This presentation focuses on Environment and Economic development

1. ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT

2. 1.Environment and
DevelopmentFocus Areas
1. History of Development
2. Natural Resources for Development
3. Prime movers of Development
4. Development paradigms
5. Success indicators of Development

3. 1. Environment and
Development
Learning Objectives
1. To Understand the Evolution of the Concept of
development and its difference from
Underdevelopment.
2. Identify different paradigms and practical of
development including smart growth
3. Understand the place of Environment in the
Success indicators of development

4. Environment and
Development

5. Environment
The surroundings or conditions in which a
person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
Source
: Oxford dictionariesDevelopment
A specified state of growth or advancement.
Source : Oxford dictionaries

6. Development is not purely an economic phenomenon but
rather a multi-dimensional process involving
reorganization and reorientation of entire economic and
social system.
Development is process of improving the quality of all
human lives with three equally important aspects.
These are:
•Raising peoples’ living levels.
•Creating conditions conducive to the growth of peoples’
self-esteem through the establishment of social, political
and economic systems and institutions which promote
human dignity and respect.

7. 1. History of Development
In its most general sense, development is a
process that has gone on throughout human history
as individuals and societies have attempted to
better themselves.
In Europe, concerted efforts to improve the
conditions of disadvantaged sectors in society
began in the 19th and early 20th centuries often
spearheaded by religious or socialist groups.

8. ‘Development' is a major government activity and
field of endeavor extending beyond national borders
emerged only after the SecondWorldWar, As a result
of the need to rebuild the war-torn countries in
Europe.
European, US, and international organizations
involved in reconstruction in Europe then turned their
attention to the problems faced by countries in
Africa, Asia, and Latin America as they began to gain
their independence and as people and governments
in former colonial countries recognized that they

9. After the Second world war, while announcing the
United Nations Organization (UNO),The North
AtlanticTreaty Organization (NATO) and Marshall
plan for the reconstruction of Europe, the then US
PresidentTruman made a “Fourth Point” in his speech
on January 20, 1949, which is the starting point of the
concept of development propagated by the industrial
western world nations and the UNO.
Point Four Program was the first US plan for
international economic development.

10. Economic development
As the viewed by development economists, will
amplify the impact of development on the
environment. Economic development is a growth
process that requires the systematic reallocation of
factors of production ( land, labor ,capital and
entrepreneurship) from a low productivity, traditional
technology and mostly primary sector to a high
productivity, Modern technology, increasing the
returns, and mostly industrial sector.
The resource reallocation process is constrained by
rigidities, which are both technological and

11. Fourth Point from the
perspective of development
nations

12. Indicators od
underdevelopment and its
impact on environmentSome economists argue that the follow up of the fourth point was not in the best
interest of the underdeveloped countries, but driven by the follo

13. Characteristics of Under-
developed and Developed
Countries and impact on
Environment by development
factor

14. Under-Developed Developed Impact on
Environment
Chronic mass poverty
Low per capita income
High per capita income Poverty leads to denudation of forest,
pollution of water, mining of more
resources.
Ignorance and prevalence of
communicable diseases, limited
access to education and good health
care
High functional literacy, Access to
social security measures
Ignorance leads to unsustainable use
of natural resources, polluting
waterbodies, Lack of education leads
to low skills and low income.
Administrative incompetence Better governance Poor implementation of
environmental laws and standards.
Failure to assure adequate material
comfort to most of the population
High standards of living for masses,
with high consumption rates
High carbon footprint by Developed
countries.

15. Under-Developed Developed Impact on
Environment
Misery-lag in comfort level Low misery to common man Accumulation of waste due to
increase in consumption.
Low ratio of capital per head High capital available Capital investment in
renewable energy, clean
technology is less in Under-
Developed countries.
Underinvestment in
instruments required for
production, Capital deficiency,
low gross investment.
More investments to enhance
efficiency and quality
Low investment in clean
energy, pollution abatement,
and environment impact
mitigation measures.
Technology backwardness Modern technology in all
spheres
Clean technology and high
energy efficiency in Developed
countries.

