Schedule I-V Drugs and Their Abuse Potential

Glenn Duncan LPC, LCADC, CCS, ACS
Executive Director
Hunterdon Drug Awareness Program, Inc.
Presentation Last Updated 14-May-18

 Except where control is required by United States obligations under an
international treaty, convention, or protocol, in effect on October 27, 1970.
The findings required for each of the schedules are as follows:
 https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/2108cfrt.htm
 Schedule I
◦ (A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
◦ (B) The drug or other substance has no currently accepted medical use in
treatment in the United States.
◦ (C) There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance
under medical supervision.

 Schedule II
◦ (A) The drug or other substance has a high potential for abuse.
◦ (B) The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in
treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with
severe restrictions.
◦ (C) Abuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe
psychological or physical dependence.
 Schedule III
◦ (A) The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less than the
drugs or other substances in schedules I and II.
◦ (C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low
physical dependence or high psychological dependence.

 Schedule IV
◦ (A) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs
or other substances in schedule III.
◦ (C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence
or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule
III.
 Schedule V
◦ (A) The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse relative to the drugs
or other substances in schedule IV.
◦ (C) Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence
or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in schedule
IV.

 Opium natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic opiates – What Schedule?
◦ Depends: Heroin, Desomorphine (infamous due to “Krokodil”), some fentanyl
derivatives and analogues - (Schedule I),
◦ ‘Dilaudid, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycontin, Percoset, Roxycontin, Methadone and
recently Hydrocodone (Vicodin) - (Schedule II)
◦ Codeine (not more than 90mg), Buprenorphine (Suboxone) - (Schedule III),
◦ Lowest dosages of codeine (not more than 200 milligrams per 100 milliliters of cough
suppressant) - (Schedule V)
 Cocaine – What Schedule? Amphetamines and Methamphetamines – Schedule?
◦ Cocaine - (Schedule II)
◦ Amphetamines and Methamphetamines (Schedule II)
 Anabolic Steroids and Ketamine – What Schedule?
◦ Anabolic Steroids - (Schedule IIIN) – Stands for Non-narcotic
◦ Ketamine (Schedule IIIN) Non-narcotic?

 Marijuana – What Schedule?
◦ Marihuana (as the government likes to call it) - (Schedule I) The government does not
recognize medical marijuana.
 Hallucinogens – What Schedule?
◦ Depends: Most hallucinogens (LSD [Lysergic Acid Diethylamide], Psilocybin, Peyote,
Bromo DragonFly, etc.) – (Schedule I), Lysergic Acid (precursor to LSD but technically
not an hallucinogen) and Dronabinol (Marinol – Medical Marijuana) – (Schedule III).
 Benzodiazepines – What Schedule?
◦ Schedule IV Drugs: alprazolam (Xanax®), carisoprodol (Soma®), clonazepam
(Klonopin®), clorazepate (Tranxene®), diazepam (Valium®), lorazepam (Ativan®),
midazolam (Versed®), temazepam (Restoril®), and triazolam (Halcion®).

 Opium was first restricted in San Francisco California in 1875 when it
became associated with Chinese immigrant workers and opium dens.
 This was followed by other laws throughout the country, and federal laws
which barred Chinese people from trafficking in opium.
 Though the laws affected the use and distribution of opium by Chinese
immigrants, no action was taken against the producers of such products as
laudanum (and other “elixirs”), an extract of opium and alcohol, commonly
taken as a panacea by white Americans.
 The Harrison Tax Act in 1914 proceeded to first tax and “track” the use of
both opiates and cocaine.
 Due to this Act, it became legal precedent that any prescription for a narcotic
given by a physician or pharmacist – even in the course of medical treatment
for addiction - constituted conspiracy to violate the Harrison Act, and thus
the temporary criminalization of any opiates, even for medical reasons.

 Due to this Act, it became legal precedent that any prescription for a narcotic
given by a physician or pharmacist – even in the course of medical treatment
for addiction - constituted conspiracy to violate the Harrison Act, and thus
the temporary criminalization of any opiates, even for medical reasons.
 Heroin was first synthesized in London 1873. It was independently
synthesized 23 years later by a Bayer. From 1898 – 1910 Bayer marketed
Heroin as a non-addictive morphine substitute and cough suppressant.
 Bayer marketed the drug as a cure for morphine addiction before it was
discovered that it rapidly metabolizes into morphine.
 As such, diacetylmorphine (heroin) is essentially a quicker
acting form of morphine. The company was embarrassed
by the new finding, which became a historic blunder for Bayer.

 Makers of narcotic painkillers downplayed the risk of addiction and devised slick
promotional campaigns for the drugs. Of this, the pain medication OxyContin was
one of the most dramatic examples.
 Shortly after Purdue Pharma introduced OxyContin, an oxycodone opioid, in 1996,
the company sent thousands of physicians and pharmacists on all-expenses-paid
junkets to resorts across the southwestern United States to learn about the drug.
 Purdue bolstered its sales force and compiled databases of doctors who were likely
to prescribe OxyContin. Its sales representatives received millions in bonuses for
persuading doctors to write scripts.
 The company argued that, because of its time-release formula, the drug was far
less addictive than Percocet or Vicodin.
 The distribution to health care professionals of branded promotional items
such as OxyContin fishing hats, stuffed plush toys, and music compact discs
... was unprecedented.

 Prescription Opiates – Prescriptions for Opiates is the number one prescription in
the United States, with cholesterol lowering drugs being 2nd
.
 Accidental drug overdoses is the 2nd
leading cause of accidental deaths, only
overshadowed by car accidents.
 Prescriptions for opiates have increased by 1000% since the late 1990s.
 In the 1970’s Heroin had a purity level that hovered around 6%, and today,
depending on the location, that purity level averages in NJ around 60%, with up to
74%. This has allowed for a significant increase in non intravenous drug use of
heroin. Prescription opiates account for the other aspect of significantly increased
Non-IV opiate drug use.
 Starting in the mid 2000’s, in NJ, for the very first time, people coming into
treatment (statistics are from licensed treatment facilities around the state of NJ),
opiates surpassed alcohol as the primary drug reported upon admission to
treatment.

 The latest numbers from the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention show
that overdoses involving opioids represented 73 percent of all overdose deaths
in 2015. That’s a significant jump from 57 percent in 2010.
 Opioids include heroin as well as drugs with a similar chemical structure, such
as oxycodone and illicit synthetics like fentanyl.
 One in four drug overdoses in 2015 was related to heroin. In 1999, just 6
percent of all overdoses were related to the drug.
 In 2010, there were 38,329 overdose-related deaths (overall for all drug
categories), and by 2015, that number had climbed to 52,404. By comparison,
in 2015, there were 36,252 total firearm-related deaths across the country.

 The data for 2016 (the latest data from the CDC) shows drug overdose deaths rose for
the 17th straight year, and most of them were accidents involving addictive painkillers
despite growing attention to risks from these medicines.
 In 2015, the CDC reported, there were 33,091 opioid overdose deaths nation wide
(31,271 opioid overdose deaths nationwide in 2014). Medicines, mostly
prescription drugs, were involved in nearly approximately 34 percent of
overdose deaths in 2014. In 2010 Opioid related deaths was 22,114.
 Overall Overdose Deaths in the US:
◦ 2016 – 64,026
◦ 2015 – 52,623
◦ 2014 – 47,055
◦ 2013 – 43,982
◦ 2012 – 41,502
◦ 2011 – 41,340
◦ 2010 – 38,329


 2014 Overall Overdose Deaths in the US:
◦ 2014 – 47,055
 2014 Breakdown
 Heroin 10,863 23.1%
 Cocaine 5,856 12.4%
 Oxycodone 5,417 11.5%
 Alprazolam 4,217 9.0%
 Fentanyl 4,200 8.9%
 Morphine 4,022 8.5%
 Methamphetamine 3,728 7.9%
 Methadone 3,495 7.4%
 Hydrocodone 3,274 7.0%
 Diazepam 1,729 3.7%
 Other 254 0.6%
 Opiates 31,271 66.4%
 Stimulants 9,584 20.3%
 Benzodiazepines 5,946 12.7%

 2010 to 2014 biggest change categories
 2014 Heroin (rank 1) 10,863 23.1%
 2010 Heroin (rank 5) 3,020 7.9%
 2014 Fentanyl (rank 5) 4,200 8.9%
 2010 Fentanyl (rank 8) 1,645 4.3%
 2014 Methamphetamine (rank 7) 3,728 7.9%
 2010 Methamphetamine (rank 10) 1,388 3.6%
 2014 Cocaine (rank 2) 5,856 12.4%
 2010 Cocaine (rank 3) 4,312 11.2%
 Opiates 31,271 66.4%
 Stimulants 9,584 20.3%
 Benzodiazepines 5,946 12.7%

 Alfentanil
 Buprenorphine
 Butorphanol
 Codeine
 Dihydrocodeine
 Fentanyl
 Hydrocodone Alone or inCombination (Excluding Combination Products with
Acetaminophen, Acetylsalicylic Acid or Ibuprofen)
 Hydromorphone
 Levorphanol
 Meperidine
 Methadone
 Morphine
 Nalbuphine
 Other or Unknown Narcotics
 Oxycodone Alone or in Combination (Excluding Combination Products with Acetaminophen
or Acetylsalicylic Acid)
 Oxymorphone
 Pentazocine
 Propoxyphene
 Sufentanil
 Tapentadol
 Tramadol
47,558 toxic
exposures in
2016 (Jan 1 –
Sep 30, 2017)
From
78,200 – 2011
To
67,443 - 2016

 The legal amount of Vicodin or Percoset that can be prescribed is the following: 120 pills
per month or a monthly dosage. Dosages of Percoset and Vicodin are in 5/325; 7.5/325;
and 10/325 (Oxycodone or Hydrocodone/Acetometaphin).
 Recently a doctor was found prescribing 100 10mg Percoset every 12 days for
somebody’s pain, or 300 pills every 36 days (or 250 pills per 30 day month).
 When asked, why so much, they stated the person’s pain warranted this, as they had
developed a physical tolerance to the medication.
 When asked why not switch to a more potent version of the drug (Oxycontin, which starts
at 10mg tablets) that does not need 300 pills dispensed per month, the reply was the
client is on Medicaid, and Medicaid only pays for Vicodin/Percoset.
 In 2017, NJ passed a law that for first time prescriptions, doctors are only
allowed to dispense 5 days worth of opiates (15 to 20 pills depending on
the doctor). Once those are used up, a patient can pick up a prescription
for a larger amount, (up to 95 - 100) with no additional copay for that month
according to the law.

