This document summarizes a project to predict home insurance policy purchases from customer data using machine learning models. The authors explored a dataset of 260,753 customers to select meaningful features from 297 initial ones. They tested logistic regression, support vector machines, and gradient boosted trees on subsets of the data. Gradient boosted trees showed the best performance, with its accuracy on the test set increasing as more training data was used. The authors concluded this model was generalizing well to new data compared to the other algorithms tested.
Pace study training slides 22 09-2015 v2.1angewatkins
Primary care use of a C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Point of Care Test (POCT) to help target antibiotic prescribing to patients with Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD) who are most likely to benefit.
This document discusses statistical analysis using SPSS. It describes descriptive statistics, which present data in a usable form by describing frequency, central tendency, and dispersion. Inferential statistics make broader generalizations from samples to populations using hypothesis testing. Hypothesis testing involves research hypotheses, null hypotheses, levels of significance, and type I and II errors. Choosing an appropriate statistical test depends on the hypothesis and measurement levels of the variables. SPSS is a comprehensive system for statistical analysis that can analyze many file types and generate reports and statistics.
Transitional Care for Pediatric Patients with Neuromuscular Diseases: A Healt...HTAi Bilbao 2012
Transitional Care for Pediatric Patients with Neuromuscular Diseases: A Health Technology Assessment
Jackie Tran, MD
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, USA
HTAi 9th Annual Meeting, Bilbao
Integrated Care for a Patient Centered System
25 June, 2012
Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Report: Interventions to increase particip...HTAi Bilbao 2012
The document summarizes a Health Technology Assessment report on interventions to increase participation in organized cancer screening programs. It found that mail and phone recalls, as well as having a general practitioner's signature on the invitation letter, consistently increased participation. Fixed appointments also increased participation compared to open invitations. Self-sampling for HPV testing increased participation in non-responders relative to standard recall letters. The report evaluated interventions' efficacy, cost-effectiveness, organizational impact, and social/ethical issues.
The use of ‘colloquial evidence’ in HTA: the experience of NICE HTAi Bilbao 2012
The document summarizes a presentation given at the HTAi Annual Meeting about the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's (NICE) use of "colloquial evidence" in developing clinical guidance. It defines colloquial evidence, explores how NICE utilizes it alongside scientific evidence at different stages of the guidance process, and discusses developing better methods for identifying and critically appraising colloquial evidence. The presentation aims to map NICE's use of colloquial evidence to an existing conceptual framework and identify variations across NICE centers.
Social values international programme: integrating research and policy to ens...HTAi Bilbao 2012
Social values international programme: integrating research and policy to ensure fair allocation of health care resources .
HTAi Conference 2012 Panel Session
Joint chairs
Professor Peter Littlejohns and Professor Albert Weale
This document summarizes a project to predict home insurance policy purchases from customer data using machine learning models. The authors explored a dataset of 260,753 customers to select meaningful features from 297 initial ones. They tested logistic regression, support vector machines, and gradient boosted trees on subsets of the data. Gradient boosted trees showed the best performance, with its accuracy on the test set increasing as more training data was used. The authors concluded this model was generalizing well to new data compared to the other algorithms tested.
Pace study training slides 22 09-2015 v2.1angewatkins
Primary care use of a C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Point of Care Test (POCT) to help target antibiotic prescribing to patients with Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD) who are most likely to benefit.
This document discusses statistical analysis using SPSS. It describes descriptive statistics, which present data in a usable form by describing frequency, central tendency, and dispersion. Inferential statistics make broader generalizations from samples to populations using hypothesis testing. Hypothesis testing involves research hypotheses, null hypotheses, levels of significance, and type I and II errors. Choosing an appropriate statistical test depends on the hypothesis and measurement levels of the variables. SPSS is a comprehensive system for statistical analysis that can analyze many file types and generate reports and statistics.
Transitional Care for Pediatric Patients with Neuromuscular Diseases: A Healt...HTAi Bilbao 2012
Transitional Care for Pediatric Patients with Neuromuscular Diseases: A Health Technology Assessment
Jackie Tran, MD
University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, USA
HTAi 9th Annual Meeting, Bilbao
Integrated Care for a Patient Centered System
25 June, 2012
Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Report: Interventions to increase particip...HTAi Bilbao 2012
The document summarizes a Health Technology Assessment report on interventions to increase participation in organized cancer screening programs. It found that mail and phone recalls, as well as having a general practitioner's signature on the invitation letter, consistently increased participation. Fixed appointments also increased participation compared to open invitations. Self-sampling for HPV testing increased participation in non-responders relative to standard recall letters. The report evaluated interventions' efficacy, cost-effectiveness, organizational impact, and social/ethical issues.
