Dairy farming in central region Malawi

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This document summarizes a presentation about dairy farming in central Malawi. It discusses the challenges farmers face from both market pressures and social pressures in their communities. Farmers must navigate these competing pressures, which are represented by the figures of Scylla and Charybdis from Greek mythology. The presentation examines two case studies of dairy farmers and milk bulking groups. It finds that farmers employ both individual and collective entrepreneurial responses to issues like lack of resources, market crises, and dysfunctional equipment. However, these responses sometimes conflict with each other or are constrained by powerful social institutions like witchcraft beliefs. The discussion considers how to address witchcraft beliefs and how groups can be structured to take local social institutions into account.

DAIRY FARMING IN CENTRAL
REGION MALAWI: NAVIGATING
BETWEEN SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS
Dr Rob Lubberink
Wageningen University

OUTLINE
• Short introduction about OSMARE
• Practice theoretical lens
• Individual & collective responses to
adversity
• Navigating social and market pressures
• Q&A

OSMARE AIMS TO UNDERSTAND AND
INFORM ON HOW:
The organizational structure of the business model
partnership stimulate smallholder resilience to
adversity
Entrepreneurial
Practices
Value
Chain
Community
Hjorth (2005)

WHAT AND
WHERE?
13 different ‘business
models’, e.g. related to:
• Certified seeds
• Goat Value Chain
• Dairy

THE CONSORTIUM
5
LUANAR Zimbabwe Super Seeds Vuna
World Agroforestry Wageningen University

PRACTICE THEORY
 Studying the recurring practices of dairy farmers
 Practices: bodily doings and sayings in local arrangements
 Structures (e.g. informal institutions) are enacted
 Practice theory provides theoretical and methodological input

WHAT DID WE DO?
 Go-along interviews (Kusenbach 2003)
 “static” interviews in situ
 Interviews “out of place”
 Focus groups
 Fly on the wall
 Participatory observation
 Workshops in systems thinking (causal loop diagrams)

DATA
 Video: 25+ hours
 Audio: 25+ hours
 Pictures: 1300+
 Double-entry & triple-entry field notes
 Causal loop maps: 10 zones + MBG

MAGOMERO
Dealing with witchcraft in
between Scylla and
Charybdis
practices of navigating
through social and
market pressures

THE CASE
Farming as a business/Agripreneurship
Market pressures act as local manifestations of “a world that
expects entrepreneurship from almost all and everyone” (Hjorth & Reay,
2018)
In emerging economies
Socio-cultural represent dominant, informal institutional
arrangements (Garud et al. 2007) that are particularly powerful in liminal
communities of rural Africa (Anderson & Obeng 2017; Anderson & Ronteau, 2017;
Shantz et. al., 2018).

INSIGHTS GAINED
Navigating
dairy
farmer
The MBG
Witchcraft
&
spiritualism
The community

SPIRITUALISM & WITCHCRAFT
What
dairy
farmers
do
Governance
mechanism
Traditional
remedies
“rational”
approaches
How
they do
Keeping it
quiet
Showing
humility
How
they talk
about it
Christianity Trainings Silence

CONCLUSION
 Market pressures stimulating to accumulate and invest resources
 Social pressures constraining this and stimulating sharing and redistributing resources
 Witchcraft is a dominant mechanism that governs the latter
 Farmers are navigating between Scylla (market pressures) and Charybdis (social pressures)

MCHINJI
BUA Milk Bulking Group
• Entrepreneurial responses
to adversity

• Lack of
resources
• Kudelela
Heifer phasing
out
• dysfunctional
generator
• Power
blackouts
Sour milk • New generator
• Milk truck
accident
• Rainy season3 months
Market crisis
• Vending
accepted
• Finding new
buyer
Response
• No sanctions
• Low supply
• Lack of MBG
incomeVending
• Poultry
farm?
• Maize mill?
• Butchery?
• Bakery?
Response?
Conclusion:
• Individual entrepreneurial response to adversity can be(come) a
challenge
• Individual & collective entrepreneurial responses can conflict

DISCUSSION
 How to deal with witchcraft? Go against informal institutions or work with them?
 What to take into account when novel structures (like an MBG) are placed in
already present social structures with institutions (e.g. witchcraft).
 The importance to explain the inexplicable, but how?
 Why is that important? What if resilience does not depend on you, but on god
or witches?

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Dairy farming in central region Malawi

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