 Pills, not prescribed usually sell for between $0.50 to $1 per mg., thus a a 30mg
pill can cost $30.
 The average bag of heroin can cost between $4 - $10 per bag, with a typical
cost of purchasing 10 bags costing $70. A rough translation is 1 bag of heroin is
approximately similar to a 30mg pill, though some users will report a bag of
heroin being stronger than a 30mg pill
 The national average for heroin purity is a little above 31 percent, according to
the Monmouth County prosecutor's office.
 The average purity level in New England is about 15 percent.
 But in New Jersey, the average purity is anywhere from 40 to 48 percent. Purity
rates vary, the purity of street samples can be as high as 95 percent according
to the Monmouth County prosecutor’s office. Others put the average purity in
the NJ in the 50-65 percent range.

 2017 (Jan – Jun) Heroin/Op 21,050 of 41,353 clients admitted: 50.9%
 2016 Heroin & Other Opiates 38,465 of 76,732 clients admitted: 50.1%
Jan – Jun 2017 (IV Drug Users) 13,986 66.4%
2016 (IV Drug Users) 25,373 65.9%
2015 (IV Drug Users) 20,843 64.1%
2014 (IV Drug Users) 17,874 62.3%
2013 (IV Drug Users) 20,679 61.6%
2012 (IV Drug Users) 19,783 58.7%
2011 (IV Drug Users) 17,804 56.9%
2010 (IV Drug Users) 16,449 56.1%

 Fentanyl is a potent, synthetic opioid analgesic with a rapid onset and short duration of action.
Fentanyl is approximately 80 to 100 times more potent than morphine and roughly 20 – 50
times more potent than heroin.
 It is a strong agonist at the μ-opioid receptors. Historically, it has been used to treat
breakthrough pain and is commonly used in pre-procedures as a pain reliever as well.
 Fentanyl was first synthesized by Paul Janssen under the label of his relatively newly formed
Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1959.
 In the 1960s, fentanyl was introduced as an intravenous anesthetic under the trade name of
Sublimaze.
 In the mid-1990s, Janssen Pharmaceutica developed and introduced into clinical trials the
Duragesic patch, which is a formation of an inert alcohol gel infused with select fentanyl doses,
which are worn to provide constant administration of the opioid over a period of 48 to 72 hours.
After a set of successful clinical trials, Duragesic fentanyl patches were introduced into the
medical practice.

 Fentanyl is sometimes sold on the black market in the form of transdermal fentanyl
patches. The patches may be cut up and eaten, or the gel from inside the patch smoked.
 Another dosage form of fentanyl that has appeared on the streets is the Actiq fentanyl
lollipops, which have been sold under the street name of "percopop". The pharmacy retail
price ranges from US$15 to US$50 per unit (based on strength of lozenge), with the black
market cost anywhere from US$20 to US$80 per unit, depending on the strength.
 Non-medical use of fentanyl by individuals without opiate tolerance can be very dangerous
and has resulted in numerous deaths.
 Even those with opiate tolerances are at high risk for overdoses. Once the fentanyl is in the
user's system, it is extremely difficult to stop its course because of the nature of absorption.
Illicitly synthesized fentanyl powder has also appeared on the United States market.
Because of the extremely high strength of pure fentanyl powder, it is very difficult to dilute
appropriately, and often the resulting mixture may be far too strong and, therefore, very
dangerous.

 Some heroin dealers mix fentanyl powder with heroin to increase potency or compensate
for low-quality heroin.
 The "China White" form of fentanyl refers to any of a number of clandestinely produced
analogues, including 3-methylfentanyl and α-methylfentanyl,which today are classified as
Schedule I drugs in the United States.
 Another fentanyl analog is acetylfentanyl, a novel, injected analog.
 Studies have estimated acetylfentanyl is between five to fifteen times more potent than
heroin.
 Overdoses on Acetyl Fentanyl have been reported to look exceedingly similar to those of
heroin and may not be detected unless using gas chromatography.
 Additionally, while naloxone (Narcan) is effective in treating Acetyl Fentanyl overdose,
naloxone kits will need to meet higher dosage requirements when fentanyl is present.

 Rising fentanyl use reflects the drug’s potency and low production costs.
 Even with declining prices:
◦ heroin costs about $65,000 per kilogram wholesale
◦ fentanyl is available at roughly $3,500 per kilogram wholesale.
 Drug dealers thus face strong incentives to mix fentanyl with heroin and other
street drugs.
 The drug appears to significantly reduce market prices of illicit opioids (and some
other substances), while dramatically increasing risk.
 Producing precise fentanyl doses also requires specialized equipment and
knowledge. Street-drug suppliers who are unwilling or unable to provide precise
dosing create especially acute overdose risks.

 2012 – 2015 NJ Opiate Drug Overdose Data for Heroin/Morphine and Fentanyl
 Year Total Overdose Deaths Heroin/Morphine Fentanyl
2012 1,223 596 42
2013 1,294 749 46
2014 1,253 776 142
2015 1,454 961 417
Source: NJ Attorney General's Office and CDC

 W-18 was invented in the laboratory in the 1980’s and is believed to be 10,000x more
potent than heroin and 100x more potent than Fentanyl.
 It’s potency caused scientists to abandon it, and it was lost until recently being either
rediscovered or recreated in China.
 It has been seen in Canada and reportedly in Florida.
 It’s potency cannot be scientifically verified, or denied, due to lack of evidence and testing,
but that should change should it be seen more.

 To a large degree, U-47700 has flown relatively under the radar compared to synthetic
opioids like fentanyl and carfentanil. It is nearly 8 times as strong as Morphine.
 According to the Utah Statewide Information & Analysis Center, foreign suppliers have
made the drug available for sale online for as little as $40 a gram.
 Florida now stands with Georgia, Ohio, Wyoming and a few other states in approving U-
47700 bans. DEA listed U-47700 Schedule 1 in November, 2016.
 "Because substances like U-47700 are often manufactured in illicit labs overseas, the
identity, purity, and quantity are unknown, creating a 'Russian Roulette' scenario for any
user," the DEA said in a statement.

 A single flake of pure Carfentanil can tranquilize a 2,000-pound elephant.
 The drug is 100 times more potent than fentanyl and 10,000 times more potent than
morphine. It can float through the air or be absorbed by touch and has been found in some
mixes of grey death.
 "If you think Carfentanil is scary, there are actually compounds in the literature that are
more potent,” according to a Georgia chemist, "A lethal dose is not even visible to the eye.“
 Investigators have found a variety of opioids in grey death samples: designer drug U-
47700, heroin, fentanyl and fentanyl-like molecules. Because each drug is present in such
low concentrations, some of them may not show up on tests.

 Purple drank is a slang term for a recreational drug popular, originating in Houston, Texas.
 Its main ingredient is prescription-strength cough syrup containing codeine and
promethazine.
 Cough syrup is typically mixed with ingredients such as Sprite.
 The purplish hue of purple drank comes from dyes in the cough syrup, or by adding a colored
jolly rancher to the mixture.
 There are numerous slang terms for purple drank, including sizzurp, lean, syrup, drank,
barre, purple jelly, Texas tea, and Tsikuni.
 There has been some reports of adding alcohol to the mix, but most “how to” pages on the
internet state specifically to avoid this unless you are looking to potentially overdose.

 The ease of obtaining the substance and how its done by individual addicts (there are professional
teams of people who doctor shop in states like Florida and then ship the supplies up through the
northeast quadrant):
1. Step 1: Have DOCUMENTED bad knees/other parts of your body; age also helps (the older the
better, it’s harder for a 20yo to prove sustained pain).
2. Step 2: Find out what is maximum legal amount prescribed as a 1 month dosage. In NJ and FL
it is 120 pills or a months supply as deemed by the doctor. If a doctor deems you need 400 pills
per month, they have the legal capacity to prescribe as much.
3. Step 3: Go to a doctor who’s gives out medication like a PEZ dispenser
4. Step 4: Shop around, they don’t doctor shop per say (though many do), as that is illegal.
However, what a good addict will do is to do their research, either first hand by going to different
pain management practices, or researching on the internet. The object is to find the doctor who
is willing to give you the most pills per month, and the highest dosage of those pills per month.
E.g., there is a local doctor in the greater Hunterdon County area who is the “go
to guy”, come in with the right MRI, X-Ray, etc., and correct income level [either
low or high] and you could end up with 300 pills every 36 days.

(a.k.a. “Bath Salts” and “Flakka”)

Schematic highlighting the major families and subfamilies of research chemicals, and some of their most
prominent members.

Catha edulis (khat) is a flowering plant native to the Horn of
Africa
and the Arabian Peninsula. Among communities from these
areas, khat chewing has a history as a social custom dating back
thousands of years.

 Synthetic cathinones are related to the parent compound cathinone.
 Cathinone is chemically similar to ephedrine, cathine, methcathinone and other
amphetamines.
 Synthetic Cathinones are stronger versions of the compound found in fresh Khat (i.e.,
Cathinone. When Khat degrades into a dried leaf, a cathinone turns into a lesser
potent compound called cathine).
 Cathinone can be extracted from Catha edulis, or synthesized from α-
bromopropiophenone (which is easily made from propiophenone).
 Synthetic cathinones such as mephedrone and MDPV, were first synthesised in
the 1920s.
 They remained obscure until the first decade of the 21st century, when they
were rediscovered by underground chemists and began to be used in designer
drugs, as the compounds were legal in many jurisdictions.

 The term ‘bath salts’ refer to commercially available products that have as part of their
composition a legal stimulant (synthetic cathinone) called 3, 4-
Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, or MDPV.
 Currently illegal in New Jersey and illegal nationally (3 synthetic cathinones [MDPV,
Mephedrone and Methylone] were placed on temporary emergency ban October 21,
2011 by the DEA). They are sold mostly on the internet, but can also be found in select
shops locally. They're known by a variety of names, including “Red Dove,” “Blue Silk,”
“Zoom,” “Bloom,” “Cloud Nine,” “Ocean Snow,” “Lunar Wave,” “Vanilla Sky,” “Ivory
Wave,” “White Lightning,” “Scarface” “Purple Wave,” “Blizzard,” “Star Dust,” “Lovey,
Dovey,” “Snow Leopard,” “Aura,” and “Hurricane Charlie.” While they have become
popular under the guise of selling as ‘bath salts’, they are sometimes sold as other
products such as insect repellant, or plant food with names like “Bonsai Grow” among
others.
 Much like the marketing of Synthetic Cannabinoids (Spice/K2) as incense, MDPV has
been market as “bath salts” and just like Spice/K2 MDPV is specifically labeled “not for
human consumption.”

