th June 2022 there were a total of
512,201,219 confirmed cases of COVID-19 (i.e 6.6% of the world’s
total population), including 6,305,358 deaths were repoted
globally. In Africa as of June 2022 there were 9,039,645 confirmed
cases of COVID-19 with a total of 172,980 deaths were reported.
Among East African countries, Kenya had the leading number of
reported cases of COVID-19 of a total of 325,070 cases, followed
by Uganda 164,069 cases, then Rwanda 130,061 cases, Sudan
62,374 cases, and Burundi 42,034 cases. In united Republic of
Tanzania, from January 3rd 2020 to June 2022 there have been a
total of 35,354 confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 840 total deaths
were reported(3).

7. Background cont…
 The SARS-cov-2 pandemic has inflicted almost unimaginable harm
on our lives. So far the pandemic has caused a sudden significant
increase in hospitalizations for pneumonia with multi-organ disease
including impaired function of the heart(eg myocarditis,
cardiomyopathy, ventricular arrhythmias), brain (acute
cerebrovascular disease and encephalitis), lung, liver, kidney, and
coagulation system (Venous and arterial thromboembolic events)
were observed with severe illness. Also number of lives were lost
because of the pandemic(1).
 Up until the present day there is no definitive treatment for COVID-19
but there are preventive measures that are undertaken to reduce
incidences which involves personal actions (eg, physical distancing,
personal hygiene, and use of protective equipment), case and
contact identification (eg, test trace-track-isolate, proactive school or
workplace closure), regulatory actions (eg, governmental limits on
sizes of gatherings or business capacity, stay-at-home orders, and
public transport closure or restriction.

8. Background cont…
 Vaccines are the most important public health measure and
most effective strategy they have been provided in different
coners of the world so as to protect the population from COVID-
19, New and more effective vaccines against the spread
disease are likely to be developed as we move through the
pandemic. More than 330 candidate vaccines are currently
under clinical evaluation globally(4). As of May 23, 2022, The
New York Times Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker lists 2 mRNA
vaccines which are Pfizer(91% efficient) and moderna(96%
efficient) have gained full approval by the US Food and Drug
Administration (FDA). One other, a viral vector vaccine
Janssen(84% efficient), has an emergency use approval (EUA)
in the United States. An EUA was requested January 31, 2022
for a protein subunit vaccine by Novavax. Globally, 12 vaccines
are approved for full use, 19 vaccines are authorized for early
or limited use, and 38 vaccines are in phase 3 clinical trials(5).

9. Background cont…
 Africa’s COVID-19 vaccine uptake rose by 15% between
January(54 million doses) and February(62 million doses) as
several countries embarked on mass vaccination drives to
expand coverage and protect populations against the adverse
health impacts of the virus. The uptick was driven mainly by
vaccination campaigns in populous countries including
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, and
Nigeria. To boost the COVID-19 vaccine uptake in
Africa,WHO, UNICEF, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, and
partners are supporting mass vaccination.
 To date, the African continent has fully vaccinated just 15% of
the adult population. Of the 714 million doses received so far,
435 million or 61% has been administered resulting to decline
in COVID-19 cases. The continent reported a 10% decline in
cases in the week ending on 13 March compared with the
week before. Deaths declined by 37% over the same
period(3,6).
 As of 08th April, 2022 a total of 3,435,513 people aged above
18 have been vaccined in Tanzania among 30,740,928 people
eligible to vaccinate which is equivalent to 11.1%(7).

10. Background cont…
 Despite the distribution and availability of vaccines world
wide, the COVID-19 cases are still existing and thus
making it of public health importance. Although the
continent is reporting fewer and fewer cases, this does
not signal the end of the pandemic. We must maximize
on this opportunity to protect as many people as
possible with the vaccine. Vaccine hesitancy, delay, or
refusal to receive a vaccine has been a significant threat
to the effectiveness of vaccination programs and mostly
due to lack of knowledge about COVID-19 vaccination
and aweareness towards their safety also there is no
previous study investigating knowledge, attitudes, and
perceptions regarding COVID-19 vaccination among the
general population in Tanzania.
 Therefore, this study will aim at assessing awareness,
knowledge, readiness, prevelence and determinants of
covid-19 vaccination among adults in mvomero district,
Morogoro.

11. References
1. Review C. Pathophysiology, Transmission, Diagnosis,
and Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-
19) A Review. 2020;2019.
2. UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA. 2021;(July).
3. who. https://covid19.who.int/region/afro/country/tz.
Available from:
https://covid19.who.int/region/afro/country/tz
4. Sonmezer MC, Sahin TK, Erul E, Ceylan FS.
Knowledge , Attitudes , and Perception towards COVID-
19 Vaccination among the Adult Population : A Cross-
Sectional Study in Turkey. 2022;2019(January):1–12.
5. MEDSCAPE. https://emedicine.medscape.com.
6. WHO Africa. https://www.afro.who.int/news/africas-
covid-19-vaccine-uptake-increases-15.
7. Ya T, Ya H. Mwenendo wa watu waliothibitika kuwa
na UVIKO-19 kwa wiki ya tarehe 03 Desemba , 2021
hadi tarehe 08 Aprili , 2022. 2022;