1. University of Sulaimani
Subject: Parasitology
Name of the subject teacher:
Prepared by: Shaima
Group:
Semester:
Parasite
2022-2023
2. What is Parasites and Parasitology
PARASITES
• A parasite is defined as an organism that lives in or on another
organism and derives it nourishment without giving anything in
return.
PARASITOLOGY
• Parasitology: it is the study of parasites and such does not include
bacterial, fungal and viral.
• Medical parasitology deals with the parasites which cause disease
in man and animals.
Classification
• Human parasites are mainly divided into
• Intestinal parasites
• For a parasite to be defined as intestinal it must
have an intestinal life-cycle stage, though it may
have life cycle stages in the heart, circulation,
lung, tissue of other animals or environment.
• Blood borne parasites:
• These are the parasites which are transmitted
through an anthropod vector.
• The most important anthropod for transmitting
parasitic infection is mosquito
3. The parasite may be
• Ectoparasite: parasite living on the body surface of the host. Example: lice
• Endoparasite: parasite living inside the body of the host. Example: roundworms
• Obligate parasite: parasites which are completely depending the host. Example: plasmodium
• Facultative parasite: parasite that may be capable of living independently, although they can obtain
nourishment from the host too.
• Periodic parasite: parasite which live part of their lives on a host and another part of life outside of the
host.
• Accidental parasites: parasites which lives in an unnatural host.
• Aberrant parasites: parasites which can live on particular sites and when migrate to other sites it can
be survive.
• Intermittent parasites: parasites which visits the hosts at intervals.
• Specific parasites: parasites which complete the life cycle in specific host only
4. Host
• A host is an organism on which the parasites lives.
Types are:
• Definitive host: a host in which the parasites lives
in the adult form.
• Intermediate host: a host in which the parasites
lives in the larval form.
• Paratenic host: a host in which the parasites lives
without undergoing any development
RHIZOPODA
Entamoeba histolytica
• MASTIGOPHORA
- Intestinal flagellates
• Giardia intestinalis
• Trichomonous hominis
- Genital flagellates
• Trichomonous vaginalis
- Haemo flagellates
• Trypanosoma gambiense
• Leishmania donovani
Human Pathogen
Protozoon Parasites Types
5. Explaining one of them Rhizopoda
LIFE CYCLE
Infection by Entamoeba histolytica occurs by ingestion of
mature cysts in the fecally contaminated water, food or hands.
These cytes are reached to the bowel of the human through
consumption and passed with stools.
When reaching the stomach the 4 nuclei in the stomach will
come out each of the nuclei is surrounds itself by a
bit of protoplasm and forms amoebula, which grows and is
known as trophozoite.
These trophozoits are actively motile and move towards the
ileosacral region and affecting the wall of intestine.
Then these are passed out through feces and the life cycle is
repeated.
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Habitat: The organism lives in the mucous
• and sub mucous layer of the large
• intestine.
CLINICAL FEATURES
It causes gastro intestinal infection known as
amoebiasis.
The symptoms are,
Dysentery, Bloody diarrheal, Mucous in stool, Weight
loss, Fatigue, Abdominal pain
• When the infection spreaded through the blood
means it can cause infection to the lungs, brain, spleen
and the liver
6. Lab Diagnosis
Macroscopic examination:
• Dark red stool mixed with blood and mucous
• Microscopic examination of the stool:
• Used to demonstrate trophozoites or cysts of the
organism
Culture:
• Fresh specimen can be cultured in locks egg
albumin medium, craigs medium and balamuths
medium
Serological tests:
• ELISA, LAT and indirect haemagglutination test
Treatment
- lodoquinol, paromomycin or diloxanide
furoate are the drug used incase of
asymptomatic infections.
- Metranidazole is the drug used in
symptomatic infections
Transmission
1-Through human excreta
2-Food handling by the infected individuals
3-Through cockroach and house flies
-Wash hands with soap and water
-Good sanitary practice
-Avoid sharing of the personal belonings
-Drink the boiled water only
Prevention
7. 1-Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library.
2-Stop neglecting fungi". Nature Microbiology. 2 (8): 17120. 25 July 2017.
3-Didier, E. S.; Stovall, M. E.; Green, L. C.; Brindley, P. J.; Sestak, K.; Didier, P. J. (9 December 2004).
4-McFall-Ngai, Margaret (January 2007). "Adaptive Immunity: Care for the community".
5-Koonin, E. V.; Senkevich, T. G.; Dolja, V. V. (2006). "The ancient Virus World and evolution of cells". Biology Direct
Bibliography