 Cosmic Blast, marketed as a jewelry cleaner, is a stimulant/hallucinogen that is being
marketed in the same way bath salts were. Drug sellers don’t seem to care about US drug
law in that samples of Cosmic Blast that have been tested in toxicology laboratories have
been known to contain. MDPV.
 It can also contain Naphyrone (which became popular in the UK after their ban of
Mephedrone recently).
 Naphyrone also known as O-2482 and naphthylpyrovalerone, is a drug derived from
pyrovalerone that acts as a triple reuptake inhibitor, producing stimulant effects and has
been reported as a novel designer drug. No safety or toxicity data is available on the drug).
 Anecdotal reports of Naphyrone are it can stay in your body for long periods and since it is
a reuptake inhibitor of Serotonin, which is implicated in body heat regulation, body
temperatures can soar upwards of 107-108 degrees.

 Pentedrone, also known as 2-(methylamino)-1-phenylpentan-1-one or α-methylamino-
valerophenone, is a designer drug with presumably stimulant effects, which has been found
since 2010 as an ingredient in a number of "bath salt" mixes sold as legal highs.
 Alpha-PVP - α-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone (alpha-Pyrrolidinovalerophenone,α-PVP, O-
2387,alpha-PVP) is a stimulant compound developed in the 1960s and related to
pyrovalerone. The mechanism of action is unknown for α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone. α-PVP
is believed to act similarly to the designer drug MDPV, which acts as a norepinephrine-
dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI), although no substantial research on this compound has
been conducted.
 3,4-DMMC - 3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone is a stimulant drug first reported in 2010 as a designer drug
analogue of mephedrone, apparently produced in response to the banning of mephedrone, following its
widespread abuse in many countries in Europe and around the world.

 Just when you thought “bath salts” were a thing of the past, they are re-packaged and
brought back to the drug using community. This time with the name “FLAKKA”.
 The high is produced by a synthetically derived compound alpha-PVP, which is produced from
cathinone.
 The first cathinone users chewed the leaves of a khat plant, grown in parts of the Middle East and
Somalia in order to achieve a euphoric high.
 The name flakka, Hall says, comes from the Hispanic colloquial word that translates into a “beautiful,
elegant woman who charms all she meets.”
 The word flaca in Spanish also translates to “skinny woman.”
 Current reports in the newspaper state Flakka has been confirmed in Ohio, Texas and Florida.
However, alpha-PVP has been around for some time.
 CAUTION: IS FLAKKA A REAL DANGER OR MEDIA HYPE?
The jury is out whether or not this is a real trend or a media
stoked phenomena.

 Pentylone, a cathinone derivative shown to have psychostimulant effects,
was recently identified as a component of the designer drug mixture,
NRG.1
N-ethyl pentylone is a substituted cathinone structurally similar to
pentylone. Its physiological and toxicological actions have not been
characterized. This compound is for the forensic analysis of samples that
may contain this compound.
 Can cause drastic increase in body temperature and potential for overdose
is high.

 MDPV was developed in the 1960s, and has been used for the treatment of chronic fatigue, but
caused problems of abuse and dependence.
 1969: Boehringer Ingelheim files a patent application for MDPV.
 2005: MDPV appears as a recreational drug; first mention on Drugs-Forum.
 2007: First seizure of MDPV as a recreational drug, by customs officials in the German state of
Saxony. The drug had been shipped from China.
 2008: First seizure of MDPV in the United States.
 2009: MDPV made illegal in Denmark.
 2010: MDPV made a controlled drug in the UK, Sweden, Germany, Australia and Finland. First
reports of the widespread retail marketing of 'bath salts' containing MDPV in the US. The US
considers both Mephedrone (July, 2010) and MDPV (December, 2010) "a drug and chemical of
concern".
 2011: MDPV sale and possession are banned in 31 US States, with legislation being
introduced in many other states.

 MDPV is a powerful stimulant that functions as a dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake
inhibitor (NDRI). It has stimulatory effects on the central nervous system and
cardiovascular system.
1. physical: rapid heartbeat, increase in blood pressure, vasoconstriction,
sweating.
2. mental: euphoria, increases in alertness & awareness, increased wakefulness
and arousal, anxiety, agitation, perception of a diminished requirement for food
and sleep.
 MDPV reportedly has four times the potency of Ritalin and Concerta.
 MDPV is sometimes labeled online as legal cocaine or legal amphetamines.
 The effects have a duration of roughly 3 to 4 hours, with after effects such as
tachycardia, hypertension, and mild stimulation lasting from 6 to 8 hours. High doses
have been observed to cause intense, prolonged panic attacks in stimulant-intolerant
users, and there are anecdotal reports of psychosis from sleep withdrawal and
addiction at higher doses or more frequent dosing intervals.

 Aggression
 Agitation
 Breathing difficulty
 Bruxism (grinding
teeth)
 Confusion
 Dizziness
 Extreme anxiety
sometimes
progressing to violent
behavior
 Fits and delusions
 Hallucinations
 Headache
 Hypertension (high
blood pressure)
 Increased
alertness/awareness
 Increased body
temperature, chills,
sweating
 Insomnia
 Kidney pain
 Lack of appetite
 Liver failure
 Loss of bowel control
 Muscle spasms
 Muscle tenseness
 Vasoconstriction
(narrowing of the blood
vessels)
 Nausea, stomach cramps,
and digestive problems
 Nosebleeds
 Psychotic delusions
 Pupil dilation
 Renal failure
 Rhabdomyolysis (release
of muscle fiber contents
[myoglobin] that could lead
to kidney problems)
 Severe paranoia
 Suicidal thoughts
 Tachycardia (rapid
heartbeat)
 Tinnitus

 Yes. Until a drug is tested, it cannot be considered safe. MDPV and its ‘chemical cousins’
have not been tested by the FDA and thus little is known as to the harm potential. Some
anecdotal stories involving ‘bath salt’ usage and their potential for harm come in news
stories from across the nation, local emergency room reports and data collected from the
American Association of Poison Control Center.
 In New Jersey, on March 16, 2011 a young man reportedly addicted to Bath Salts and also
suffering from Bipolar Disorder, killed his girlfriend at his home. This tragic death of a
Rutgers University student prompted three NJ legislatures to introduce a bill to ban the
active ingredients in these “bath salts”.
 There have been reports that clients are reporting chest pains, increased blood pressure,
increased heart rate, agitation, hallucinations, extreme paranoia, and delusions and suicidal
thoughts. One online report from Louisiana has attempted to correlate 3 deaths with prior
usage of MDPV. Many of the anecdotal reports are saying these compounds found in “bath
salts” can quickly cause people to crave re-use of the substance, and are strongly addicting.

 New research (December 14, 2011) by scientists at the National Institute on Drug
Abuse (NIDA) indicates that the active compounds in "bath salts" (mephedrone
and methylone) bind to monoamine transporters on the surface of some neurons.
 This in turn leads to an increase in the brain chemical serotonin, and to a lesser
extent, dopamine, suggesting a mechanism that could underlie the addictive
potential of these compounds.
 “Our data demonstrate that designer methcathinone analogs are substrates for
monoamine transporters, with a profile of transmitter-releasing activity
comparable to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or 'ecstasy').”
 “Given the widespread use of mephedrone and methylone, determining the
consequences of repeated drug exposure warrants further study.”

304
6137
2691
995
582 522
139
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Jan - Dec
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016

DMEC
Methedrone
Ethedrone
3-MOMC
2-FMC
2-FEC
3-FMC
3-FEC
3-CMC
3-BMC
Flephedrone
4-FEC
Brephedrone
FMMC
2,5-DMOMC
bk-MDA
2,3-MDMC
Methylone
Ethylone
BMDP
bk-IMP
4-Fluorobuphedrone
4-Bromobuphedrone
4-MeMABP
4-Me-NEB
4-Methoxybuphedrone
Butylone
Eutylone
BMDB
bk-DMBDB
5-Methylmethylone
5-Methylethylone
2-Methylbutylone
5-Methylbutylone
Pentylone
MMP
MEP
bk-Methiopropamine
α-Phthalimidopropiophenone
α-PPP
α-PBP
3-MPBP
EPBP
MOPBP
O-2384
α-PVP (O-2387)
Chuck Schumer on July 9, 2012 stated the following on his website: “President’s Signature
Hammers Final Nail in Coffin for Legal Bath Salts” …. Oh really? I guess these don’t exist:
New Title!
Schumer’s Legislation puts 2
nails in a coffin in need of at
least 81 more nails!

 Redwood Toxicology Laboratory shows currently they have detection for MDPV and Mephedrone.
They do not have detection for α-PPP, MPPP or MDPPP in urine drug screens. The cost for the 2
panel is $40 ($30 if you do enough volume and have your entire drug screen business with Redwood
Lab.), and $55 ($40) for the 14 panel test. There is reportedly a 48-72 hour detection window,
depending on dosing.
 Redwood has a 2 panel drug test (MDPV, Mephedrone) and a 14 panel drug test which tests for the
following drugs:
1. BZP (Benzylpiperazine)
2. Butylone (β-keto-N-methylbenzodioxolylpropylamine, bk-MBDB)
3. Cathinone (Khat or Benzoylethanamine)
4. Ethylone (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylcathinone, MDEC, bk-MDEA)
5. MBDB (Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine, Methyl-J, “Eden”)
6. mCPP (meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine)
7. MDA (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine, tenamfetamine)
8. MDEA (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine, MDEA, MDE, “Eve”)
9. MDPV (Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, Cloud 9, Ivory Wave, White Lightning)
10. MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy, “E”, “X”)
11. Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone [4-MMC], 4-methylephedrone, “Meph”, “MCat”)
12. Methcathinone (α-methylamino-propiophenone, may be confused with mephedrone)
13. Methylone (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone, bk-MDMA, MDMC, “M1”)
14. TFMPP (3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine, “Legal X”)

 On April 29th
, 2011 MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone and 3 other synthetic cathinones were
banned in New Jersey.
 This ban in New Jersey was caused by very swift action by the legislature and Division of
Consumer Affairs. On March 16, 2011, it was announced Assembly Deputy Speaker John
McKeon (D-Essex), Assemblywoman Linda Stender (D-Union), and state Senator John
Girgenti (D-Passaic) sponsored the legislation introduced into the Assembly and Senate,
that led to the ban on MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone and the 3 other synthetic stimulants 6
weeks later. The 6 banned substances are:
1. 3,4 – Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)
2. 4 – Methylmethcathinone (Mephedrone, 4-MMC)
3. 3,4 – Methylenedioxymethcathinone (Methylone, MDMC)
4. 4 – Methoxymethcathinone (Methedrone, bk-PMMA, PMMC)
5. 4 – Fluoromethcathinone (Flephedrone, 4-FMC)
6. 3 – Fluoromethcathinone (3-FMC)

