Occupational hazards 1)Physical hazards 2)chemical hazards 3)biological hazards 4)Mechanical hazards 5)psychosocial hazards 1)Physical hazards ●heat&cold ●lights ●noise ●vibration ●ultraviolet radiation ●ionizing radiation 2)chemical hazards ●dust ●gases ●metal and other compound 3)Biological hazards - Workers may be exposed to infective and parasitic agents at work. - Occupational diseases in this category include brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, hydatidosis, psittacosis, tetanus, encephalitis, fungal infections, schistosomiasis, and more. - Those handling animal products (hair, wool, hides) and agricultural workers are at higher risk of biological hazards. 4)Mechanical Hazards - Mechanical hazards in industries involve machinery, protruding parts, and moving components. - About 10% of accidents in industry are attributed to mechanical causes. 5)Psychosocial Hazards - Psychosocial hazards arise from workers' inability to adapt to an unfamiliar psychosocial environment. - Factors like frustration, lack of job satisfaction, insecurity, poor relationships, and emotional tension can affect physical and mental health. - Health effects can be categorized into psychological and behavioral changes (e.g., anxiety, depression, alcoholism, absenteeism) and psychosomatic ill-health (e.g., fatigue, headache, peptic ulcer, hypertension, heart disease). Physical hazards 1. **Heat and Cold**: - Heat exposure can cause burns, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and cramps. - High temperatures reduce efficiency, increase fatigue, and raise accident rates. - Foundries, glass, steel industries face radiant heat, while jute and cotton textile industry experience heat stagnation. - Cold environments can lead to chilblains, frostbite, and hypothermia. 2. **Light**: - Poor illumination causes eye strain, headache, and eye fatigue. - Excessive brightness or glare results in discomfort, annoyance, and visual fatigue. - Intense glare can lead to blurred vision and accidents. - Proper and sufficient lighting is crucial for worker safety. 3. **Noise**: - Noise in industries causes temporary or permanent hearing loss. - Non-auditory effects include nervousness, fatigue, communication interference, and decreased efficiency. - The impact depends on intensity, duration, and individual susceptibility. 4. **Vibration**: - Vibrations from pneumatic tools like drills and hammers affect the hands and arms. - Long-term exposure may cause "white fingers" due to sensitive blood vessels. - Joints of hands, elbows, and shoulders can also suffer injuries. 5. **Ultraviolet Radiation**: - Workers in arc welding face ultraviolet radiation hazards. - It can cause intense eye problems like conjunctivitis and keratitis. - Proper eye protection is necessary. 6. **Ionizing Radiation**: - Exposure to ionizing radiation from X-rays and radioactive isotopes poses various health risks. - Genetic changes, cance

1. Occupational hazards
Physical hazards
1. **Heat and Cold**:
- Heat exposure can cause burns, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and cramps.
- High temperatures reduce efficiency, increase fatigue, and raise accident rates.
- Foundries, glass, steel industries face radiant heat, while jute and cotton textile industry experience
heat stagnation.
- Cold environments can lead to chilblains, frostbite, and hypothermia.
2. **Light**:
- Poor illumination causes eye strain, headache, and eye fatigue.
- Excessive brightness or glare results in discomfort, annoyance, and visual fatigue.
- Intense glare can lead to blurred vision and accidents.
- Proper and sufficient lighting is crucial for worker safety.
3. **Noise**:
- Noise in industries causes temporary or permanent hearing loss.
- Non-auditory effects include nervousness, fatigue, communication interference, and decreased
efficiency.
- The impact depends on intensity, duration, and individual susceptibility.
4. **Vibration**:
- Vibrations from pneumatic tools like drills and hammers affect the hands and arms.
- Long-term exposure may cause "white fingers" due to sensitive blood vessels.
- Joints of hands, elbows, and shoulders can also suffer injuries.
5. **Ultraviolet Radiation**:
- Workers in arc welding face ultraviolet radiation hazards.
- It can cause intense eye problems like conjunctivitis and keratitis.

2. - Proper eye protection is necessary.
6. **Ionizing Radiation**:
- Exposure to ionizing radiation from X-rays and radioactive isotopes poses various health risks.
- Genetic changes, cancer, sterility, and even death can result from exposure.
- Maximum permissible exposure is set at 5 rem per year to the whole body.
Chemical hazards
1. **Local Action**:
- Some chemicals cause skin issues like dermatitis, eczema, ulcers, and cancer.
- Aromatic nitro and amino compounds can be absorbed through the skin, causing systemic effects.
- Occupational dermatitis is a significant concern in various industries.
2. **Inhalation**:
- **Dusts**:
- Fine solid particles released during operations, like crushing and grinding, pose risks.
- Larger particles settle down quickly, while smaller ones remain suspended and can be inhaled into
the lungs.
- "Respirable dust" causes pneumoconiosis, a prevalent lung disease in specific industries.
- **Gases**:
ndustrial workers need to be aware of these chemical hazards and take necessary precautions.
Employers should provide appropriate safety measures to minimize the risk of exposure - Exposure to
gases like carbon monoxide, cyanide gas, and sulphur dioxide is common in industries.
- Gases can be simple, asphyxiating, or anaesthetic, leading to various health risks.
- **Metals and Their Compounds**:
- Inhaling metal dust or fumes can cause toxic effects.
- Lead, arsenic, mercury, and others have potential health hazards based on exposure duration and
concentration.

3. 3. **Ingestion**:
- Occupational diseases can result from ingesting chemical substances like lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.
- Small amounts of these substances may be swallowed through contaminated hands, food, or
cigarettes.
- Most chemical intoxications respond well to cessation of exposure and medical treatment.
Biological hazards
- Workers may be exposed to infective and parasitic agents at work.
- Occupational diseases in this category include brucellosis, leptospirosis, anthrax, hydatidosis,
psittacosis, tetanus, encephalitis, fungal infections, schistosomiasis, and more.
- Those handling animal products (hair, wool, hides) and agricultural workers are at higher risk of
biological hazards.
Mechanical Hazards
- Mechanical hazards in industries involve machinery, protruding parts, and moving components.
- About 10% of accidents in industry are attributed to mechanical causes.
Psychosocial Hazards
- Psychosocial hazards arise from workers' inability to adapt to an unfamiliar psychosocial environment.
- Factors like frustration, lack of job satisfaction, insecurity, poor relationships, and emotional tension can
affect physical and mental health.
- Health effects can be categorized into psychological and behavioral changes (e.g., anxiety, depression,
alcoholism, absenteeism) and psychosomatic ill-health (e.g., fatigue, headache, peptic ulcer,
hypertension, heart disease).