This ppt includes all the effects of human behavior on animals The aftermath of human activities on mother nature

1. How Human Noise
Can Influence
Animal Behavior
Presented By
-Hammad Wali
BS
Biotechnology
2nd Semester
(Evening)

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Noise Generating
Factors
02
Harmful impacts of
Noise
04
Introduction
01
How human noise
influence animal
behavior
03 05
Preventive measures

3. What is noise?
Noise is unwanted sound considered
unpleasant, It is indistinguishable
from desired sound, as both are
vibrations through mediums such as
water or air. The difference arises
when the brain receives and
perceives sound.

4. TYPES OF NOISE
Continuous noise
It is the noise that
produced continuously
without any interruption.
Impulsive noise
Venus has a beautiful
name, but it’s terribly hot
Intermittent noise
It is a noise level that
increases or decreases
rapidly
Low- Frequency noise
It’s make up part of
the fabric of our daily
soundscape.
01
02 04
03

5. HOW DOES SOUND EFFECT BEHAVIOR?
Noise pollution impacts the health and well being of wildlife. Loud noise cause the
Caterpillar’s hearts to beat faster and bluebird to have fewer chicks.
Animals use sound for variety of reasons:
• To navigate
• Find food
• Attract mates
• Avoid predators
• Convey warning
• Defend territories
Noise pollution makes it difficult for them to
accomplish these tasks, Which affect their ability
survive.

6. • ANIMAL BEHAVIOR INCLUDES ALL THE WAYS
ANIMALS INTERACT WITH OTHER ORGANISMS AND
THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT.
• BEHAVIOR CAN ALSO BE DEFINED AS A CHANGE IN
THE ACTIVITY OF AN ORGANISM IN RESPONSE TO
A STIMULUS
• SOME BEHAVIORS ARE INNATE, OR GENETICALLY
HARDWIRED, WHILE OTHERS ARE LEARNED, OR
DEVELOPED THROUGH EXPERIENCE. IN MANY
CASES, BEHAVIORS HAVE BOTH AN INNATE
COMPONENT AND A LEARNED COMPONENT.
• BEHAVIOR IS SHAPED BY NATURAL SELECTION.
MANY BEHAVIORS DIRECTLY INCREASE AN
ORGANISM'S FITNESS, THAT IS, THEY HELP IT
SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

7. Noise
Generating
Factors

8. Anthropogenic Noise Pollution
➔Anthropogenic: originating in human activity.
➔Noise pollution: Different sounds and noises that disrupt the activity and
balance of human and animal life.
“Noise pollution consists on an array of disruptive sounds “
● Common Sources of noise pollution
1. Road Traffic
2. Aircraft noise
3. Railway noise
4. Construction and industrial noise
5. Active sonar devices
6. Seismic surveys for Oil

9. Terrestrial Noise Pollution
Community Noise
●is non industrial noise
●example roadway noise,
construction, public work and
neighborhood noise
●This noise comes from restaurant,
cafeterias, from live or recorded music;
sport events including motor sports;
playgrounds; car parks; and domestic
animals such as barking dogs.
Occupational Noise
●is industrial noise pollution
●example rotors, electrical
machines, blasting, and
pneumatic equipment
●Generated in ship-building,
mining, railroad work, welding,
and construction

10. Air Noise Pollution
Aerodynamic noise— from the
airflow around the surfaces of the
aircraft, especially when flying low at
high speeds.
Sources:
• Airports
• Residential planes
• Military aircrafts

11. Marine Noise Pollution
Sources:
• Ships – produce acoustic “fog” by
producing low-frequency sound
between 10 Hz and 1 kHz
• Sonar Devices – disrupts
echolocation used by animals like
whales and dolphins
• Seismic Surveys – produce loud
blasts of sound within the ocean

12. Ships
➔Ships tend to produce low- frequency
sounds between 10 kilo hz to 1 kilo
hz
➔This constantly generates an acoustic
“fog” masking natural animal sounds.
➔This type of lower level noise can
cause chronic illnesses in marine life

13. Sonar
➔Sonar is a technique that uses sound
propagation to navigate, communicate
with or detect objects on or under the
surface of the water, such as other
vessels.
➔Naval Sonars produce one of the loudest
underwater sounds.
➔Sonar sounds can be as loud as 235
decibels, while the average underwater
sound goes up to only 120 decibels

14. Seismic Surveys
➔ Seismic testing involves blasting the
seafloor with high-powered air guns (a
kind of powerful horn) every 10 seconds
and measuring the echoes
➔The “source level” of most air gun
arrays can be 200 to 240 decibels
➔These blasts disturb, injure and kill
marine wildlife

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How Human
Noise Influencing
Animal Behavior?