16. 2. Natural Resources for
DevelopmentNatural resources are the material and non material
aspect of nature that have a utility and value. The most
important natural resources are
Land and soil Landscape
Water resources Sunlight
Forests Biodiversity
Minerals Rains
Wind
Oceans
Fossil Fuels
Tides

17. Classification of Natural
Resources

18. Natural
Resources
Point
Resource
s vs Non
point
resources
Stock
Resourc
es Vs
Flow
Resourc
esUse value
Resource
s Vs Non
Use value
Resource
s
Renewabl
e
Resources
Vs Non
Renewabl
e
Resources

19. Natural
Resource
s
Material
Resourc
es vs
Non
Material
resource
s
Land
Resourc
es Vs
water
Resourc
es
Direct
use
Resource
s Vs Non
Indirect
Use
Resource
s
Current use
value
Resources
Vs
Intergenera
tion use
value
Resources

20. Point
Resources vs
Non point
resources
Renewable
Resources
Vs Non
Renewable
Resources
Use value
Resources Vs
Non Use
value
Resources
Stock
Resources Vs
Flow
Resources
Point Resources
Examples:
Oil and minerals
Non Point Resources
Examples:
Sunlight
Renewable Resources
Examples:
Biomass from forest
and water
Non Renewable
Resources
Examples:
Coal, Petroleum and
iron ore
Use value Resources
Examples:
Medicinal plants
Non Use value
Resources
Stock Resources
Examples:
Lakes, forests, and
minerals
Flow Resources
Examples:
Wind, River, Sunlight

21. Material
Resources vs
Non Material
resources
Land
Resources
Vs water
Resources
Direct use
value
Resources Vs
Non Indirect
Use value
Resources
Current use
value
Resources Vs
Intergeneratio
n use value
Resources
Material Resources
Examples:
Soil and plants
Non Point Resources
Examples:
Radiation
Direct Use value
Resources
Examples:
Medicinal plants
Indirect Use value
Resources
Examples:
Ecosystem Functions,

22. 3. Prime Movers of
Development
A prime mover is the initial agent that is the cause
of development. Since development occurs in
many sector at a varying pace, the prime movers
of each sector may be different.
Example:
Agricultural development has some prime movers
that different from those of industrial
development or tourism development.

23. Government is the prime mover of development in many countries
at some phrases. It provides infrastructures such as roads, ports,
airports, and railways for transportation of goods and money in the
form of government sponsored programs or projects, incentive,
rewards, Subsidies, and credit support that spurs and moves
development. Other prime movers of development with varying
dominance/role in different periods and development contexts are
as follows:
1) DevelopmentCaused by technological breakthrough, such as
invention of steam engine, Jet engine, computer, mobile telephony,
hybrid seeds and Internet
2) Development Cooperation (InternationalCooperation) and
establishment of multilateral agencies such as world bank, IMF
(International Monetary fund), UNDP( United Nations Development
program), FAO ( Food and Agriculture Organization), UNEP (United

24. 4. Development paradigms
Development paradigms are a defined modality or path to follow
based on a set of activities and a vision regarding the functioning
and evolution of the socio-Economic System.
Examples:
1. Political Economy 8.
Sustainable Human Development
2. The rise of development Economies 9. Sustainable
Development
3. Export orientation and structural Adjustments
4. Knowledge Economy
5. Governance Paradigms
6. Participatory development

25. 5. Success indicators of
DevelopmentThe Success indicators od Sustainable development are
listed.
1. Increase in population of a bird in an estuary
2. Reduction in encroachment into forests and the
resultant prevention of habitat destruction
3. Increase in farm productivity in forest buffer zones
4. No occurrence of uncontrolled wild fire
5. Reduction in use of Urea in Farms
6. Decrease in biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) in
river
7. Decrease in per capita wood consumption

26. 2. Cultural and Ideological
Construction of Nature/
EnvironmentFocus Areas
1. Nature and Civilization
2. Cultural Linkage with Nature
3. Ideology and Nature
4. Ecological Evolution
5. Sustainability Concepts

27. 2.Cultural and Ideological
Construction of Nature/
EnvironmentLearning Objectives
1. Understand the Concept of Nature and the
meaning attributed to this concept by
civilization
2. Identify the phrase of ecological revolution as
history of man nature relationship
3. Identify the dominant environment ethics
you subscribe, to initiate into the concept od
sustainable development

28. Cultural and Ideological
Construction of Nature/
Environment

29. 1. Nature and Civilization
“Civilization is our defense against nature”
-
Sigmund Freud
Nature refers to the wild, basic and uncontrolled
aspects of life and living in its interaction with
other living and non living aspects of the
environment.

