This document discusses recent advances in neural activity imaging techniques. It describes a single-session FDG-PET method that can generate activation maps showing dynamic changes in regional brain metabolism. It also discusses improvements to genetically encoded calcium indicators like GCaMP6 that enable ultrasensitive detection of neuronal activity at subcellular resolution using optical imaging. Finally, it proposes a simple experiment using AAV delivery of GCaMP6 and dynamic optical imaging to study epileptogenesis in rodents.
5. Functional Connectivity Mapping
Based on Large-scale, Whole Brain Connectivity
Patterns of Specific Activity
How to analyze these functional activity patterns?
6. Choi H, et al. NeuroImage 2014.
Lee H, et al. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2012.
Processing Biological Signals
Neuronal Activity
Measurement
8. Clinical Functional Imaging
• Scale: Entire Brain
FDG PET & Water PET (or PET with other tracers)
• Biological Meaning & High-Sensitivity/Relatively good
localization
• Low temporal resolution: Repetitive Imaging
fMRI
• High-temporal resolution: Repetitive Measures
• Biological Meaning and Resolution
EEG/MEG/NIRS(Near Infrared Spectroscopy)
• Low Spatial Resolution
32. In vitro neuron testing: GCaMP mutagenesis & Screening
Test signal intensity : GCaMP6 the most sensitive type
6s,m,f : according to fluorescence half-life
>10 folds higher sensitivity than GCaMP3
33. In vivo testing : mouse V1 area / AAV-hsyn1-GCaMP
V1 neurons : Orientation Specific (a,b,c)
41. Feasibility
An example of simple experiment>
Dynamic optical imaging for epileptogenesis
AAV-GCaMP6-(Fluorescence)
• Upenn Vector Core / BSL-1
• Streotaxic injection to hippocampus/amygdala
Stimulation : i.v. pilocarpine
Dynamic Imaging in IVIS (after skull removal)
42. Take Home Message
Neural Activity Imaging
– Spatial, Temporal Resolution
– Micro to macroscale
Infusion FDG PET: Kinetically feasible way to
measure metabolic activity in a session
– Wide-spread application (Tumor/Glucose sensitivity,
etc.)
Calcium Indicator Imaging
– Promising optical techniques
– Simplified Methods : Feasible in our lab.
43.
44. • Whole Rodent Brain Imaging (Macroscale)
– 주로 Cellular scale에서 많이보나…
– CCD를 활용해서 더 큰 scale로 보려는 시도는 있
음.
– Neonate mouse brain에서 Cre-system활용한 뒤
CCD로 찍은 movie가 최근에 Neuron에..
45. • Next Breakthrough?
– Imaging : Whole brain & 3D imaging
– Noninvasive calcium indicators
• PET tracer? / NIR?
Real time cellular scale brain activity imaging. As you can see in this video, the neuronal activities occur simultaneously across the specific brain regions and dynamically changed. These patterns are not random. They have some regular patterns.
We don’t know what the pattern means, but neuroscientists believe the patterns have all information, from behavior, thoguths, cognition and our all of the features. So the answer of the who am I could be the patterns of neuronal activity across the brain.
Deisseroth 도 Optical Readout개발에 열중.
기존 보고와 잘 맞는다..
Calcium ions generate versatile intracellular signals that determine
a large variety of functions in virtually every cell type in biological
organisms (Berridge et al., 2000), including the control of
heart muscle cell contraction (e.g., Dulhunty, 2006) as well as the
regulation of vital aspects of the entire cell cycle, from cell proliferation
to cell death (Lu and Means, 1993; Orrenius et al., 2003).
In the nervous system, calcium ions preserve and, perhaps, even
extend their high degree of versatility because of the complex
morphology of neurons. In presynaptic terminals, calcium influx
triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles
(for review, see Neher and Sakaba, 2008). Postsynaptically,
a transient rise of the calcium level in dendritic spines is essential
for the induction of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity
(Zucker, 1999). In another cellular subcompartment, the nucleus,
calcium signals can regulate gene transcription (Lyons and
West, 2011). Importantly, intracellular calcium signals regulate
processes that operate over a wide time range, from neurotransmitter
release at the microsecond scale to gene transcription,
which lasts for minutes and hours (Berridge et al., 2003).