16. 16
How noise Pollution?
Impacts of noise pollution on animals;
Noise pollution makes some animals more vulnerable to
predators , it can also have opposite effect.
Unpleasant sounds also cause negative behavior in animals.
Noise means stress and impairs the animals' immune
system which makes them more susceptible to illness in
general. Ocean noise pollution also causes
marine animals to flee and abandon valuable habitats,
either because of direct impact or because they have to
follow their fleeing prey.
High sound levels will interfere with their communication
and can induces fear, which can force species to abandon
their habitat. In loud places, studies have found that: High
intensity sound induces fear, forcing animals to abandon
their habitat.
16

17. 17
Insects
Insects are involve in pollination, soil aeration
and they create Biological Foundation.
1- Caterpillar ; Noise cause the collision of long tentacles.
Noise raise their heart beat and make them scared as they
feel obstacles in metamorphosis.
2- Honey Bee; They get bothered by the massive intensity of
noise( 300hz to 1kHz). Noise put these bees in shock.
3- Grasshopper; Noise are upsetting their matting system.
Face difficulties in sending signals.
4- Spider; They get fereeze when exposed to low frequency
of sounds. They also don’t tolerate the high
pitched vibration of a vacuum.

18. 18
Animals
Animals are our companions, our workers, our eyes
and ears, and our food. They appear in ancient cave
paintings, and on modern commercial farms. We
have domesticated some of them, while others
remain wild and are sometimes endangered by our
activities.
1- Elephants ; They use infrasonic sounds to communicate
but noise producing activities are leaving disrupting
elements.
2- Dogs; Just as in humans, loud noises can harm the
delicate structures of a dog's middle and inner ear. "Most
commonly, noise-induced hearing loss results
from damage to the hair cells in the cochlea that vibrate in
response to sound waves," Foss said.
3- Cats; just as in humans, all cats have some degree of
normal fear when they hear loud, sudden or strange noises.
It's part of our survival instinct. Some cats, however, are
especially sensitive to noise or display exaggerated
responses to certain sounds.

19. 19
Aquatic animals
Unwanted sound, or noise, can have a
large impact on the marine environment,
because noise can blanket a very large area,
potentially preventing fish or whales from hearing
their prey or predators, finding their way, or
connecting with mates, group members, or their
young.
1- Dolphins ; These noises not only disrupts communication,
they can cause temporary hearing loss and permanent
tissue damage in dolphins as well. Noise disrupts
communication between dolphins, hinders their navigation
patterns, and inhibits their ability to find food; ultimately
causing them to suffer from chronic stress.
2- Whales; Noise in the form of naval sonar or seismic
surveys can be deadly to cetaceans in at least some
cases. Whales have been found to die within hours, by
stranding or deaths at sea, from even a transient and
relatively brief exposure to moderate levels of mid-frequency
military sonar.
3- Fishes; Noise change the direction of their migration
route. It could also mask natural sounds that are important to
the fish, such as communication sounds from other fish,

20. 20
Birds
Researchers suggest that noise pollution
affects their behavior, their fitness, breeding and
growth, and often leads to chronic stress. ...
Scientists say that constant noise may form an
acoustic blanket muffling the audio cues birds rely
on to detect predators, competitors and their species.
1- A bird startled by a loud noise will usually take off
and can bang into a wall or other object,
which can definitely kill them
2-Hearing loss and rapid increase in heart rate are some of
the ill-effects of noise pollution on birds. High
intensity sound induces fear, which can force species to
abandon their habitat.
3-The researchers found that noise pollution also has a
huge impact on the natural migration of birds.
Many birds will avoid noise polluted areas during migration
which in turn, affects where they will establish their long-
term homes to raise their young.

21. Harmful
Impacts of
Noise
Pollution

22. Harmful Impacts of
Human Noise
● Noise can seriously damage the wildlife . There
are many ways in which noise can indirectly
have a heavy impact on the wildlife . Following
are some of them.
• Masking :It is the inability to hear important
environmental clues and animal signals.
• Physiological Impacts : Noise causes and
increase in heart rate and respiratory difficulties
while also at the same time gradually increasing
stress
• Behavioral Impacts : It results in different
behavioral patterns which could also result in
abandonment of territory and even loss of ability
to reproduce.

23. Harmful Impacts of Human Noise
• Ecological Impacts : It leads to migration of
birds which also disturbs the ecosystem.
• Annoyance : It creates annoyance to the
receptors due to sound level fluctuations. The
periodic sound due to its irregular occurrences
causes displeasure to hearing and causes
annoyance.
• Loss of Hearing : Long exposure to high sound
levels causes loss of hearing. This is mostly
unnoticed but has an adverse impact on
hearing function.
• Causes Stress/Fear : The Chimes of vehicle
horns strikes fear in animals and wards them
off having an detrimental effect on them.

24. Impacts on Animals
• Nervous System : Noise pollution damages the
nervous system of animal. Animal looses the
control of its mind. becoming dangerous.
• Increases Mortality : increasing risk of mortality
by changing the delicate balance in
predator/prey detection and avoidance, and by
interfering with their use of sounds in
communication especially in relation to
reproduction and in navigation.
• Lombard Vocal Response :Noise also makes
species communicate louder, which is called
Lombard vocal response. Scientists and
researchers have conducted experiments that
show whales' song length is longer when
submarine-detectors are on.