30. Nature and Civilization in Conflict
A. Ecological effects of industrialization: air pollution
coal used in furnaces and steam engines, water
from sewage, wastes from iron, tanning, and textile
industries; soil deterioration from cotton and wool
production for textile industries; milldams that block
spawning of fish.
B. Factors bringing about contradiction between
and Civilization
1. Population
2. Market
3. Technology
4. Social Relations

31. 2. Cultural Linkage with Nature
“We won’t have a society if we destroy the
Environment”
-Margaret Mead
Cultural Linkage with nature can be understood
from the following two opposing views.
 Inclusive view of Nature where people view
themselves as a part of the nature
 Exclusive view of Nature where people view

32. 3. Ideology and Nature
•Biocentrism
•Anthropocentrism
•Eco centrism
•Techno centrism
•Eco fascism
•Environmentalism
•Ecofeminism
•Bioregionalism

33. 4. Ecological Evolution
4 Steps of Ecological Evolution
1. Settled Agriculture (Agricultural Revolution)
2. Colonial ecological revolution
3. Capitalist ecological Revolution
4. Environmental pollution and climate change

34. 5. Sustainability Concepts
Key Concepts in Sustainability
1. Three pillars: Economics, environmental, and
sociopolitical
2. Seven questions to sustainability, with
engagement at the center

35. Three Pillars of Sustainability (or “Triple
Bottom Line”)
Economic Sustainability
Environmental
Sociopolitical

36. Environment
Economic
Social
Sustainable
Developme
nt

37. Seven Questions to Sustainability

38. 3. Environment and Its
ComponentsFocus Areas
1. Ecology, Ecosystem and Habitats
2. Biotic and Abiotic Environment
3. Spheres
4. Cycling of materials in the Ecosystem
5. Stakeholders of Environment

39. 3. Environment and Its
Components
Learning Objectives
1. Understand the Concept of Nature and the
meaning attributed to this concept by
civilization
2. Identify the phrase of ecological revolution as
history of man nature relationship
3. Identify the dominant environment ethics
you subscribe, to initiate into the concept od

40. 3. Environment and Its
Components

41. 1. Ecology, Ecosystem and
Habitats
An Ecology is the study of the interrelationship of
organisms among themselves and with the physical
environment.
An Ecosystem is all the living things, from plants
and animals to microscopic organisms, that share
an environment. Everything in an ecosystem has
an important role. Well, almost everything.

42. 2. Biotic and Abiotic
Environment
Abiotic factors refer to non-living physical and
chemical elements in the ecosystem. Abiotic
resources are usually obtained from the
lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.
Examples of abiotic factors are water, air, soil,
sunlight, and minerals.
Biotic factors are living or once-living organisms
in the ecosystem. These are obtained from the
biosphere and are capable of reproduction.
Examples of biotic factors are animals, birds,

43. Abiotic Biotic
Introduction In ecology and biology, abiotic
components are non-living chemical and
physical factors in the environment which
affect ecosystems.
Biotic describes a living component of an
ecosystem; for example organisms, such
as plants and animals.
Examples
Water, light, wind, soil, humidity,
minerals, gases.
All living things — autotrophs and
heterotrophs — plants, animals,
fungi, bacteria.
Factors Affect the ability of organisms to survive,
reproduce; help determine types and
numbers of organisms able to exist in
environment; limiting factors restrict
growth.
Living things that directly or indirectly
affect organisms in environment;
organisms, interactions, waste;
parasitism, disease, predation.
Affects Individual of a species, population,
community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere.
Individual of a species, population,
community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere.