The Anecdotal “Evidence” …
 May 3, 2011. CHARLESTON, W.Va. – An Alum Creek man has been arrested after neighbors
allegedly found him standing over the dead body of a boy’s stolen pet pygmy goat while wearing
women's underwear. This was our trendsetter http://bit.ly/mr2xny.
 May and June, 2012 – A veritable outbreak of Zombie type behaviors with people the media reported
that were supposedly on bath salts (mostly in Florida … fill in your own thoughts on this):
1. Florida Man (Rudy Eugene) Eats 75% of Another Man’s Face
2. NJ Man Flings His Own Intestines at Police Who Try to Arrest Him
3. Man on Bath Salts Bites a Chunk of Person’s Face in Domestic Dispute
4. Man on Bath Salts Threatens to Eat Police Who Try to Arrest Him
 Of course the most infamous of these is link #1, where the mother actually talked to the press to
announce that her now deceased son (they had to kill him as when the police tried to stop him from
eating the other man he merely growled at them) “was no zombie” and his former girlfriend stated he
was either drugged or possessed. Rudy Eugene was on marijuana only, not bath salts. He was also
found to have no human flesh in his stomach. However, the lab only tested for 6 chemicals, and as
we have seen there are more than 6 chemicals being used/labeled as “bath salts”.
 It doesn’t help that Center for Disease Control has
a permanent internet website dedicated to how to best handle a Zombie Apocalypse.

More recent rash of bizarre and deadly bath salts incidents
 June 18, 2012. Houston, Texas - A man was found in the middle of a
busy street
shouting incoherently at oncoming traffic that swerved to miss him.
Police finally got him out of the traffic when he “displayed signs of
excited delirium” before he stopped breathing. He was pronounced
dead at the hospital and had bath salts on him.
 June 14, 2012. Miami, Florida - A
naked woman punched and choked her 3 year old son before the son was
. She then grabbed her dog and did the same before the police came
and tasered. She died from cardiac arrest as a result of the tasering
(and likely drugs).

 June 15, 2012. Robinson, Illinois - A
naked man grabs onto random car hood while naked and surfs car hood fo
. The driver calls 911 and drives 4 miles to meet police who then
arrested the man, who had vials purportedly containing bath salts on
him. The driver was given a special commendation for delivering the
perp in under 30 minutes.
 October 3, 2012. Tempe Arizona – A man was arrested
after being found naked while making out with the steering wheel of a U-Ha
. Investigators say when officers arrived on the scene, John Hurtado,
aged 20, was still inside the U-Haul truck, kissing the steering wheel.
Hurtado was reportedly rambling and acting irrationally. He was
apprehended and placed inside a squad car, where he began kissing
the cage. The U-Haul Truck has since filed a restraining order and
entered into counseling as it witnessed Hurtago cheating on it with the
police cruiser.

Emerging Drugs of Abuse
Synthetic Cannabinoids – Spice/K2
Emerging Trends
Marijuana Concentrates – Hash Oil

 Marijuana was legal until the 1930s when it became associated with
Mexican immigrants.
 Before the 1930’s state by state passed marijuana legislation, which was
due to the tensions developed by the influx of Mexican’s into these states
following, and during, the revolution in Mexico in 1910. Many immigrant
Mexican’s brought with them marijuana.
 When Montana outlawed marijuana in 1927, the Butte Montana Standard
reported a legislator’s comment: “When some beet field peon takes a few
traces of this stuff… he thinks he has just been elected president of
Mexico, so he starts out to execute all his political enemies.” In Texas, a
senator said on the floor of the Senate: “All Mexicans are crazy, and this
stuff [marijuana] is what makes them crazy.”
 Eastern states are also said to be influence by Jazz musicians use, thus
associating African Americans to a lesser extent with prohibition of pot.

 In 2016 NJ lawmakers ventured out to Colorado to see the impact legalized
marijuana has had on the state’s economy, government and public safety.
 In 2017 Seven out of the 10 legislators who went out to Colorado finally
wandered back.
 They all [eventually] returned, all impressed, and the 2nd
most influential
State legislator, Senate President Stephen Sweeny (D-Gloucester) said he
could see being a “game-changer” for job creation in NJ.

1. Introduce a new bill that borrows from Colorado’s best ideas and learn
from its mistakes.
 There are bills brewing in the legislature. There is a lot of talk about how
there is not enough support in the legislature for recreational marijuana to
be enacted by the end of 2018.
2. Enlist more public support
 A 2015 Rutgers-Eagleton Institute poll showed 58% support for
recreational marijuana among NJ residents polled.
 A 2018 Monmouth University poll showed 60% support for recreational
marijuana among NJ residents polled.

3. Recruit support from the top leaders in the legislature.
 There is not 100% support, and there appears to be democrats not
convinced about recreational marijuana.
4. Elect a new governor.
 Check
5. Hope that the Trump Administration does not interfere.
 President Obama didn’t interfere, but Jeffrey Sessions has stated he will
enforce Federal laws. Trump campaigned stating it’s a state’s decision.

5. Hope that the Trump Administration does not interfere.
 Jeffrey Sessions has stated he will enforce Federal laws. He also made
the following comment in 1986: “I thought those guys [the KKK] were OK
until I learned they smoked pot.”
 During his confirmation hearing he made the following 2 statements:
“disrupting states' legal marijuana markets by enforcing federal marijuana laws
could create an undue strain on federal resources.” and he said he "won't
commit to never enforcing federal law."
 Trump campaigned stating it’s a state’s decision.
 There are bills pending in Congress to reschedule marijuana. For any bill
to get out of committee it needs votes of all committee members.
Taken from NJ.com 10/24/16 http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2016/10/what_it_will_take_for_nj_to_legalize_recreational.html
And from NJ.com 05/16/18 http://www.nj.com/marijuana/2018/04/will_legal_weed_boost_njs_economy_heres_what_new_j.html

1. In Colorado Teen marijuana use is unchanged.
 One Federal survey show Colorado teen use is #1 in the nation, but this trend
was in place before legalization. Another study, with a much larger sample size,
shows Colorado in the middle of the pack compared to other states.
2. Marijuana arrest are way down but racial disparities remain.
 Disparities between marijuana arrest rates between black and white Colorado
citizens remain (mainly underage possession).
3. Marijuana use has had little impact on traffic fatalities.
 Opponents of legalization state that while overall fatalities are little changed,
drivers are more likely to be positive for marijuana.
Taken from the Washington Post 10/13/16
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/10/13/heres-how-legal-pot-changed-colorado-and-washington/?utm_term=.15b33fff16a4

4. Tax revenues have gone up but account for a small percentage of the
overall budgets of each state.
 In 2015 Colorado made 129 million dollars.
 In 2015 Washington made 220 million dollars.
5. Other effects
 Rates of marijuana poisoning amongst small children increased post
legalization.
 Rates of marijuana poisoning amongst adults increased post legalization.
 Of the 54 increased emergency room visits in 2016, 5, or 10%, were from
NJ Senators.
Taken from the Washington Post 10/13/16
https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/10/13/heres-how-legal-pot-changed-colorado-and-washington/?utm_term=.15b33fff16a4

5. Other effects
 846 Overdose deaths in Colorado in 2013
 942 Overdoes deaths in Colorado in 2016
 Beginning in 2014, recreational sales of marijuana were finally legal in
the (Mile) High State.
 969 Overdose deaths in Washington State in 2013
 979 Overdose deaths in Washington State in 2014
 1,094 Overdose deaths in Washington State in 2015
 1,102 Overdose deaths in Washington State in 2016
 Beginning in July 2014, recreational sales of marijuana were finally legal in
Washington State
 https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data-visualization/drug-poisoning-mortality/index.htm

 2016 - A federal court in New Mexico added to the growing body of U.S. case
law holding that employers are under no duty to accommodate medical
marijuana use by employees or job applicants, even when state law allows it.
 The U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico dismissed a lawsuit from a
newly hired employee who was fired for failing a drug test for marijuana, even
though he used marijuana medicinally in accordance with state law.
 The decision follows similar cases in California, Colorado, Michigan, Oregon and
Washington.
 Judge William P. Johnson said the case turned on “whether New Mexico’s
Compassionate Use Act combined with the New Mexico Human Rights Act
provides a cause of action,” while “ever-present in the background of this case is
whether the [Federal] Controlled Substances Act pre-empts New Mexico state
law.”

 Marijuana’s THC content was approximately 0.5% - 6% in the 1980’s
 Marijuana’s THC content is approximately 12% - 23% today, averaging about
15-17%.
 Hash oil (Butane Hash Oil or Butane Honey Oil) is 60 - 90% THC content.

 Marijuana wax, also known as ear wax is derived from BHO.
 Wax is created by whipping hash oil during the purging process. It is
sometimes referred to as earwax, due to its similar consistency. Wax
is easier to handle than oil, and the % of THC between the two are
similar.

 Shatter is a refined version of BHO, which typically involves multiple
steps to extract all the plant matter and solvents.
 These steps usually involve a pressure vacuum.
 Shatter is semi-transparent, usually with a yellow or amber color. It is
usually a thin cake, which ‘shatters’ when you break a piece off, hence
the name.
 Shatter is very potent, and can be upwards of 90% THC.

 Wax is to marijuana as freebasing is to cocaine or heroin and what the
shake-and-bake method is to meth.
 In other words, very dangerous.
 When using butane to make wax, its vapors can fill a room and ignite
with the smallest of sparks, just like gas.

 The terms Spice and K2 refer to commercially available products that
have been sprayed with research chemicals called synthetic
cannabinoids but do not contain any cannabis (marijuana) components.
 Currently illegal in New Jersey (and there is an emergency national ban
on 5 synthetic cannabinoids), they are sold in local markets throughout
the U.S. including gas stations, liquor stores, convenient stores, smoke
shops, or on the Internet under the brand names "K2," "Spice," “Chronic
Spice," "Spice Gold," "Spice Silver," "Stinger," "Yucatan Fire," "Skunk,"
“Pulse," "Black Mamba," “Mystery," "Red X Dawn," "Zohai," "Mr. Nice
Guy," “Spicylicious," “K3," “K3 Legal," “Earthquake," or "Genie." This
listing of names only covers some of the brand names, where more
brand names crop up very often.

