Pythagoras' theorem states that in a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. This theorem is essential for accurate surveying, mapmaking and navigation. Complex numbers, where i equals the square root of negative one, enabled the development of modern technology like electric lighting and digital cameras. Logarithms, where the logarithm of a product is equal to the sum of the logarithms of its factors, are used to model phenomena such as compound interest, biological growth, and radioactive decay. Einstein's equation E=mc^2, relating energy and mass, was crucial for developing nuclear weapons and ensuring the accuracy of GPS systems by accounting for relativ