44. 3. Spheres

45. Solid Earth
A thin outer layer, the lithosphere, is
about 100 km thick. In comparison to the
whole earth, it is about as
thick as the skin on an apple.
A thick layer of solid rock, the mantle.
A central core.
Biosphere
The domain of life, from several
kilometers deep in the lithosphere to 10
km or so above the surface.
Hydrosphere
The zone of liquid water on the earth,
dominated by the oceans but also
including lakes and rivers and
liquid underground water.
Cryosphere
The zone of frozen water on the earth,
including the Antarctic and Greenland ice
caps, glaciers, and permanently frozen
ground (permafrost). The cryosphere is
often considered part of the
hydrosphere.

46. Atmosphere
Atmosphere is the gaseous envelop of the earth up to
outer space. The predominant gases in it are Nitrogen
oxygen.
Nitrogen 79 per cent
Oxygen 20.9 per cent
Carbon Dioxide 0.03 per cent
Water vapor 0.03 per cent
Ozone
Argon
Neon
Helium
Krypton
Methane

47. 4. Cycling of materials in the
Ecosystem

50. Sulfur Cycle

51. 5. Stakeholders of
Environment
Environment
Government
NGOs
Tourists
Mining
Companies
FishermanFarmers
Business
Firms
Naturalists
Agriculture

52. 4. Environment Degradation
and Pollution
Focus Areas
1. Population growth and Environment
Impact
2. Agricultural and Industrial Growth
3. Pollution and Pollution Control
4. Waste and Hazardous Wastes
5. Energy and Environment

53. Learning Objectives
1. Identify the types of environmental
degradation and their negative effects.
2. Understand the role of industries and
businesses in environmental degradation, so
that the importance of preventive strategies
become clear.
3. Appreciate the relevance of using electricity
and water efficiency and the different ways
of enhancing energy and water use efficiency
4. Understand different types of pollution and
4. Environment Degradation
and Pollution

54. Environment Degradation
and Pollution

55. 1. Population growth and
Environment Impact
•The rapid population growth and economic
development in country are degrading the
environment through the uncontrolled growth
of urbanization and industrialization,
expansion and intensification of agriculture,
and the destruction of natural habitats.

56. Inputs of Human population are
•ScarceWater
•Scarce Cropland
•Fisheries
•Vegetation and forests
•Clean Air
When population growth is coupled with excessive
consumption of resources, problem multiply.The need
is to balance the requirement of a growing population
with the necessity of conserving earth’s natural assets.

57. 2. Agricultural and
industrial Growth
Negative impact of agriculture on the
environment
1. Use of chemical fertilizers disrupting nutrient
cycles
2. Impact on habitats and biodiversity
3. Depleting groundwater resources
4. Pollution from use of chemical pesticides

58. NegativeimpactofIndustrialgrowthonthe
environment
.
1. It leads to the depletion of natural resources.
2. It leads to air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution.
3. Global warming, climatic changes are the major
consequences of industrialization.
4. It causes acid rain.
5. It leads to the degradation of land quality.
6. It leads to the generation of hazardous waste whose safe
disposal become a big problem.
7.These industries are responsible for the following adverse
diseases and ill effect like silicosis and pneumoconiosis,
tuberculosis, skin diseases and deafness

59. 3. Pollution and Pollution Control
The environmental consequences of rapid
industrialization have resulted in countless
incidents of land, air and water resources sites
being contaminated with toxic materials and other
pollutants, threatening humans and ecosystems
with serious health risks. More extensive and
intensive use of materials and energy has created
cumulative pressures on the quality of local,
regional and global ecosystems.

60. Types of Pollution
Air Pollution
Water pollution
Soil Pollution
Noise Pollution
Radiation Pollution
Odor Pollution
Thermal Pollution

61. Two specific concepts served as the basis for the
control approach:
• The assimilative capacity concept, which asserts the
existence of a specified level of emissions into the
environment which does not lead to unacceptable
environmental or human health effects
• The principle of control concept, which assumes that
environmental damage can be avoided by controlling
manner, time and rate at which pollutants enter the
environment
Under the pollution control approach, attempts to
the environment have especially relied on isolating
contaminants from the environment and using end-of-
filters and scrubbers. These solutions have tended to
on media-specific environmental quality objectives or
emission limits, and have been primarily directed at

62. 4. Waste and Hazardous Wastes
Wastes is a major category of environmental
pollutants that became a problem due to rapid
industrialization and urbanization.
Wastes are “ Toxic, Corrosive, pathological,
Ignitable, or reactive substance and thus cause
harm to humans and other life.”