 Synthetic cannabinoids are a structurally diverse class of mostly
synthetic substances that bind to cannabinoid receptors in our body,
and when ingested create a similar type of high that naturally occurring
cannabinoids (marijuana) produce.
 More than 250 different synthetic cannabinoids have been created
(mostly created in laboratories for research purposes).
 The psychoactive compounds found in Generation 1 of Spice and K2
include the synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-250, CP
47,497 and/or CP 47,497 C8. Other synthetic cannabinoids include
JWH-019, JWH-081, JWH-200, HU-210, CP 55,940 (we have a more
comprehensive listing later in this presentation).

 The cannabinoid-like chemicals were developed in research laboratories,
for example, to study neuronal receptors found in the body and brain.
 One of these synthetic cannabinoids, JWH-018, was
first made in 1995 for experimental purposes in the
lab of Clemson University researcher
John W. Huffman, PhD.
 It is believed that the manufacturers of "Spice" read the research (circa
2004) and copied it in order to reproduce Dr. Huffman's chemicals to
produce the synthetic cannabinoid and market it for commercial distribution.

 The cannabinoid-like chemicals were developed in research
laboratories to study neuronal receptors found in the body and
brain, or for other research purposes.
 The five nationally banned synthetic cannabinoids are JWH-018,
JWH-073, JWH-200, CP 47,497 and cannabicyclohexanol (CP
47,497 C8, a homologue of CP 47,497).
 CP 47,497 was developed in 1980 by Pfizer and has analgesic
properties. Cannabicyclohexanol (CP 47,497 C8) was developed by
Pfizer in 1979.

 HU-210 and HU-211 were first synthesized in 1988 at Hebrew
University in Israel, and they have anti-inflammatory and anesthetic
properties, respectively.
 While HU-210 is anywhere from 100 to 800 times more potent than
natural THC, and is a potent analgesic, HU-211 does not act on the
cannabinoid receptor and does not produce cannabis type effects when
ingested, though it is commonly listed as a synthetic cannabinoid.
 HU-210 is currently classified nationally as a schedule 1 controlled
substance, though state by state it may be legal.

 The brand "Spice" was released in 2004, and in 2006 the brand gained
popularity, particularly throughout Europe. The company that started
Spice went from assets of 65,000 Euros in 2006 to 899,000 Euros in
2007.
 Spice was the dominant brand until 2008 when competing brands hit
the market (such as K2).
 In 2009 Spice products were identified in 21 countries. Spice, K2 and
other products peaked in popularity in 2008 in Europe, with many
European countries banning it at that time.
 In 2009, Spice, K2 and others gained their popularity in Canada and
the United States.

 Since the psychoactive ingredients are similar to those of naturally grown
marijuana, the effects are similar.
 Synthetic cannabinoids are listed as the same class of drug as marijuana; a
hallucinogen.
 The effects of smoking JWH-018 has a variable duration. Some sites we have
viewed report the high lasts probably an average of 10-30 minutes, while
anecdotal reports from users of K2 report effects lasting for 1-2 hours.
 Synthetic cannabinoids have tested at least 5 - 45 times more potent than some
of the strongest marijuana (with HU-210 again being 100-800 times more potent
than naturally occurring THC).
 A neurophysiology theory on the better potency of synthetic cannabinoids over
natural marijuana is that the synthetic cannabinoids bind better and longer to the
CB1 and CB2 receptors than does natural THC.

 JWH-018
 JWH-019
 JWH-073
 JWH-081
 JWH-122
 JWH-133 (non-psychoactive)
 JWH-200
 JWH-201
 JWH-203
 JWH-210
 JWH-250
 JWH-251
 JWH-398
 RCS-4
 RCS-8
 WIN 48,098
 WIN 55,212-2
 WIN 55,212-3
 MAM-2201
 UR-144
 XLR-11
 AM-630
 AM-679
 AM-694
 AM-1221
 AM-1241
 AM-2201
 CB-25
 CB-52
 CP 47,497
 CP 47,497 C8
 CP 55,940
 HU-210
 HU-211
 HU-308
 HU-331
 JWH-007
 JWH-015

 AM prefaced compounds are fluorinated and named for Northeastern
University professor Alexandros Makriyannis.
 CP compounds were developed in the late 1970’s, early 1980’s by
Pfizer.
 HU compounds are named after Hebrew University where these
compounds were first created and investigated.
 As stated earlier, JWH products were named after John W. Huffman
from Clemson University.
 RCS compounds appear to have their origins of development in a single
lab in mainland China.
 WIN compounds were developed by Sterling Winthrop.

The AM class:
 This class contains hyperpotent cannabinoids based on CB1 binding affinity, with a
fluorine on the end of the pentyl chain in an apparent attempt to increase duration of
effect. AM-2201 has been frequently reported.
The RCS class:
 With a chemical structure reminiscent of JWH-081, this synthetic cannabinoid has
similar potency and effects to JWH-250, all allegedly without legal issues or the
known JWH ‘anxiety issues’. RCS-4 has been frequently reported.
And Yes, The JWH class:
 In June and July of 2011, there have been anecdotal internet reports that JWH-122
has been identified in Generation 2 of synthetic cannabinoids.

 Recently one supplier of herbal products is even giving out a product analysis
report allegedly showing that their product contains none of the banned
substances.
 Theorycrafting about what is in the next general of K2/Spice leans towards the
RCS class. Click this link to see the product analysis report the herbal substance
provider gave to their local outlets.
 There were 7 JWH class drugs represented in the analysis (015, 018, 019, 073,
081, 200, and 250). There were also 3 CP class drugs represented (47,497,
47,497 C8, 55,940); 4 HU class drugs represented (210, 211, 308, 331); 2 WIN
(48,098, 55,212-2); and 1 AM class represented in this analysis report (694).
 Conspicuously absent from this report were the RCS and CB classes. However,
there is much more internet chatter regarding RCS class of synthetic cannabinoids
than there is about the CB class (e.g., there is no CB class Wikipedia page, but
there are rudimentary RCS class Wikipedia pages).

 Just to make the other two slides outdated, the front line people (chemists in labs
trying to stay ahead of the curve and keep their drug testing relevant) have
informed that they are seeing new trends.
 Yes they still see AM-2201, JWH and RCS-4 in products. Sherri Kacinko, a
toxicologist for NMS Labs, states the following: “AM-2201, JWH and RCS-4 are
"old news" around here. we are seeing a decrease in positivity in our biological
specimens (though plenty are still positive) and a bigger decrease in the solid
dosage products. The new biggies seem to be UR-144 and XLR-11.”
 Another person also reflected this sentiment and added that MAM-2201 is being
found in recent (June, 2012) samples. So what are these new chemicals?
 According to Ms. Kacinko: “MAM-2201 is AM-2201 with a methyl group on the
ring. XLR-11 is the UR-144 (click this link to see info on UR-144) with a Fluorine
at the terminus of the side change (like AM-2201 is JWH-018 with a fluorine).”

 AMB-FUBINACA (also known as FUB-AMB and MMB-FUBINACA) is
an indazole (this is a bicyclic compound that consists of the fusion
of benzene and pyrazole) -based synthetic cannabinoid that is a
potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer
drug.
 It was originally developed by Pfizer which described the compound in a
patent in 2009, but was later abandoned and never tested on humans.

 On July 12, 2016 there was a "mass casualty event" in Brooklyn, New York where 33
people ranging in age from 25 to 59 years old were adversely affected by the drug. 18
were hospitalized. All of the victims were described by by-standers as “zombielike” and
the cause was attributed to use of AMB-FUBINACA as the demethylated metabolite
was found in the blood and urine of eight of the hospitalized patients that had been sent
for testing by the DEA.
 Screening for the more usual drugs of abuse was negative in all 8 patients. AMB-
FUBINACA itself was found in a sample from the product smoked by another patient.
The metabolite was identified after 10 days and the AMB-FUBINACA was only
confirmed 17 days after the incident.
 Up to 20 deaths in New Zealand have also been attributed to AMB-FUBINACA during
2017, with tested products containing between 32mg/g and 400mg/g of the active
ingredient, between 2x to 25x stronger than the product involved in the mass casualty
event in New York a year earlier.

 Yes. Until a drug is tested, it cannot be considered safe. Not only
have synthetic cannabinoids not been tested, nearly all were
created for experimental use in animals and cell cultures, not tested
for use in humans.
 JWH-018 inventor John W. Huffman, PhD, puts it bluntly: "It is like
Russian roulette to use these drugs. We don't know a darn thing
about them for real."
 These synthetic cannabinoids have been associated with impaired
driving incidents, attempted suicides, and emergency department
visits, and have been linked to such adverse effects as increased
anxiety, panic attacks, heart palpitations, respiratory complications,
aggression, mood swings, altered perception, and paranoia.

 On November 24, 2010, the Federal Government took action to ban JWH-018,
JWH-073, JWH-200, CP 47,497 and cannabicyclohexanol (CP 47,497 C8, which is
a homologue of CP 47,497).
 The emergency ban was proposed to be in place for one year (March 2011 –
March 2012, which has been extended for 6 more months) as federal officials study
whether these 5 synthetic cannabinoid substances should be permanently
controlled, however there are over 250 synthetic cannabinoids!
 The Federal Government recently started an initiative to solve this problem as
shown in the Poison Control Center Data, that there are so many synthetic
cannabinoids, a ban on a small % will do nothing to deter use.
 The Senate on May 24, 2012 passed the “
Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act” which has in it,
a synthetic drug section (Title XI, Subtitle D – Section 1152). They expect this bill
to be signed into law by the president on or before July 4, 2012.

