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2. Planes of abdomen
There are four planes dividing the abdomen into nine regions
Some clinicians also used TRANSPYLORIC PLANE (midway between
superior manubrium and pubic symphysis) and INTERSPINOUS PLANE
to divide the 9 abdominal regions.
TRANSVERSE 2 Midclavicular plane
(9cm from midline to
mid inguinal point)
SAGGITAL Subcostal plane
(inferior border of 10th
costal cartilage)
Transtubercular plane
(passing through iliac
tubercle 5cm posterior to
ASIS at level of L5 vertebra
)

3. Abdominal areas
9 abdominal regions and 4 abdominal quadrants
there is plane called as TRANSUMILICAL PLANE at level of
intervertebral disc between L3 & L4 dividing the abdomen into
4 quadrants
9 abdominal regions 4 abdominal quadrants
1. Right hypochondrium
2. Right flank/lateral region
3. Right inguinal /groin
4. Epigastric
5. Umbilical
6. Pubic
7. Left hypochondrium
8. Left flank
9. Left inguinal
1. Right upper
2. Right lower
3. Left upper
4. Left lower

4. Contents of abdominal quardrants
Right upper Left upper Right lower Left lower
Liver (right lobe) Liver (left lobe ) cecum Sigmoid colon
Duodenum 1& 3 Spleen Appendix Descending colon
Stomach ;pylorus Stomach Most of ileum Ovary
Pancreas ;head Jejunum Ovary
Right (kidney ,
suprarenal gland ,
colic flexure )
Left (kidney,
suprarenal gland
,colic flexure )
Right(uterine tube ,
ureter , spermatic
cord)
Left(uterine tube ,
ureter, spermatic
cord)
Ascending colon
superior part
Descending colon
Superior part
Ascending colon
inferior part
Descending colon
inferior part
Transverse colon
right part
Transverse colon
left part
Proximal ileum

5. Anterolateral abdominal wall
 Boundaries
Superiorly: cartilage of 7 -10th ribs and xiphoid process
Inferiorly : inguinal ligament and anterolateral part of pelvic girdle
 fascia
superficial fatty fascia ( camper fascia )
Deep membranous fascia (scarp fascia )
Deep membranous fascia continue inferiorly in perineum as perineal fascia
(colle’s fascia )

6. Anterolateral abdominal wall
 MUSCLES
there are three flat and two vertical muscles of abdominal wall
 Internal oblique
 External oblique
 Transversus abdominus
 Rectus abdominus
 Pyramidalis

7. Peritoneum
 Glistening , slippery and transparent serous membrane l
invest the abdominopelvic viscera
 Two layers
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum

8. Peritoneum
 Visceral organs in relation to peritoneum
1. Intraperitoneal organs(organs covered by peritoneum e.g stomach and
spleen)
2. Retroperitoneal organs(partially covered by peritoneum e.g kidneys)
3. Sub peritoneal organs(covered by peritoneum superiorly e.g urinary
bladder )

9. Peritoneum
 Peritoneal cavity
Its is potential space of capillary thinness between visceral and parietal layers
Extend from abdominal cavity to pelvic cavity
It contain fluid called peritoneal fluid
 Mesentery
Double layer invaginations of peritoneum by organ and it is continuity of
parietal and visceral layers
Provides neurovascular pathway for organs
Attach intraperitoneal organs to posterior abdominal wall

10. Peritoneum
 Omentum
Double layered extension of peritoneum extend from stomach and proximal
part duodenum to adjacent organs
1. Greater omentum (four layered fold of peritoneum descending from
greater curvature of stomach and proximal part of duodenum to
transverse colon)
2. Lesser omentum (two layered fold of peritoneum extending from lesser
curvature of stomach and proximal part of duodenum to liver
Its also connect stomach to triad of structures run between
duodenum and free edge of lesser curvature.)

11. Peritoneum
 Peritoneal ligament
Ligaments connect liver
 Falciform
 Hepatogastric
 Hepatoduodenal
Hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments are extension of lesser
curvature
Ligaments connect stomach
 Gastrophrenic

12. Peritoneum
 Gastrosplenic
 Gastrocolic (part of apron of greater curvature)
Subdivisions of peritoneal cavity
 Lesser sac/omental bursa (posterior to stomach and lesser curvature)
 Greater sac (posterior to greater curvature)
 Transverse colon divide into
Supracolic compartment
Infracolic compartment
 Mesentery of small intestine divide into
Right and left paracolic gutters

13. Peritoneum
 Omental bursa
It lies post to stomach ,lesser omentum and adjacent structures
There is superior recess in omental bursa which is limited
superiorly by diaphragm and
post layer of coronary ligament of liver

14. Peritoneum
 Omental foramen /epiploic foramen
It is free communication between lesser and greater sac
BOUNDRIIES
 Anteriorly : hepatoduodenal ligament(contains hepatic portal vein ,hepatic
artery and bile duct )
 Posteriorly :IVC and muscular band of right crus of diaphragm
 Superiorly :liver covered with visceral peritoneum
 Inferiorly : 1st part of duodenum

15. Abdominal viscera
 It contain organs of alimentary tract and adjacent structures ( liver , spleen
,pancreas etc)
 Digestion occur in STOMACH AND DUODENUM
 Absorption occur in SMALL INTESTINE
 Absorption of water in ASCENDING COLON
 Feces formed in DESCENDING AND SIGMOID COLON
 Feces storage in RECTUM
Arterial supply : celiac trunk ,superior and inferior mesenteric artery
Venous supply :hepatic portal vein (superior mesenteric vein +splenic vein )

16. Abdominal viscera
 OESOPHAGUS
25 cm/10 inch long 2cm diameter
CONSTRICTIONS OF OESOPHAGUS
1. Cervical (15 cm incisor teeth by cricopharyngeus muscle )
2. Thoracic (22.5 cm incisor teeth to cross aortic arch and 27.5
cm incisor teeth by left main bronchus )
3. Diaphragmatic (40 cm incisor teeth by esophageal hiatus )

17. Abdominal viscera
 OESOPHAGUS
NEUROVASCULATURE
Arterial supply : left gastric A of celiac trunk + inferior phrenic A
Venous supply : submucosal veins to portal venous system
left gastric vein →→ azygos vein to systemic veins
Nerve supply :esophageal plexus (formed by anterior vagal trunk +thoracic
sympathetic trunk + greater splanchnic nerves )
Lymph : left gastric lymph nodes →→→ celiac lymph nodes )

18. Abdominal viscera
 STOMACH
BLOOD SUPPLY
Arterial
Lesser curvature (right and left gastric A )
Greater curvature ( right and left gastro- omental A)
Fundus and upper body (short and post gastric A
Venous
Right and left gastric veins hepatic portal vein

19. Abdominal viscera
 STOMACH
Short gastric and left gastro-omental vein splenic vein
Right gastro-omental vein superior mesenteric vein
Splenic vein + superior mesenteric vein =hepatic portal vein

20. Abdominal viscera
 DUODENUM
There are four parts of duodenum
It is 25cm /10inch
1. Superior part 5cm anterolateral to L1 vertebrae
2. Descending part (7-10cm) right side of L1 –L3 vertebrae
3. Inferior part (6-8cm) crosses the L3 vertebrae
4. Ascending part (5cm) left of L3 and rises superiorly to L2 vertebrae

21. Abdominal viscera
 Relations of duodenum

22. Abdominal viscera
 ARTERIES OF ABDOMINAL VISCERA

23. Abdominal viscera

24. Abdominal viscera
 CEALIC TRUNK AND BRANCHEs