63. Hazardous
Wastes
Simply defined, a hazardous
waste is a waste with properties
that make it dangerous or
capable of having a harmful
effect on human health or the
environment. Hazardous waste is
generated from many sources,
ranging from industrial
manufacturing process wastes to
batteries and may come in many
forms, including liquids, solids
gases, and sludges.

64. Methods of Waste Management
1. Thermal Treatment
Thermal waste treatment refers to the processes that
use heat to treat waste materials. Following are some of
the most commonly used thermal waste treatment
techniques:
•Incineration
is one of the most common waste treatments. This
approach involves the combustion of waste material in
the presence of oxygen. The combustion process converts
wastes into ash, flue, gas, water vapor, and carbon
dioxide. This thermal treatment method is commonly
used as a means of recovering energy for electricity or
heating. This approach has several advantages. It quickly

65. •Gasification and Pyrolysis
are two similar methods, both of which decompose organic
waste materials by exposing waste to low amounts of
and very high temperature. Pyrolysis uses absolutely no
oxygen while gasification allows a very low amount of
in the process. Gasification is more advantageous as it
the burning process recover energy without causing air
pollution.
•Open Burning
is a legacy thermal waste treatment that is environmentally
harmful. The incinerators used in such process have no
pollution control devices. They release substances such as
hexachlorobenzene, dioxins, carbon monoxide, particulate

66. 2. Dumps and Landfills
1. Sanitary landfills
2. Controlled dumps
3. BiologicalWasteTreatment
1. Composting
2. Anaerobic Digestion

67. 5. Energy and Environment

68. All forms of electricity generation have an
environmental impact on our air, water and land.
Producing and using electricity more efficiently
reduces both the amount of fuel needed to
generate electricity and the amount of
greenhouse gases and other air pollution emitted
as a result. Electricity from renewable resources
such as solar, geothermal, and wind generally
does not contribute to climate change or local air
pollution since no fuels are combusted.

69. Environmental impact related to
energy Generation and use
All energy conversion methods used to produce
electricity have some environmental impact. The
impact may have an active effect like the emission
of airborne pollutants, or may have a passive effect
like aesthetics or habitat modification. Even
methods considered environmentally friendly, like
wind, solar, and hydro, have some impact on the
environment. Not only does the final production of
electricity have an environmental impact. The
transmission of electricity with concerns over

70. The whole cycle of electricity generation must be
considered when looking at the environmental impact.
This includes the production and transportation of fuel
for the conversion process.This is especially true of
fossil fuel and nuclear power plants, which use large
quantities of fuel taken from the earth. Energy system
environmental impact consists of fuel recovery and
production, fuel transportation, electricity
transmission, and spent fuel emissions.

71. Coal Production
Coal is almost exclusively produced for electrical generation. Coal production is
often viewed as only a local environmental problem. Coal mining, particularly
surface mining, has both long-term and short-term effects on land, including
dust, noise, and water drainage/runoff. Preparation of coal produces both solid
and liquid waste of which must be treated and disposed. Transportation of coal
produces dust while coal storage produces dust to control and also results in
water runoff problems.
Oil Production
The fuel oil burned in power plants is a by product of the petroleum industry, so
electricity production is partially responsible for environmental issues
associated with oil and hydrocarbon burning. This fuel burning produces many
"greenhouse" gases. Other environmental impacts associated with oil
production include blowouts, spills, brine disposal, and the production of
hydrogen sulfide. Transportation of oil involves spill and leak hazards. Oil
refining includes environmental effects such as explosions, fires, air emissions,
noise, odor, and water runoff.