The use of ‘colloquial evidence’ in HTA: the experience of NICE HTAi Bilbao 2012
The document summarizes a presentation given at the HTAi Annual Meeting about the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's (NICE) use of "colloquial evidence" in developing clinical guidance. It defines colloquial evidence, explores how NICE utilizes it alongside scientific evidence at different stages of the guidance process, and discusses developing better methods for identifying and critically appraising colloquial evidence. The presentation aims to map NICE's use of colloquial evidence to an existing conceptual framework and identify variations across NICE centers.
Social values international programme: integrating research and policy to ens...HTAi Bilbao 2012
Social values international programme: integrating research and policy to ensure fair allocation of health care resources .
HTAi Conference 2012 Panel Session
Joint chairs
Professor Peter Littlejohns and Professor Albert Weale
Challenges in commissioning research on what works in integrated careHTAi Bilbao 2012
This document discusses challenges in commissioning research on integrated care and how new studies are tackling these challenges. Integrated care research is complex due to the interplay of context, mechanisms and outcomes, and difficulty tracking activity and costs across settings. New studies are using more robust methods like difference-in-difference analysis across multiple sites and person-linked data to better understand costs and impacts. They are also considering generalizability and using mixed methods to understand how micro-level integrated care can be supported at higher levels.
Building a portfolio of research findings for use by healthcare managers and ...HTAi Bilbao 2012
The document summarizes research conducted by the NIHR Health Services and Delivery Research programme on integrated care. It outlines several research projects funded through specific calls on integrated care between 2009-2011, including evaluations of case management initiatives, self-care support, and virtual wards. The research aims to identify healthcare managers' needs and generate evidence to improve services. The programme commissions applied health research to benefit the NHS based on both need and scientific merit.
This document summarizes a study exploring methods for assessing international use of UK-funded health technology assessments (HTAs). The study reviewed literature on impact assessment models and explored bibliometrics, website analytics, and citations in HTA reports. Bibliometric analysis found low international academic impact. Website analytics revealed most non-UK visits were for systematic reviews. Citations in HTA reports provided some evidence of international uptake. The study recommends a multidimensional model and further research using case studies to explore nature of HTA use internationally.
EVALUATION OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL ACCEPT...HTAi Bilbao 2012
EVALUATION OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL ACCEPTANCE OF TELEMONITORING FOR CHRONIC PATIENTS
Estibalitz Orruño1, Marie-Pierre Gagnon2-3, José Asua4, Eva Reviriego1
1 Basque Office for Health Technology Assessment (Osteba), Department of Health and Consumer Affairs, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
2 Faculty of Nursing Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
3 Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada.
4 Direction of Knowledge Management and Evaluation, Department of Health and Consumer Affairs, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
The document discusses improving opportunities for patient and consumer engagement in health technology assessment (HTA) in Australia. It notes that while mechanisms exist for patient input, the overall HTA process is not well understood, advocacy groups are under-resourced, and the timeline for submissions is short. It proposes the formation of HTA_AUS, a coalition of interested parties including patient groups, government, industry and others, to address this issue and develop practical solutions like supporting patient submissions and extending deadlines. The coalition aims to increase awareness, education and support for patient engagement in HTA.
METHODS, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND RESULT INTERPRETATI...HTAi Bilbao 2012
METHODS, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND RESULT INTERPRETATION: SOLUTIONS DEVELOPED IN THE IFEDH FRAMEWORK
G. Zauner
dwh Simulation Services
Vienna , Austria
How to promote the prescription of evidence-based non-pharmacological treatme...HTAi Bilbao 2012
How to promote the prescription of evidence-based non-pharmacological treatments in France?
HTAi 2012, Bilbao
Clémence Thébaut, Olivier Scemama, Françoise Hamers, Catherine Rumeau-Pichon
Department of economic and public health evaluation
The application of Health Technology Assessment in the field of biologics: an...HTAi Bilbao 2012
This document provides a health technology assessment of etanercept for treating rheumatoid arthritis. It includes 7 chapters that evaluate the epidemiology and burden of RA, biologic drugs for RA including etanercept, the economic impacts, organizational implications, and ethical considerations of using etanercept. The assessment finds that etanercept improves quality of life when combined with methotrexate compared to methotrexate alone, and has a cost-effectiveness ratio of €25,130 per quality-adjusted life year gained, making it a reasonable treatment option.
Hospital-based HTA: does it impact on medical technologies’ expenditure and c...HTAi Bilbao 2012
This document summarizes a study on hospital-based health technology assessment (HB HTA) in Italy. The study aimed to assess the diffusion of HB HTA, its impact on hospital decisions, and potential factors influencing its effectiveness. A survey found that almost half of hospitals have an HTA commission. While few clear impacts were identified, some relationships were found between HTA characteristics and resource use. Future research should evaluate additional outcomes to better understand HB HTA's effects and inform its adoption.
