Already in 1984 the Brundtland Commission was given the task by the United Nations to `propose longterm environmental strategies for achieving sustainable development by the year 2000 and beyond`. The EU acknowledges the need to reduce environmental impact and has developed standard EN15804 for the building industry that reports environmental indicators in a modular approach. Recently the Ellen MacArthur foundation has introduced the concept of the circular economy which derives four fundamental characteristics called “powers”. Two of them are useful concepts for the building industry and are investigated more in detail in this paper. These are “the power of circling longer” and “the power of the inner circle”. Both principles will be investigated with a case study that will propose and explore scenarios for structural designs to meet the circular requirements. The results will be quantified with the modular approach of EN15804. The paper ends with discussing results and propose opportunities for parametric models.

1. 309
Exploring new parametric concepts
for the circular economy
Jan-Pieter den Hollander
Janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

2. 1- EU sustainability requirements
2- Current building design proces
3- Potential parametric modelling
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

3. European Commission (July 2018)
EN15804: Environmental Product Declarations (Amendment)
A: Production
B: Use
C: End-of-Life
D: Benefits recycling/reuse
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

4. EN15804 in detail: 17 (sub)modules
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

5. NL “resource agreement 2017”
Electricity NL from 1938 - 2015
2030: 50% < CO2-eq.
50% < resource use
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

6. We use a lot of energy ……
2017
Madrid Maersk
210.000 ton
18 sailors
3 weeks
25.000 ton CO2-eq.
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl
1628
VOC Batavia
800 ton
200 sailors (> 50% died)
30 weeks
0 ton CO2-eq.

7. Current building design proces
J. Allwood P. MacLeamy
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

8. ?
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

9. Warehouse by specialist (benchmark)
Structural Unit (SU)
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

10. The Circular Economy (Design out waste)
Power of Circling longer Power of The inner circle
Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2012)
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

11. Maximise reuse: 1) whole of the Netherlands
Windarea I: 100%
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl
Windarea III: 57%

12. Maximise reuse: 2) potential functionality
+Solar
+Solar ready:
prepared for extra weight PV
+Solar+Green
+Solar+Green ready:
most likely to be reused (?)
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

13. Results in terms of weight
Description Down
[kN/m2]
Windarea Up
[kN/m2]
Total
[kg/m2]
BAU 1,2↓ I 0,9↑ 24,7
1,2↓ III 0,5↑ 23,1
+Solar 1,7↓ I 0,5↑ 25,21
1,7↓ III 0,1↑ 23,61
+Solar ready 1,7↓ I 0,9↑ 26,81
1,7↓ III 0,5↑ 25,21
+Solar+Green 2,8↓ I 1,0↓ 29,38
2,8↓ III 1,3↓ 29,38
+Solar+Green ready 2,8↓ I 0,9↑ 31,98
2,8↓ III 0,5↑ 30,78
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

14. Principle “environmental calculation”
kg x [kg indicator/kg] = kg indicator (i.e. CO2-eq.)
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

15. EN15804: > 20 environmental indicators
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

16. Module A (Production)
% mass virgin/primary
𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝐴 = e 𝑃𝐸 + M 𝑉𝑀 𝑖𝑛 ∙ E 𝑉𝑀 𝑖𝑛 + M 𝑀𝑅 𝑖𝑛 ∙ E 𝑀𝑅𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟𝐸𝑜𝑊𝑖𝑛 + M 𝐸𝑅𝑖𝑛 ∙ E 𝐸𝑅𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟𝐸𝑜𝑊𝑖𝑛
% mass recycled
Unit emission virgin/primary
Unit emission recycled
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

17. Module D (Benefits recycling/reuse)
% mass recycled (i=1) OR reused (i =2)
Unit emission substituted virgin/primary
Unit emission recycled
൱𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝐷1 = ෍
𝑖
(M 𝑀𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑡|𝑖−M 𝑀𝑅𝑖𝑛|𝑖) ∙ (E 𝑀𝑅𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟𝐸𝑜𝑊𝑜𝑢𝑡|𝑖 − E 𝑉𝑀𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡|𝑖 ∙
𝑄 𝑅 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑄 𝑆𝑢𝑏
|𝑖)
Quality
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

18. Inner circle (assumptions)
Amount
MVM in = 55%
MMR in = 45%
MMR out|1 = estimated
Emission virgin material (kg CO2 eq./kg)
EVM in = EVMSub out|1 = EVMSub out|2 = 1,9
Emission recycled material (kg CO2 eq./kg)
EMRafterEoW in = EMRafterEoW out|2 = 0,39
Emission reused material (kg CO2 eq./kg)
EMRafterEoW out|1 = 0,1
Quality = 1 (both recycling and reuse)
>
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

19. Inner circle: result in terms of CO2-eq.
Windarea SU +decking
% reuse ? emodule A emodule d1 Grand total
BAU I 0 26,6 -13,3 13,3
III 0 24,8 -12,4 12,4
+Solar I 50 27,1 -17,8 9,3
III 40 25,4 -16,1 9,3
+Solar ready I 70 28,9 -20,1 8,8
III 60 27,1 -18,2 8,9
+Solar+Green I 40 31,7 -20,5 11,2
III 30 31,7 -20 11,7
+Solar+Green ready I 80 34,4 -24,8 9,6
III 70 33,2 -23,3 9,9
≥15%
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

20. Discussion
Society demands more sustainable buildings
Design phase gets tighter
Sustainable uncertainties and assumptions too complex for
conventional modelling
Parametric design is a nice (?) solution
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl

21. Thank you !
Jan-Pieter den Hollander, Bouwen met Staal, janpieter@bouwenmetstaal.nl