 SEC. 1152. ADDITION OF SYNTHETIC DRUGS TO SCHEDULE I OF THE
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT.
 (a) Cannabimimetic Agents- Schedule I, as set forth in section 202(c) of the Controlled
Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 812(c)) is amended by adding at the end the following:
 ‘(d)(1) Unless specifically exempted or unless listed in another schedule, any material,
compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of cannabimimetic
agents, or which contains their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers whenever the
existence of such salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific
chemical designation.
 (2) In paragraph (1):
 ‘(A) The term ‘cannabimimetic agents’ means any substance that is a cannabinoid
receptor type 1 (CB1 receptor) agonist as demonstrated by binding studies and
functional assays.
 Thus the Federal Government is banning anything that binds to cannabinoid receptors
(CB1 receptor as any drug that binds to CB2 does not produce a “high”)

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT. (Which also specifically lists 18
chemicals)
 ‘(i) 5-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol (CP-47,497);
 ‘(ii) 5-(1,1-dimethyloctyl)-2-[(1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl]-phenol (cannabicyclohexanol or
CP-47,497 C8-homolog);
 ‘(iii) 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-018 and AM678);
 ‘(iv) 1-butyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-073);
 ‘(v) 1-hexyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-019);
 ‘(vi) 1-[2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl]-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-200);
 ‘(vii) 1-pentyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole (JWH-250);
 ‘(viii) 1-pentyl-3-[1-(4-methoxynaphthoyl)]indole (JWH-081);
 ‘(ix) 1-pentyl-3-(4-methyl-1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-122);
 ‘(x) 1-pentyl-3-(4-chloro-1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-398);
 ‘(xi) 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (AM2201);
 ‘(xii) 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole (AM694);
 ‘(xiii) 1-pentyl-3-[(4-methoxy)-benzoyl]indole (SR-19 and RCS-4);
 ‘(xiv) 1-cyclohexylethyl-3-(2-methoxyphenylacetyl)indole (SR-18 and RCS-8); and
 ‘(xv) 1-pentyl-3-(2-chlorophenylacetyl)indole (JWH-203).’

 Bill A2644 has been introduced by New Jersey Assemblywoman Mary Pat Angelini
proposing to ban JWH-018, JWH-073 & HU-210 in May, 2010. On January 11, 2011,
The NJ Senate Introduced an identical bill, S2606. This bill was referred to the
Senate Law and Public Safety Committee where both sat until February 28, 2012.
 This Senate bill also only proposes to ban the same three (3) compounds the
assembly bill proposes to ban, despite being introduced months after the proposed
(and now enforced) emergency national ban (which has 5 substances listed).
 Realizing these bills were written poorly, they were reconstructed and on February
28, 2012, a New Jersey bill banning the entire class of substances was put into
place. Click here for the notice to law enforcement officials, and
click here for the actual legislation verbiage. The legislation was signed on February
28th
, 2012 and distributed on the 29th
. This legislation seeks to imitate Washington
State, North Carolina and Colorado in banning the entire class of the drug, not just
individual chemicals (though individual chemicals are listed in the law).

 Electronic cigarettes were first developed by Hon Lik, a Chinese pharmacist
who patented his idea in 2003.
 Although Lik patented the electronic cigarette and e liquid in 2003, the product
was not introduced to the US and Europe markets until 2006.
 When first introduced many manufacturers of ecigs marketed their products as
smoking cessation aids and technical wonders.
 A study published in the August 2011 issue of Addiction showed that smokers
who switched to ecigs significantly decreased the number of cigarettes they
consumed.
 However, despite this research electronic cigarettes can still not be marketed
as smoking cessation aids, and if they are then they are subject to the FDA
regulations that apply to health or medical devices.

 Poison centers are reporting a recent uptick in calls about exposures to e-cigarette
devices and liquid nicotine.
 Slightly more than half of these reported exposures have occurred in young children
under the age of six. However, this is consistent with National Poison Data System
exposures to all substances combined.
 Some children and toddlers who come in contact with e-cigarette devices or liquid
nicotine have become very ill; some even requiring ER visits with nausea and vomiting
being the most significant symptoms.
 Adults should use care to protect their skin when handling the products, and they
should be out of sight and out of the reach of children.
 Additionally, those using these products should dispose of them properly to prevent
exposure to pets and children from the residue or liquid left in the container.

 Vaporizers work by heating marijuana at a cooler temperature than required for
burning (combustion).
 The temperature of the vaporization is around 200 °C (392 °F)
 The active ingredients are turned to gas, or vaporized.
 At least 85 different cannabinoids have been isolated from the plant.
 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN) do not
vaporize until near their respective boiling points:
◦ THC 157 °C (315 °F)
◦ CBD 160–180°C (320°F-356°F)
◦ CBN 185 °C (365 °F)

 Alcohol - In the 1700’s and 1800’s, some states initiated efforts to control alcohol
use, specifically to restrict use by Native Americans.
 Alcohol prohibition (1920’s) was in part a response to the drinking practices of
poor European immigrants, who became the new lower class.
 Prohibition represented a conflict between urban and rural values emerging in the
United States. Given the mass influx of immigrants to the urban dwellings of the
United States, many individuals within the prohibition movement associated the
crime and morally corrupt behavior of the cities of America with their large
immigrant populations.
 In a backlash to the new emerging realities of the American demographic, many
prohibitionists subscribed to the doctrine of “nativism” in which they endorsed the
notion that America was made great as a result of its white Anglo-Saxon ancestry.
 This fostered xenophobic sentiments towards urban immigrant communities who
typically argued in favor of abolishing prohibition. Additionally, these nativist
sentiments were a part of a larger process of Americanization taking place during
the same time period.

 Cocaine became illegal after it became associated with African Americans following
Reconstruction.
 The dangers of cocaine use became part of a moral panic that was tied to the dominant racial
and social anxieties of the day.
 In 1903, the American Journal of Pharmacy stressed that most cocaine abusers were
"bohemians, gamblers, high- and low-class prostitutes, night porters, bell boys, burglars,
racketeers, pimps, and casual laborers."
 In 1914, Dr. Christopher Koch of Pennsylvania's State Pharmacy Board made the racial
innuendo explicit, testifying that, “Most of the attacks upon the white women of the South are
the direct result of a cocaine-crazed Negro brain."
 Mass media manufactured an epidemic of cocaine use among African Americans in the
Southern United States to play upon racial prejudices of the era, though there is little
evidence that any such an epidemic actually took place.
 At that time, the 1914 Harrison Tax Act was enacted on cocaine and opium.

 Alcopops are sweetened alcoholic beverages that are bubbly and fruit
flavored. They are made to taste like soda, lemonade, punch and have
4-8% alcohol by volume.
 They comprise over 100 brands, with the popular ones being Smirnoff
Ice, Jack Daniel’s Original Hard Cola, Captain Morgan Gold, and Mike’s
Hard Lemonade.
 They are marketed to bring in new drinkers who don’t like the taste of
beer and who haven’t matured to bourbon, vodka or other hard liquors.
 While outlawed, they have come back with less caffeine. This is usually
something that can be worked around by adding some redbull, or
making your own Vodka and Redbull mixture.

 These drinks are marketed at the young population.
 Alcohol marketers state they are aiming at the 21-30 year old crowd when
marketing these drinks. However marketing research has shown that the
12-20 year old population drink twice the amount of alcopops that the 21-30
year old market does.
 In 2005, NJ estimates were that 17.3% of total sales/consumption of
alcopops were consumed by underage drinkers.
 Alcohol Energy drinks are marketed at the same population, promoting
“energy” while getting one drunk. The main ingredients are alcohol and
caffeine. However, they are marketed with purportedly “healthy” ingredients
such as Ginseng.

 Those who drink caffeinated alcoholic beverages are twice as likely as other
drinkers to binge drink and act out with dangerous behavior, according to a
recent study by Loma Linda researchers.
 Drinks that have risen in popularity, such as Four Loko, lead to binge
drinking and pose greater health risks when alcohol and caffeine are put
together in large doses.
 The university commissioned a survey of 1.4 million Californians that
showed 25 percent of men and 10 percent of women admitted to binge
drinking. When caffeinated alcohol drinks are added, users are twice as
likely to binge drink, drive drunk, be injured or be sexually taken advantage
of.
 Binge drinking is defined as 5 drinks at one setting for males and 4 drinks
for females.

 Alcohol ranks "most harmful" among a list of 20 drugs, beating out
crack and heroin when assessed for its potential harm to the
individual imbibing and harm to others, according to study results
released by a British medical journal.
 Overall, alcohol was the most harmful drug (overall harm score 72),
with heroin (55) and crack cocaine (54) in second and third places.
 Scissors is a new mixture of codeine (sometimes substituted with
Nyquil or DXM over the counter cough medicine), promethazine,
Vodka, and Sprite.
 Sometimes put a Jolly Rancher in it for color. There are probably 20+
rap songs that reference it in the past few years.

 When alcohol is inhaled it goes directly to the lungs, bypassing the stomach, small
intestines and liver. This bypass causes none of the alcohol to be broken down.
 Nebulized alcohol (oxygen with alcohol mist droplets) enters the bloodstream
faster and its effects are more immediate than its liquid counterparts.
 This will result in an enhanced euphoric effect, similar to drinking liquid alcohol on
an empty stomach. (For similar rapid absorption, stimulants are insufflated instead
of ingested. The rate of change is sensed by the nervous system.)
 How to?: Pour liquor over dried and inhale the smoke. Heat alcohol over
moderate temperatures and inhale the steam. Pressurize alcohol in a glass
container and inhale the vapors.


 Smoking alcohol is popular among people who want to lose weight and don’t want
the calories that come from consuming alcohol.
 “People think it is a great way to get the effects of alcohol without gaining the
weight because alcohol has an enormous amount of empty calories.
 You can’t be ingesting a lot of alcohol if you’re on a diet and want to lose weight,”
says Dr. Deni Carise, the deputy chief clinical officer at CRC Health Group,
a treatment- and educational-program provider for individuals struggling with
behavioral issues, chemical dependency and eating disorders.
 “I think adolescents are also particularly susceptible to this because it is novel and
exciting.”

 http://www.awolspirit.com/
 Or you could purchase this very
expensive UK nebulizer, which
recently was exclusively licensed in
the US by a company in
North Carolina called
Spirit Partners.
 However, North Carolina became
another state which alcohol nebulizers,
which has a potential national impact
because they outlawed the
distribution of nebulizers.
 http://www.christiannewswire.com/news/630893469.html

 Reconstituted: Alcohol powder can be added to water to make an alcoholic beverage.
 Oral: Alcohol powder is useful with capsules to eliminate the burning taste of certain alcohol
upon ingestion.
 Nebulizer: Alcohol powder produced through molecular encapsulated with cyclodextrin can
be used with a nebulizer.
 In 2008, Pulver Spirits was developing a line of alcohol powder products. The marketing
was reportedly intended to be in full compliance with alcohol regulations and targeted at
adults of legal drinking age.
 In spring 2014 the Arizona-based company Lipsmark LLC announced that it would be
marketing powdered alcohol from that fall under the name Palcohol. The product was briefly
approved for sale by the ATF on April 8, 2014, but was later rescinded on April 21, 2014.


 Vodka soaked gummy bears. Yes soaking gummy anything in vodka is the
latest emerging trend. – Alcohol consumption media stoked fact:
 Drug and alcohol counselors worry liquor-soaked gummy candy could make it
more appealing for teenagers to take their first taste of alcohol.
 Vodka-soaked tampons and butt chugging –
Alcohol consumption media stoked myth turned
into fact:
 It gets absorbed directly into the bloodstream.
There's no barrier, there's no stomach acid
to prevent it. Boys will also reportedly use it
and they'll insert it into their rectums.
 Alcohol Enema – College fraternity stoked fact. Only a small amount
is needed as the intestine absorbs the alcohol more quickly than the
stomach.

