2. Introduction
Sapiens: a brief history of mankind is a book written by “YUVAL NOAH
HARARI” first published
In Hebrew in Israel in 2011. The book surveys about the mankind and its
evolution form Stone Age to 21st century. It is a guide to becoming an expert
on the entire history of the human race as it reviews everything our species
has been through from ancient ancestors to our dominating place in the world
today. You’ll learn each element in our history, from language and money to
science that made us who we are. The genre of this book is
Non-fiction. Some books by the author are
HOMO DEUS: A BRIEF HISTORY OF TOMORROW
21 LESSONS FOR 21ST CENTURY
3. Summary
Harari surveys the history of humankind from the evolution of archaic human
species in the Stone Age up to the twenty-first century, focusing on Homo
Sapiens. He divides the history of Sapiens into four major parts:
The Cognitive Revolution (c. 70,000 BCE, when Sapiens evolved imagination).
The Agricultural Revolution (c. 10,000 BCE, the development of agriculture).
The unification of humankind (the gradual consolidation of human political
organizations towards one global empire).
The Scientific Revolution (c. 1500 CE, the emergence of objective science).
4. Harari's main argument is that Sapiens came to dominate the world because it is the only animal
that can cooperate flexibly in large numbers. He argues that prehistoric Sapiens were a key
cause of the extinction of other human species such as the Neanderthals, along with numerous
other megafauna. He further argues that the ability of Sapiens to cooperate in large numbers
arises from its unique capacity to believe in things existing purely in the imagination, such as
gods, nations, money, and human rights. He argues that these beliefs give rise to discrimination
– whether that be racial, sexual or political and it is potentially impossible to have a completely
unbiased society. Harari claims that all largescale human cooperation systems – including
religions, political structures, trade networks, and legal institutions – owe their emergence to
Sapiens' distinctive cognitive capacity for fiction.
5. Accordingly, Harari regards money as a system of mutual trust and sees political and economic
systems as more or less identical with religions.
During the agricultural Revolution, humans transformed from foragers into farmers, which led to
the exponential population growth. In order to facilitate trade in large communities, humans
invented money and writing
The emergence of empire and religion pushed humankind in the direction of global unification.
The scientific revolution modernized humanity, paving the way for new technologies,
imperialism and economic growth.
Humankind has never been more peaceful than in our global times. History is neither good nor
bad, and its twists and turn are largely irrelevant to our subjective happiness
In future, Homo sapiens will transcend biological limits, eventually replacing itself with an
entire new species.
6. Critics Review
First published in Hebrew in 2011 and then in English in 2014, the book was translated into 45
languages (as of June 2017). It also made to The New York Times best-seller list and won the
National Library of China's Wenjing Book Award for the best book published in 2014. Writing four
years after its English language publication, Alex Preston wrote in The Guardian that Sapiens had
become a "publishing phenomenon" with "wild success" symptomatic of a broader trend toward
"intelligent, challenging nonfiction, often books that are several years old". Concurrently, The
Guardian listed the book as among the ten "best brainy books of the decade". The Royal Society
of Biologists in the UK shortlisted the book in its 2015 Book Awards. Marcus Paul in
bethinking.org wrote that 'It is a brilliant, thought-provoking odyssey through human history with
its huge confident brush strokes painting enormous scenarios across time.' Bill Gates ranked
Sapiens among his ten favourite books.
7. Organisation
This book has been reviewed many people including public and many
anthropologist people gave their point of view on the book. The books
conclude all the information related to mankind and its evolutions many
anthropologists said their opinion on
the book which were negative. All over this book gives suitable information
about mankind and Homo Sapiens.