Concept of Epidemiology and Idea in Demography and impacts on Indian Population.

1. Mr Injamul Hoque
Qualification-B.Pharm, MBA(Health care and Hospital)
IISWBM
Presently Working-Registered Pharmacist, Kolkata
Municipal corporation
Guest Faculty- Career Academy of medical science
Concept of Epidemiology and Idea in Demography and
impacts on Indian Population

2. Epidemiology
Epi = upon
Demos = people
Ology = science
Epidemiology = the science which deals with what
falls upon people
.

3. Application of epidemiology
To identify the etiology or causes of a disease and
risk factor.
To study historically the rise and fall of disease in
the population(Incidance and Prevalence)
Planning and Evaluation

4. Epidemiology Method
• Retrospective study
• Proceeds backwards
• Exposure and
outcome(Disease) have
occurred before start the
study
• Prospective study
• Forward-looking study
• Apperance of the disease
under investigation

5. Descriptive
epidemiology
Analytical
epidemiology
 Time (when) Host
Place (where) Agent
 Person (who)  Environment

6. Epidemiology
Endemic
Endemic is derived from Greek en meaning in and demos meaning
peopleDescribes a disease that is present permanently in a region or
population( regularly found among particular people or in a certain
area, restricted to a certain place.
Ice is endemic to Antarctica
Epidemic
An epidemic is derived from Greek epi meaning upon or
above and demos meaning people is an outbreak that affects many
people at one time and can spread through one or several
communities.
Pandemic
A pandemic is derived from Greek pan meaning
all and demos meaning people is the term used to describe an
epidemic when the spread is global.

7. Significant features of a pandemic are listed below
• Affects a wider geographical area, often global
• Infects a very large number of people
• Often caused by a new virus or a new strain of a
virus that has been dormant for many years.
• Spreads quickly in humans as there is little to no
existing immunity
• Can cause a high number of deaths
• Because of the need to control the spread of the
disease, there is often social disruption, unrest and
economic loss

9. Basic triad of analytical epidemiology
HOST
AGENT ENVIRONMENT
Agents
or microbe
that causes
the disease
Host, or
organism
harboring
the disease
Environment, or
those external
factors that cause
or allow disease
transmission

10. Disease prevenvtion
“Medicines may help your heart to repair, but prevention is always
better than cure Source”

11. Levels of prevention
Primordial
prevention
Primary
prevention
Secondary
prevention
Tertiary
prevention
Inhibit the
emergence
of risk
factors
Health
promotion
Specific
protection
Health
education
Environmental
modifications
Nutritional
interventions
Life style and
behavioral
Safety of drugs
and foods
Immunization
Early
Diagnosis
Treatment

12. Levels of Prevention
Stage of disease Level of prevention Type of response
Pre-disease Primary Prevention Health promotion and
Specific protection
Latent Disease Secondary prevention Pre-symptomatic
Diagnosis and treatment
Symptomatic Disease Tertiary prevention •Disability limitation for
early symptomatic disease
•Rehabilitation for late
Symptomatic disease

13. Primordial prevention
• It is the prevention of the emergence or
development of risk factors in countries or
population groups in which they have not yet
appeared
• In primordial prevention, efforts are directed
towards discouraging children from adopting
harmful lifestyles
• The main intervention in primordial prevention is
through individual and mass education

14. Primary prevention
1. Primary prevention can be defined as the action
taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes
the possibility that the disease will ever occur.
2.It signifies intervention in the pre-pathogenesis
phase of a disease or health problem.
3. Primary prevention may be accomplished by
measures of “Health promotion” and “specific
protection

15. Secondary prevention
Secondary prevention attempts to arrest the
disease process.
At the secondary prevention level, we try to detect
a disease early, identify risks and try to prevent the
disease and its symptoms from progressing.
The specific interventions are: early diagnosis (e.g.
screening tests, and case finding programs….) and
adequate treatment.

16. Tertiary Prevention
It is used when the disease process has advanced
beyond its early stages.
It is defined as “all the measures available to reduce
or limit impairments and disabilities, and to
promote the patients’ adjustment to irremediable
conditions.

17. Disability limitation
Disease
Impairment
Disability Handicap
is “any loss or
abnormality
of
psychological
,
physiological
Disability is
“any
restriction or
lack of ability
to perform
an activity in
the manner
resulting from
an impairment
or disability,
that limits or
prevents the
fulfillment of a
role in the
community
that is normal
Rehabilitation
is “ the
combined and
Coordinated
use of
medical,social,
educational,
and vocational
measures for
training and

18. DEMOGRAPHY

19. DEMOGRAPHY
DEMOGRAPHY: “ Demography is the scientific study of human
population is called as demography. Two Greek roots:demos (people)
graphy (branch of knowledge regarding a particular scienc
Population: definition
Group of individuals of same species living in the same geographic area
at the same time”
A population is often defined by demographers according to the
specific needs of the research and researcher.
There are only two ways to enter a population by birth and by in-
migration.
There are two ways to leave a population, by death and by out-
migration.

20. DEMOGRAPHY CYCLE
I II III IV V
C
B
R
C
D
R
High
stationary
Early
Expanding
Late
expandi
ng
Low
stationa
ry
Decline
BR DR
High High
High
Start
Start Already
Low low
CDR CDR
Demographic
gap DG=CBR-
CDR
DG Maxi- stage II
Start Contraction- II DG min-stage I &II
DG Negative- Stage V