 There can't at this time be said that there is a definitive link between smoking or
snorting levamisole-adulterated cocaine, however recent literature (e.g., 2011 article
from the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology [JAAD]), and anecdotal
reports suggest that this link does exist.
 No one really understands why someone would add levamisole to cocaine, since it
seems on the face of it to be bad business. However, levamisole has been shown to
increase dopamine in the brain's reward pathway/circuit and so may actually enhance
the effect of cocaine.
 The authors (from the JAAD article) note that a 2009 paper published in the Annals of
Pharmacotherapy suggested that cocaine itself may produce the pathology that seems
to be associated with levamisole.
 While there have been anecdotal reports that the 70% number reported in 2009 by
SAMHSA is lower today, there is nothing definitive in the literature stating the amount of
cocaine laced with levamisole is either higher or lower than what was reported in 2009.

 MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by Merck chemist Anton Köllisch.
 At the time, Merck was interested in developing substances that stopped
abnormal bleeding.
 At the behest of his superiors Walther Beckh and Otto Wolfes, Köllisch
developed a preparation of a hydrastinine analogue, methylhydrastinine.
MDMA was an intermediate compound in the synthesis of methylhydrastinine,
and Merck was not interested in its properties at the time.
 On 24 December 1912, Merck filed two patent applications that described the
synthesis of MDMAand its subsequent conversion to methylhydrastinine.

 In 1953 and 1954, the United States Army commissioned a study of toxicity and
behavioral effects in animals of injected mescaline and several analogues,
including MDMA.
 The Army experimented with MDMA as an interrogation tool in Project MKUltra.
 MDMA was being used recreationally in the United States by 1970.
 In the early 1980s in the U.S., MDMA rose to prominence as "Adam" in trendy
nightclubs and gay dance clubs in the Dallas area.
 "Ecstasy" was recognized as slang for MDMA as early as June 1982. The drug
was first proposed for scheduling by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
in July 1984 and was classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the U.S.
May 31, 1985.

 MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine) is an
empathogenic drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine classes of drugs.
 Phenethylamine is found in many organisms and foods, such as chocolate. It is
sold as a dietary supplement for purported mood and weight loss benefits.
 Phenethylamine is the name of a class of chemicals with many members well
known for psychoactive drug and stimulant effects.
 MDMA has become widely known as "ecstasy" (shortened to "E", "X", or
"XTC"), usually referring to its street pill form, although this term may also
include the presence of possible adulterants.
 The terms "mandy" or "molly" colloquially refer to MDMA in powder or
crystalline form, usually implying a higher level of purity.

 Molly comes from a group of drugs called phenethylamines. The
DEA announced in a November 2013 briefing that only 13 percent of the Molly
seized in New York City actually contained MDMA. Most of the samples
submitted actually contained Methylone, MDPV, 4-MEC, 4-MMC, Pentedrone
and MePP. The samples that did contain MDMA also contained a combination
of the abovementioned drugs.
 Molly users don’t necessarily know what they are getting. Many
users think Molly is a pure form of MDMA and are unaware of the harsh
chemicals affiliated with the drug. Expecting to experience feelings of euphoria,
users high on Molly laced with unknown chemicals can instead feel panic,
confusion, depression, and anxiety.

 MDMA can induce euphoria, a sense of intimacy with others, diminished anxiety,
and mild psychedelia.
 Many studies, particularly in the fields of psychology and cognitive therapy, have
suggested MDMA has therapeutic benefits and facilitates therapy sessions in
certain individuals, a practice for which it had been formally used in the past.
 In the early 1980’s, MDMA was used by certain professionals conducting
marriage therapy, because of its benefits to producing an enhanced sense of
intimacy. After being made illegal in 1985, some therapists still recreationally
prescribed the now illegal drug for therapy purposes.
 Clinical trials are now testing the therapeutic potential of MDMA for post-traumatic
stress disorder, anxiety associated with terminal cancer, and addiction.

 MDMA causes a reduction in the reuptake concentration of serotonin transporters in the
brain.
 The rate at which the brain recovers from serotonergic changes is unclear.
 Some studies show MDMA may be neurotoxic in humans. One study demonstrated
lasting serotonergic changes in some animals exposed to MDMA.
 Other studies have suggested that the brain may recover from serotonergic damage.
These studies suggest that any potential brain damage may be at least partially
reversible following prolonged abstinence from MDMA.
 Depression and deficits in memory have been shown to occur more frequently in long-
term MDMA users.
 However, some recent studies have suggested MDMA use may not be associated with
chronic depression.

 Short-term physical health risks of MDMA consumption include hyperthermia,
and hyponatremia.
 Hyperthermia is the body’s inability to disperse body heat faster than it builds
it, thus causing a potentially dangerous rise in body temperature.
 Hyponatraemia is an electrolyte disturbance in which the sodium ion
concentration in the plasma is lower than normal. Many conditions including
congestive heart failure, liver failure, kidney failure and pneumonia can have
an associated hyponatremia.
 Continuous activity without sufficient rest or rehydration may cause body
temperature to rise to dangerous levels, and loss of fluid via excessive
perspiration puts the body at further risk as the stimulatory and euphoric
qualities of the drug may render the user oblivious to their energy expenditure
for quite some time.

 The primary effects attributable to MDMA consumption are predictable and
fairly consistent among users. In general, users begin reporting subjective
effects within 30–60 minutes of consumption, hitting a peak at about 75–120
minutes, reaching a plateau that lasts about 3.5 hours.
 This is followed by a comedown of a few hours. After the drug has run its
course, many users report feeling fatigue.

 The following subjective effects of MDMA:
1. Derealization
2. Depersonalization
3. Altered perception of space and time
4. Positive basic mood
5. Mania-like experience
6. Anxious derealization
7. Thought disorder
8. Fears of loss of thought or body control
9. Visual hallucinations or pseudo-hallucinations
10. Synesthesia (union of the senses)
11. Changed meaning of percepts
12. Facilitated recollection or imagination

 The following measurements were significantly increased by self-
report of ecstasy users:
1. Self-confidence
2. Heightened mood
3. Apprehension-anxiety
4. Thoughtfulness-contemplativeness
5. Extroversion
6. Dazed state
7. Sensitivity and emotional excitation

 Effects reported by some users once the acute effects of MDMA have worn off
include:
 Psychological
◦ Anxiety and paranoia
◦ Depression
◦ Irritability
◦ Fatigue
◦ Impaired attention, focus, and concentration, as well as drive and motivation (due to depleted
serotonin levels)
◦ Residual feelings of empathy, emotional sensitivity, and a sense of closeness to others
(afterglow)
 Physiological
◦ Dizziness, lightheadedness, or vertigo
◦ Loss of appetite
◦ Gastrointestinal disturbances, such as diarrhea or constipation
◦ Insomnia
◦ Aches and pains, usually from excessive physical activity (e.g., dancing)
◦ Exhaustion
◦ Jaw soreness, from bruxism

 LSD, legal in the 1950s, became illegal in 1968 when it became
associated with the counterculture.
 Several figures, including Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary, and Al
Hubbard, began to advocate the consumption of LSD. LSD became
central to the counterculture of the 1960s.
 On October 24, 1968, possession of LSD was made illegal in the
United States.
 The last FDA approved study of LSD in patients, ended in 1980, while
a study in healthy volunteers was made in the late 1980s.
 Today, medical research around LSD is resuming around the world.

 The most popular of the NBOMes are 25I-NBOMe (25I) and 25C-NBOMe
(25C), and 25B-NBOMe (25B).
 They are all N-Benzyl-Oxy-Methyl derivatives (thus "NBOMe") of previously
known phenethylamines such as 2C-I and 2C-B.
 An extra ring structure attached to the parent chemical results in a 10-20x
increase in potency as well as changes to the experiential effects.

 Discovered in 2003 by Ralf Heim.
 The chemicals first appeared on recreational markets in 2010.
 By December 2012, the NBOMe compounds had drawn enough law
enforcement interest for the DEA to publish a detailed analytical
characterization.
 The NBOMes are starting to be legally controlled.
 The first ban was in Russia in October 2011, and the second was in the state
of Virginia in April 2012.
 In the first half of 2013, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, Israel, and the United
Kingdom have all passed some type of criminal control.

 Doses of 750-1,000 ug (0.75-1 mg) of 25I or 25C, can cause a strong psychedelic
experience with effects loosely comparable to those of LSD or 2C phenethylamines.
 Many people report enjoying the effects, with some even saying they prefer 25I to LSD.
 Most descriptions indicate that the NBOMes trigger less complex introspection than
LSD, but produce strong visual and sensory effects, with the phrase "eye candy"
occasionally being used.
 As with most psychedelics, some people describe nausea as the effects begin.

 One of the most worrisome reported effects is vasoconstriction, including increased
blood pressure, peripheral swelling, and cramping.
 Vasoconstriction is also associated with high doses of other drugs, such as LSD,
bromo-dragonfly, amphetamines, and MDMA.
 The duration of 25I is a little shorter than LSD at comparable effect levels.
 If LSD's normal full duration is considered 10-12 hours, 25I's is around 8-10 hours.
 A number of users report less lingering stimulation after the primary effects have ended
than with LSD.

 A great deal of 25I and 25C are sold to end-users as pure powder, which creates a
hazardous situation.
 Most people (especially 16- to 25-year-old experimenters) don't know the safety
procedures necessary for handling super-potent compounds. Weighing and handling
pure high-potency chemicals such as LSD or 25I-NBOMe should be performed wearing
eye protection, gloves, and a filter mask. Yet such precautions are rarely followed.
 Perhaps the greatest risk of the wide availability of pure NBOMe powders is confusing
one white powder for another, or simply misunderstanding the difference between one
psychedelic or stimulant drug and another.
 Many people have prior experience with insufflating small lines or bumps of a
psychedelic or stimulant. It's a fairly new phenomenon that a similarly-sized line of a
drug could lead to death.
 More than one of the documented 25I- or 25C-related deaths have followed insufflation
of ten or more times the appropriate dosage.