Measuring the Gap between Demand and Access in the Brazilian Public Health Ca...HTAi Bilbao 2012
This document reviews the gap between demand and access to medicines in Brazil's public health care system. It finds that while over 70% of medical consultations are publicly funded, around 70% of medicines are privately purchased due to high prices and limited availability in public pharmacies. This shifts the financial burden to users and disproportionately harms those who cannot afford treatment, increasing inequality. The document calls for improvements in budget forecasting, health planning, and data collection to better measure and address variations in access to medicines across regions and types of treatments.
MAST: a model for HTA-based assessment of telemedicine applicationsHTAi Bilbao 2012
This document describes MAST (Model for Assessment of Telemedicine), a multidisciplinary framework for assessing telemedicine applications. It was developed through a comprehensive process and aims to describe effectiveness and quality of care impacts of telemedicine. MAST consists of 3 stages: setting context, multidisciplinary assessment across clinical, economic, organizational and social domains, and assessing transferability. It is being empirically tested through large European projects and has supported over 25 trials. While time-consuming, MAST provides a standardized approach and ensures comparability. Feedback has been positive and several regions are adopting it, with revisions planned based on empirical results to establish MAST as a widely accepted methodology.
Decision making in management for large medical equipmentHTAi Bilbao 2012
This document discusses decision making for purchasing large medical equipment like MRI machines. It presents data showing differences in MRI availability between countries. There are challenges in decision making due to varying supplier policies, objectives of health facilities, and heterogeneous information. A methodology is proposed to help with rational choice involving developing a system for equipment selection and procurement. Experts would be evaluated and their competence indexed based on both objective and subjective criteria. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) techniques could be applied to determine priority weights for MRI machine characteristics through pairwise comparisons. Predictions could also be made on how weights may change. This would help create a ranked list of recommended MRI machine options.
Representing uncertainty and its consequences in cost-effectiveness analysesHTAi Bilbao 2012
i) A decision to adopt clopidogrel for 12 months (clop12) has a 52.4% chance of being cost-effective but there is significant uncertainty with a 47.6% chance of error.
ii) The expected consequences of this uncertainty are 5,194 QALYs. Alternative scenarios show lower expected consequences ranging from 3,969 QALYs.
iii) Natural history parameters like mortality and relative treatment effect parameters have the greatest influence on decision uncertainty. Conducting research to reduce uncertainty around these parameters could help resolve over 5,000 QALYs of expected decision uncertainty.
Challenges in commissioning research on what works in integrated careHTAi Bilbao 2012
This document discusses challenges in commissioning research on integrated care and how new studies are tackling these challenges. Integrated care research is complex due to the interplay of context, mechanisms and outcomes, and difficulty tracking activity and costs across settings. New studies are using more robust methods like difference-in-difference analysis across multiple sites and person-linked data to better understand costs and impacts. They are also considering generalizability and using mixed methods to understand how micro-level integrated care can be supported at higher levels.
Building a portfolio of research findings for use by healthcare managers and ...HTAi Bilbao 2012
The document summarizes research conducted by the NIHR Health Services and Delivery Research programme on integrated care. It outlines several research projects funded through specific calls on integrated care between 2009-2011, including evaluations of case management initiatives, self-care support, and virtual wards. The research aims to identify healthcare managers' needs and generate evidence to improve services. The programme commissions applied health research to benefit the NHS based on both need and scientific merit.
This document summarizes a study exploring methods for assessing international use of UK-funded health technology assessments (HTAs). The study reviewed literature on impact assessment models and explored bibliometrics, website analytics, and citations in HTA reports. Bibliometric analysis found low international academic impact. Website analytics revealed most non-UK visits were for systematic reviews. Citations in HTA reports provided some evidence of international uptake. The study recommends a multidimensional model and further research using case studies to explore nature of HTA use internationally.
EVALUATION OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL ACCEPT...HTAi Bilbao 2012
EVALUATION OF PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONAL ACCEPTANCE OF TELEMONITORING FOR CHRONIC PATIENTS
Estibalitz Orruño1, Marie-Pierre Gagnon2-3, José Asua4, Eva Reviriego1
1 Basque Office for Health Technology Assessment (Osteba), Department of Health and Consumer Affairs, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
2 Faculty of Nursing Sciences, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
3 Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada.