25. Impacts on Animals
Beached Whale
● One of the best known damage caused
by noise pollution is the death of certain
species of beached whales, brought on
by the loud sound of military sonar.
European Robins
● European Robins living in urban
environments are more likely to sing at
night in places with high levels of noise
pollution during the day, suggesting that
they sing at night because it is quieter,
and their message can propagate through
the environment more clearly.

26. Impacts on Health
Problems of Noise Pollution Noise pollution makes men more irritable. The effect of noise
pollution is multifaceted & inter related. The effects of Noise Pollution on Human Being,
Animal and property are as follows
● FATIGUE PUPIL DILATION : Noise Pollution causes dilation of the pupil of the eye
because of Noise Pollution, people cannot concentrate on their work. Thus they have
to give their more time for completing the work and they feel tiring.
● Aggressive Behavior Digestive problems : Noise above 80 dB may increase
aggressive behavior. Annoyance is defined as a feeling of displeasure associated with
any agent or condition believed by an individual to adversely affect him or her. It also
causes digestive spasms and stomach disorders
● HEARING IMPAIRMENT : Levels greater than 165 dB, even for a few milliseconds,
are likely to cause acute cochlear damage. There is also general agreement that
exposure for more than 8 hours to sound levels in excess of 85 dB is potentially
hazardous

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PREVENTIVE
MEASUREMENTS

28. NOISE MANAGEMENT
“Noise Management” is to maintain low noise exposures in order to assure that
the health and well-being of humans as well as animals is protected.
Noise can be tackled through :
Reduction at
source
opt for
alternative
quieter
methods
Prevention or
reduction of
propagation

29. ● These steps must be taken in order to effectively and efficiently control noise
pollution.
● . Identify the sound sources
● . Identify the path of the noise from the source
. Determine the sound level of each source
. Determine the relative contribution to the excessive noise of each source
and drank the source accordingly
● . To obtain significant noise attenuation the dominant source should be
controlled first
● Know the acceptable exposure limits identified in the health and safety
legislation and quantify the necessary sound reduction
● Identify solutions by taking into consideration the degree of sound
attenuation, operation and productivity restraints and cost

31. NOISE
MITIGATION
" Noise Mitigation" is a set of strategies
adapted in order to reduce exposure to
noise and noise pollution.
● The exposure to noise can be
reduced by;
● eliminating the source of noise
● substituting the source with a
quieter one
● applying engineering modifications
● using administrative controls
● trying to prevent propagation

33. ELIMINATION
● Elimination is a process that eradicates the
noise source it is the most effective way to
prevent risk
● It should always be considered
when designing new work equipment on
machinery
● It includes avoiding the use of noisy
machinery , outsourcing the noisy work
process
● Preferring natural means of
transportation, communication ,navigation
and life as a whole over the hazardous
artificial ways of life
● Elimination is the control of noise at its
source

34. SUBSTITUTION
● Substitution is a process of
replacing noisy machinery or
equipment with quieter
alternatives
● when elimination is not
possible substitution of the
noisy machinery or equipment
for quieter ones may be the
next best alternative to
protect living organisms from
exposure to noise

35. ENGINEERING CONTOLS
● engineering controls are all about making changes to
processes, machinery or equipment so that the
environment is exposed to less noise
● for example using screens barriers enclosures and
absorbent materials
● enclosure of noisy machinery with sound absorbing
material
● avoiding metal to metal contact by using plastic
bumpers
● using absorbent lining on surface is to cushion the fall or
impact of objects
● fitting sound absorbing materials to hard reflective
surfaces
● using conveyor belts rather than rollers
● using acoustical silencers in intake and exhaust systems
● maintaining optimal speed of machinery or its particular
components

36. ● can you please sing lose rotating parts worn bearings and gears
● undertaking regular maintenance on equipment
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
● Administrative controls are the way work is organized to reduce either the
number of organisms who are exposed or the length of time they are
exposed to noise
● Administrative controls should be used when it is not possible to reduce
noise exposure through elimination ,substitution or engineering noise
control measures
● Increasing the distance between noise sources and the habitat of living
organisms
● Providing sufficient information instructions and training to the workers for
the proper use of work equipment and the knowledge of the place where
the equipment should be used

37. ● Each and every person that works
with noise producing equipment
machinery gadgets and vehicles should be
aware of harmless decibel standard as
well as the harmful impact of high levels
of noise on living organisms specially
animals

38. LEGISLATION
• In Pakistan unfortunately there is
no legislation to deal with noise
emanating from railway engines,
aircraft ,airport ,industrial or
constructional activities activities
• The absence of national standards
for noise is one of the biggest
hurdles in the way to protect our
environment and biodiversity

39. • Even though the rapid spread of human development
an associated anthropogenic noise have impacts on
wildlife and biodiversity, it is not always logistically,
politically or economically feasible to eliminate or even
minimize noise
• The realistic and more common policy approach
should be to set noise standards in the hope of
limiting the level of noise that development produces
• the production of noise can then be reduced
structurally or operationally to meet these standards
• regulations necessarily balance the economic and
environmental tradeoffs involved in allowing
development to proceed and as a general route the
more information that can be brought to bear on this
balancing process the better
• The first priority in the development of noise
standards should be the protection of biodiversity an
environment
CONCLUSION