 Bromo-DragonFLY is a psychedelic hallucinogenic drug related to the
phenethylamine family. Bromo-DragonFLY is considered an extremely potent
hallucinogen, only slightly less potent than LSD with a normal dose in the region of
200 μg to 800 μg, and it has an extremely long duration of action up to several
days.
 Although not illegal in the US, although it may be considered a controlled
substance analogue under US drug laws, if used for consumption.
 A Swedish man had to have the front part of his feet and several fingers on one
hand amputated after taking a massive overdose.
 Apparently the compound acted as a long-acting efficacious vasoconstrictor,
leading to necrosis and gangrene which was delayed by several weeks after the
overdose occurred.
 Several other cases have also been reported of severe peripheral vasoconstriction
following overdose with Bromo-DragonFLY.

 One case in 2008 in England involved inhalation of vomit, causing
nearly fatal asphyxia.
 Seizures have also been reported as potential effects of the drug.
 The typical dose of Bromo-DragonFLY is not known, however it has
varied from 500 μg to 1 mg. It has about 300 times the potency of
mescaline, or 1/5 the potency of LSD. It has been sold in the form of
blotters, similar to the distribution method of LSD.
 It has a much longer duration of action than LSD and can last for up to
2–3 days. following a single large dose, with a slow onset of action
that can take up to 6 hours before the effects are felt.

 2C-E is a psychedelic and phenethylamine (some of which are psychoactive drugs,
including stimulants, psychedelics, opioids, and entactogens), of the 2C family.
 The 2C's have been compared to a combination of a tryptamine with MDMA due to their
tendency to cause visual hallucinations in tandem with warm rushes of euphoria, but
this is only a very rough comparison. They have been classified as empathogens and
entactogens to some degree.
The initial come up can be somewhat lucid, "loopy", with alternating feelings of chills
and warmth.
 There can be a sense of pressure or swelling in the torso and head. The hands and
body can shake or tremble, there can occur a tightness in the jaw. The body buzz tends
to resolve during the latter half of the trip, and the psychological effects can be more
pronounced.
 They are a dose dependent drug (meaning different doses cause different effects).

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT. (Adding an additional 11 drugs to
Schedule 1)
 (b) Other Drugs- Schedule I of section 202(c) of the Controlled Substances Act (21
U.S.C. 812(c)) is amended in subsection (c) by adding at the end the following:
 ‘(18) 4-methylmethcathinone (Mephedrone).
 ‘(19) 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV).
 ‘(20) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-E).
 ‘(21) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-D).
 ‘(22) 2-(4-Chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-C).
 ‘(23) 2-(4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-I).
 ‘(24) 2-[4-(Ethylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-2).
 ‘(25) 2-[4-(Isopropylthio)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine (2C-T-4).
 ‘(26) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine (2C-H).
 ‘(27) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-nitro-phenyl)ethanamine (2C-N).
 ‘(28) 2-(2,5-Dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylphenyl)ethanamine (2C-P).’.

 Phencyclidine (PCP) was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous
anesthetic but, due to the side effects of hallucinations, delirium, and mania,
its development for human medical use was discontinued in the 1960s by
Parke Davis.
 Ketamine, an anesthetic used in pediatric and veterinary medicine, was
then developed and is structurally similar to PCP.
 PCP is listed as a Schedule II drug by the US Drug Enforcement Agency.
Ketamine is a Schedule III agent.
 In its pure form, PCP is a white crystalline powder that readily dissolves in
water or alcohol and has a distinctive bitter chemical taste.

 On the illicit drug market, PCP contains a number of contaminants causing the
color to range from a light to darker brown with a powdery to a gummy mass
consistency.
 It is available in a variety of tablets, capsules, and colored powders, which are
either taken orally or by insufflation ("snorted").
 The liquid form of PCP is actually PCP base dissolved most often in ether, a
highly flammable solvent.
 For smoking, PCP is typically sprayed onto leafy material such as mint, parsley,
oregano, or marijuana.
 PCP may also be injected.

 A moderate amount of PCP often causes users to feel detached, distant,
and estranged from their surroundings.
 Numbness of the extremities, slurred speech, and loss of coordination may
be accompanied by a sense of strength and invulnerability.
 A blank stare, rapid and involuntary eye movements, and an exaggerated
gait are among the more observable effects. Auditory hallucinations, image
distortion, severe mood disorders, and amnesia may also occur.
 In some users, PCP may cause acute anxiety and a feeling of impending
doom; in others, paranoia and violent hostility, and in some, it may produce
a psychoses indistinguishable from schizophrenia. Many believe PCP to be
one of the most dangerous drugs of abuse.

 At high doses of PCP, there is a drop in blood pressure, pulse rate, and
respiration.
 This may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, flicking up and
down of the eyes, drooling, loss of balance, and dizziness.
 High doses of PCP can also cause seizures, coma, and death (though death
more often results from accidental injury or suicide during PCP intoxication).
 Psychological effects at high doses include illusions and hallucinations.
 Physiological effects of PCP include a slight increase in breathing rate and a
more pronounced rise in blood pressure and pulse rate. Respiration becomes
shallow, and flushing and profuse sweating.

 Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic that has gained popularity as a drug of
abuse.
 On the street, it is commonly known as "K" or "Special K."
 Other street names include Cat Valium, Super Acid, Special La Coke, Purple,
Jet (slang in Texas), and Vitamin K.
 Ketamine distorts perceptions of sight and sound and makes the user feel
disconnected and not in control.
 A "Special K" trip is touted as better than that of LSD or PCP because its
hallucinatory effects are relatively short in duration, lasting approximately 30
to 60 minutes as opposed to several hours.

 Ketamine powder is usually snorted , mixed in drinks or smoked. Liquid
ketamine is injected, applied on a smoke able material or consumed in drinks.
Most abusers of ketamine take small lines or "bumps" for a mild, dreamy
effect.
 A dose of 100 mg is usually enough to enter a "k-hole" experience. A dose is
referred to as a "bump.“
 Ketamine is abused by many teenagers and young adults. The 2008
Monitoring the Future Report states the annual prevalence of ketamine among
8th
, 10th
, and 12th
graders is 1.2%, 1.0%, and 1.5%, respectively.
 According to IMS Health, the number of prescriptions of ketamine increased
from 12,000 in 2006 to 16,000 in 2007 and remained at 16,000 in 2008.

 The common belief is Kratom acts as a stimulant in lower doses,
becoming sedative in higher doses.
 The alkaloid mitragynine is attributed to act as a stimulant. Though some research
has shown that mitragynine, the major alkaloid identified from Kratom, has been
reported as a partial opioid agonist producing similar effects to morphine.
 The alkaloid 7-hydroxymitragynine (still believed to be a minor alkaloid involved in
Kratom, though more recent research shows it to be the major contributor to the
opioid type high) is the most significant alkaloid for sedation with more potent
analgesic activity than that of morphine.
 Effects come on within five to ten minutes after use, and last for several hours. The
feeling has been described as happy, strong, and active, with a strong desire to do
work. The mind is described as calm.
 Kratom itself is believed to be similarly addictive if abused.

 Ceiling effect: limits respiratory depression and euphoria.
 No fatal overdose of kratom known to have occurred, at least in reported
literature.
 Short-term (immediate)
◦ Dry mouth
◦ Increased or decreased urination
◦ loss of appetite
◦ Nausea and/or vomiting.
 Side effects (Intermediate)
◦ Anorexia/weight loss
◦ Insomnia
◦ Dependence (addiction). This is postulated, there is no research on the
addictive components of Kratom. Some argue that only large, repeated
daily use has the potential for addiction, and recreational use does not.

 Daily kratom users can develop a dependency similar to that of opiate addiction;
however, withdrawals from kratom are said to be substantially less severe and
shorter in duration. If used sporadically, kratom dependency is believed to be
remote.
 Kratom is a controlled substance in Thailand, Bhutan, Australia, Finland, Denmark,
Poland, Lithuania and Sweden as of September, 1, 2011.
 Kratom is also illegal in Malaysia and Myanmar (Burma). In Malaysia, kratom is
scheduled under the Poisons Act.
 In Canada, although kratom has not been approved by Health Canada for human
consumption, it currently does not fall under the purview of the Controlled Drugs
and Substances Act thus, remaining largely unregulated.
 Kratom is currently unregulated in the United States and hasn’t appeared on
DEA’s radar.

 In 2016 Kratom was placed as a schedule 1 drug.
 In 2016 Kratom was unscheduled.
 Still, the DEA attributed 15 deaths to Kratom between 2014 and 2016.
Fourteen of the 15 people who died also had other drugs or illegal substances
in their systems.
 Is Kratom deadly? According to new outlets yes!
http://nj1015.com/efforts-underway-in-nj-to-prevent-new-drug-craze/ Kratom:
An herbal drug that is trending and deadly in NJ.
 Is Kratom legal in NJ?
 Yes! In 2015 a bill was brought into the legislature and defeated.
http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2014/Bills/A4500/4431_I1.PDF

 Plants in the Mint family
 Sage
 Common Sage
 Mexican Bush Sage
 White Sage
 Greek Sage
 Diviner's Sage (Salvia Divinorum)

 Salvia divinorum is an unscheduled dietary supplements whose active agents
are opioid receptor agonists, and has discrete psychoactive effects that have
contributed to their increasing popularity.
 Salvia divinorum contains the highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist
Salvinorin A.
 Despite their widespread Internet availability, use of Salvia divinorum
represents an emerging trend that escapes traditional methods of toxicologic
monitoring (i.e., they are not detectable on drug tests).
 Salvia divinorum was first recorded in print by Jean Basset Johnson in 1939
while he was studying Mexican Mazatec shamanism. Salvia divinorum is a
Mexican plant which has a long history of use by Mazatec shamans. It was
not until the 1990s that the psychoactive mechanism was identified by a team
led by Daniel Siebert.

 According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health Report (NSDUH)
published by SAMHSA in February 2008, it is estimated that 1.8 million persons
aged 12 or older used Salvia Divinorum in their lifetime, and approximately
750,000 did so in the past year.
 Use was more common among young adults (18 to 25 years old) as opposed to
older adults (>25 years of age).
 Young adults were 3 times more likely than youths aged 12 to 17 to have used
Salvia Divinorum in the past year.
 Use is more common in males than females according to NSDUH.
 Salvia Divinorum and Salvinorin A are not currently Federally controlled under
the Controlled Substances Act.

 Smoked
 Unnoticeable or light effects from dry leaf
 More intense effects from higher doses
◦ Uncontrollable laughter
◦ Past memories, such as revisiting places from childhood memory
◦ Sensations of motion, or being pulled or twisted by forces
◦ Visions of membranes, films and various two-dimensional surfaces
◦ Merging with or becoming objects
◦ Overlapping realities, such as the perception of being in several locations at
once.

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