72. Natural Gas Production
During the natural gas production, possible environmental effects include
blowouts, leaks, hydrocarbon emissions, and trace metal emissions. The
treatment of natural gas involves air emissions and the disposal of liquid
residuals, while transportation and storage effects include spills and
explosions.
Uranium Production
Uranium mining involves concerns such as radioactive dust releases, mine
water seepage, protection of workers from radioactivity, and the disposal of a
large quantity of mine waste containing a low level of radioactivity. Uranium
treatment must dispose of mill tailings containing toxic metals and chemical
wastes used in the treatment process, as well as radiological waste. The
treatment of raw uranium also must deal with radioactive dust releases. The
enrichment of uranium ore must account for liquid and gaseous effluent
releases, and must recycle fission products. Transportation involves the hazard
of the accidental release of radioactive particles.

73. Environmental Effects of Electricity Production
Fossil fuel power plants generally have the most widespread effect on the
environment, as the combustion process produces airborne pollutants that
spread over a wide area. Nuclear power plants have the most potentially
dangerous effect. An operating accident at a nuclear station could allow a
large release of radioactive particles to occur. Solar, hydro, and wind power
plants generally have smaller effects on the environment.

74. Fossil Fuel Power Plants
Fossil fuel power plants produce environmental problems including land and
water use, air emissions, thermal releases, climatic and visual impacts from
cooling towers, solid waste disposal, ash disposal (for coal), and noise. Due to
the need for large amounts of steam, plants can have a great effect on water
use.
For example, a typical 500 MW coal fired power plant uses 25 x 109 l/GW-year
of water, which must be taken from a water source, and then cooled to return
to the water source with as little environmental effect as possible. The biggest
effect fossil fuel plants have overall is the emission of air pollutants,
particularly SOX, NOX , CO, CO2 , and hydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide, CO,
carbon dioxide, CO2, and the hydrocarbons are the "greenhouse gases,"
believed to be responsible for global warming. SOX and NOX produce acid
when released into the atmosphere, leading to the production of acid rain.

75. Nuclear Power Plants
Nuclear power plants have one environmental issue no other form of electrical power
plant does. An accident at a nuclear power plant may release large amounts of radioactive
particles, possibly resulting in a direct loss of life, and rendering a large land area
immediately around the plant unlivable.
Solar
The production of electricity from solar energy sources generally has a small effect on the
environment. There are no residuals produced in the energy conversion process. The only
exception is solar thermal processes, which have an operating fluid that must occasionally
be discharged. There are some environmental concerns, however. Bulk solar plants
generally require a large land area, and they produce a great deal of heat. An unknown
quantity in solar energy is the disposal of photovoltaic cells. The most promising solar cells
use gallium arsenide, a toxic substance.

76. Hydro
The use of hydropower to produce electricity can have both positive and negative effects
on the environment. At some sites, a dam may help with flood control, flow regulation,
or the reservoir may provide recreational opportunities. At other sites, the dam may
have adverse effects on the hydrological cycle, water quality of the stream, stream
ecology, fish migration, and cause the destruction of landscapes and ecosystems.
Building new high-head dams requires the displacement and compensation of
populations. Low-head dams generally have a benign effect on the environment. Dam
failures can lead to catastrophic floods.
Wind
Wind generators biggest environmental effects come from visual pollution, noise, and TV
interference. This is particularly true of wind farms, where 50 or more wind turbines may
be mounted at the same site. Wind farms situated on a migratory path may pose major
hazards to birds. There is also a safety hazard in case of blade breakage.

77. Energy Conservation and loss
reductionChoosing not to use energy conservation. Energy loss reduction also conserve energy.
Energy conservation is a method that reduces its uses, wastage and losses by all
possible means. The following are a few steps for loss reduction.
•Identify the theoretical minimum energy requirement of the home, institutions,
industry, city or state.
•Then identify the avoidable loses in generation, distribution, and end use.
•Quantify the losses at each point of losses and the total loss.
•Identify the causes of energy waste
•Identify the ways and means for reducing the losses and wastage of energy
•Technology upgradation need to be done.
•Capacity utilization of power generation, industries and building is desirable.
•Have energy norms in firms, Colleges

78. The Causes of energy wastage
may be following :
•Use of less- efficient motors
•Oversized/Undersized motors
•Improper supply Voltage
•Poor Power factor
•Less efficient driven equipment
•Idle running

79. 6. Alternate Sources of
Energy
Renewable Energy