4 Direction of Knowledge Management and Evaluation, Department of Health and Consumer Affairs, Basque Government, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
The document discusses improving opportunities for patient and consumer engagement in health technology assessment (HTA) in Australia. It notes that while mechanisms exist for patient input, the overall HTA process is not well understood, advocacy groups are under-resourced, and the timeline for submissions is short. It proposes the formation of HTA_AUS, a coalition of interested parties including patient groups, government, industry and others, to address this issue and develop practical solutions like supporting patient submissions and extending deadlines. The coalition aims to increase awareness, education and support for patient engagement in HTA.
METHODS, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND RESULT INTERPRETATI...HTAi Bilbao 2012
METHODS, MATHEMATICAL MODELS, DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT AND RESULT INTERPRETATION: SOLUTIONS DEVELOPED IN THE IFEDH FRAMEWORK
G. Zauner
dwh Simulation Services
Vienna , Austria
How to promote the prescription of evidence-based non-pharmacological treatme...HTAi Bilbao 2012
How to promote the prescription of evidence-based non-pharmacological treatments in France?
HTAi 2012, Bilbao
Clémence Thébaut, Olivier Scemama, Françoise Hamers, Catherine Rumeau-Pichon
Department of economic and public health evaluation
The application of Health Technology Assessment in the field of biologics: an...HTAi Bilbao 2012
This document provides a health technology assessment of etanercept for treating rheumatoid arthritis. It includes 7 chapters that evaluate the epidemiology and burden of RA, biologic drugs for RA including etanercept, the economic impacts, organizational implications, and ethical considerations of using etanercept. The assessment finds that etanercept improves quality of life when combined with methotrexate compared to methotrexate alone, and has a cost-effectiveness ratio of €25,130 per quality-adjusted life year gained, making it a reasonable treatment option.
Hospital-based HTA: does it impact on medical technologies’ expenditure and c...HTAi Bilbao 2012
This document summarizes a study on hospital-based health technology assessment (HB HTA) in Italy. The study aimed to assess the diffusion of HB HTA, its impact on hospital decisions, and potential factors influencing its effectiveness. A survey found that almost half of hospitals have an HTA commission. While few clear impacts were identified, some relationships were found between HTA characteristics and resource use. Future research should evaluate additional outcomes to better understand HB HTA's effects and inform its adoption.
Measuring the Gap between Demand and Access in the Brazilian Public Health Ca...HTAi Bilbao 2012
This document reviews the gap between demand and access to medicines in Brazil's public health care system. It finds that while over 70% of medical consultations are publicly funded, around 70% of medicines are privately purchased due to high prices and limited availability in public pharmacies. This shifts the financial burden to users and disproportionately harms those who cannot afford treatment, increasing inequality. The document calls for improvements in budget forecasting, health planning, and data collection to better measure and address variations in access to medicines across regions and types of treatments.
MAST: a model for HTA-based assessment of telemedicine applicationsHTAi Bilbao 2012
This document describes MAST (Model for Assessment of Telemedicine), a multidisciplinary framework for assessing telemedicine applications. It was developed through a comprehensive process and aims to describe effectiveness and quality of care impacts of telemedicine. MAST consists of 3 stages: setting context, multidisciplinary assessment across clinical, economic, organizational and social domains, and assessing transferability. It is being empirically tested through large European projects and has supported over 25 trials. While time-consuming, MAST provides a standardized approach and ensures comparability. Feedback has been positive and several regions are adopting it, with revisions planned based on empirical results to establish MAST as a widely accepted methodology.
Decision making in management for large medical equipmentHTAi Bilbao 2012
This document discusses decision making for purchasing large medical equipment like MRI machines. It presents data showing differences in MRI availability between countries. There are challenges in decision making due to varying supplier policies, objectives of health facilities, and heterogeneous information. A methodology is proposed to help with rational choice involving developing a system for equipment selection and procurement. Experts would be evaluated and their competence indexed based on both objective and subjective criteria. Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) techniques could be applied to determine priority weights for MRI machine characteristics through pairwise comparisons. Predictions could also be made on how weights may change. This would help create a ranked list of recommended MRI machine options.
Representing uncertainty and its consequences in cost-effectiveness analysesHTAi Bilbao 2012
i) A decision to adopt clopidogrel for 12 months (clop12) has a 52.4% chance of being cost-effective but there is significant uncertainty with a 47.6% chance of error.
ii) The expected consequences of this uncertainty are 5,194 QALYs. Alternative scenarios show lower expected consequences ranging from 3,969 QALYs.
iii) Natural history parameters like mortality and relative treatment effect parameters have the greatest influence on decision uncertainty. Conducting research to reduce uncertainty around these parameters could help resolve over 5,000 QALYs of expected decision uncertainty.
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version TEST BANK For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice, 3rd Edition by DeMarco, Walsh, Verified Chapters 1 - 25, Complete Newest Version Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Answers Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Studocu Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community and Public Health Nursing: Evidence for Practice 3rd Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis